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[[Timeline#1963|1963]] (1961) - beginning of the works on the first Soviet chess program in the [[Instit

...hey elaborated on the foundations of computer chess. Since [[Timeline#1913|1961]] at ITEP, Georgy Adelson-Velsky co-developed the [[ITEP Chess Program]], a [[Timeline#1963|1963]] (1961) - beginning of the works on the first Soviet chess program in the [[Instit

...and [[Timothy Hart]] in 1961 <ref>[[Daniel Edwards]], [[Timothy Hart]] ('''1961'''). ''The Alpha-Beta Heuristic''. AIM-030, [http://dspace.mit.edu/handle/

...://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger Erwin Schrödinger (1887 - 1961)] [https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=53005 ¶] [https://en.wikipedia. ...n>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Plessner Abraham Plessner (1900 - 1961)] [https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=52076 ¶] [https://en.wikipedia.

* [http://www.martinhweik.com/ Martin H. Weik] ('''1961'''). ''[http://www.ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/BRL61.html#TOC A Third Survey of

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortimer_Taube Mortimer Taube] ('''1961'''). ''Computers and Common Sense: The Myth of Thinking Machines''. [https: * [[Marvin Minsky]] ('''1961'''). ''Steps Toward Artificial Intelligence''. Proc IRE, 49, pp. 8-30. Repr

...amp]] program <ref>[[John Maynard Smith|Maynard Smith, J.]], Michie D. ('''1961'''). ''Machines that play games''. New Scientist, 12, 367-9.</ref> <ref>[ht ...simple general-purpose learning algorithm BOXES <ref>[[Donald Michie]] ('''1961'''). ''Trial and Error''. Penguin Science Survey</ref> <ref> [[Martin Gardn

...ing he was in ignorance <ref>[[John Maynard Smith]], [[Donald Michie]] ('''1961'''). ''Machines that play games''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Scien * [[John Maynard Smith]], [[Donald Michie]] ('''1961'''). ''Machines that play games''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Scien

! 1961 ...MM Botvinnik, ''Men and machines at the chess board''. Chess in the USSR, 1961, № 3, Moscow

...t play games'', excerpt <ref>[[John Maynard Smith]], [[Donald Michie]] ('''1961'''). ''Machines that play games''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Scien [Date "1961.??.??"]

...hines that play games'' <ref>[[John Maynard Smith]], [[Donald Michie]] ('''1961'''). ''Machines that play games''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Scien [Date "1961.??.??"]

* [[Daniel Edwards]], [[Timothy Hart]] ('''1961'''). ''The Alpha-Beta Heuristic'', AIM-030, reprint available from [http://

...rs [[Mathematician#PhilipMorrison|Philip Morrison]] and Emily Morrison ('''1961'''). ''Charles Babbage and his Calculating Engines''. Dover Publ. New York<

...a good chess program. As pointed out by [[Michael Levin#Theorem|Levin]] in 1961, assuming constantly '''b''' moves for each node visited and search depth ' ...rt]], Description in 1961 <ref>[[Daniel Edwards]] and [[Timothy Hart]] ('''1961'''). ''The Alpha-Beta Heuristic'', AIM-030, reprint available from [http://

...t's]] 1961 Alpha-Beta paper <ref>[[Daniel Edwards]], [[Timothy Hart]], ('''1961'''). ''The Alpha-Beta Heuristic''. AIM-030, available from [http://dspace.m

* [[Edward Feigenbaum]] ('''1961'''). ''[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1460704 The Simulation of Verbal * [[Edward Feigenbaum]], [[Herbert Simon]] ('''1961'''). ''Performance of a Reading Task by an Elementary Perceiving and Memori

...signed in the early 60s <ref>[[John Maynard Smith]], [[Donald Michie]] ('''1961'''). ''Machines that play games''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Scien * [[John Maynard Smith]], [[Donald Michie]] ('''1961'''). ''Machines that play games''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Scien

...wards]] and [[Timothy Hart]] <ref>[[Daniel Edwards]], [[Timothy Hart]] ('''1961'''). ''The Alpha-Beta Heuristic'', AIM-030, reprint available from [http://

* [[Christopher Strachey]] ('''1961'''). ''Bitwise operations''. [[ACM#Communications|Communications of the ACM

* [[Christopher Strachey]] ('''1961'''). ''Bitwise operations''. [[ACM#Communications|Communications of the ACM

.../wiki/Europa-Mannschaftsmeisterschaft_im_Schach_1961 European Championship 1961] at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberhausen Oberhausen] ]</ref> a formida

* [[Edward Feigenbaum]] ('''1961'''). ''[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1460704 The Simulation of Verbal * [[Edward Feigenbaum]], [[Herbert Simon]] ('''1961'''). ''Performance of a Reading Task by an Elementary Perceiving and Memori

* [[Christopher Strachey]], [[Mathematician#MVWilkes|Maurice Wilkes]] ('''1961'''). ''[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=366813.366816 Some Proposals for

...edia.mit.edu/~minsky/people.html Personal page for Marvin Minsky]</ref> in 1961, he wrote his dissertation entitled ''Heuristic Program that Solves Symboli ...tudent who happened to be blind named James Slagle wrote a Ph.D. thesis in 1961 that was nearly as good as a good MIT freshman at doing intergroup calculus

...60 1960], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1961 1961] to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1963 1963], and ...e-durch-die-bundesrepublik-der-ehemalige-schachweltmeister-1948-57-1958-60-1961-63-arbeitet-derze,1195495 Über Stand und Entwicklung seines Computer-Schac

* [[Edward Feigenbaum]], [[Herbert Simon]] ('''1961'''). ''Performance of a Reading Task by an Elementary Perceiving and Memori * [[Edward Feigenbaum]], [[Herbert Simon]] ('''1961'''). ''[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=800029.808503&coll=DL&dl=GUIDE&CF

* [[Donald Michie]] ('''1961'''). ''Trial and Error''. Penguin Science Survey, [http://staff.science.uva

* [[Donald Michie]] ('''1961'''). ''Trial and Error''. Penguin Science Survey

....akira.ruc.dk/~keld/teaching/algoritmedesign_f08/Artikler/05/Bellman61.pdf 1961 pdf preprint]

....akira.ruc.dk/~keld/teaching/algoritmedesign_f08/Artikler/05/Bellman61.pdf 1961 pdf preprint]

...in_rule chain rule] <ref>[[Mathematician#SEDreyfus|Stuart E. Dreyfus]] ('''1961'''). ''[http://www.rand.org/pubs/papers/P2374.html The numerical solution o * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_E._Bryson Arthur E. Bryson] ('''1961'''). ''A gradient method for optimizing multi-stage allocation processes''.

* [[Nils Barricelli]] ('''1961'''). ''[http://www.springerlink.com/content/y502315688024453/ Numerical tes

* [[Mathematician#MDresher|Melvin Dresher]] ('''1961'''). ''[http://www.rand.org/pubs/commercial_books/CB149-1.html Games of Str * [[John Maynard Smith]], [[Donald Michie]] ('''1961'''). ''Machines that play games''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Scien

...as [http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/DEC/pdp-1/DEC.pdp_1.1961.102645673.pdf pdf]

....chilton-computing.org.uk/acl/home.htm Atlas Computer Laboratory, Chilton: 1961-1975] </ref> ]] ...ne of the major computer laboratories in the world, which operated between 1961 and 1975 <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_Computer_Laboratory Atla

...www.lehigh.edu/%7Eintbp/members1961_1970.html Pennsylvania Alpha Graduates 1961-1970] from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehigh_University Lehigh Universi

...In his 1961 paper ''Bitwise operations'' <ref>[[Christopher Strachey]] ('''1961'''). ''Bitwise operations''. [[ACM#Communications|Communications of the ACM * [[Christopher Strachey]] ('''1961'''). ''Bitwise operations''. [[ACM#Communications|Communications of the ACM

In 1961, Kalme graduated with honors in electrical engineering from [https://en.wi

...e of the first interactive [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_video_game#1961:_Spacewar.21 video games], after Alan Kotok obtained some [https://en.wikip

...aus|Ernst Gabor Straus]] <ref>[[Aviezri Fraenkel|Aviezri S. Fraenkel]] ('''1961'''). ''Rational Approximations to Algebraic Numbers.'' Dissertation, [https * [[Aviezri Fraenkel]] ('''1961'''). ''Rational Approximations to Algebraic Numbers.'' Dissertation, [https

A [[Shura-Bura's Program|chess program]] was already developed around 1961 under direction of [[Mikhail R. Shura-Bura]] at the [https://en.wikipedia.o

an early Soviet chess program, developed since [[Timeline#1961|1961]] at [[Alexander Kronrod|Alexander Kronrod’s]] laboratory at the Moscow [

...bit orbit] of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth Earth] on April 12, 1961. ...[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1961 Botvinnik Tal 1961 revenge-match]</ref> <ref>[[Jaap van den Herik]] ('''1983'''). ''Computersc

...[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1961 Botvinnik Tal 1961 revenge-match] for the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Champions

* <span id="Video"></span>1961. Moscow. ITEP

...information in the chess programs devised by the authors during the years 1961-6 for the electronic computer M-20.

...Department of Electrical Engineering of [[National Taiwan University]] in 1961, M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from the Department of Electrical Engineering and C

...961 - MANIAC I] <ref>from [http://www.martinhweik.com/ Martin H. Weik] ('''1961'''). ''[http://www.ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/BRL61.html#TOC A Third Survey of

...the [[University of California, Berkeley]], where he received his Ph.D. in 1961 on [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_algebra Boolean algebra] under ad * [[Mark Wells|Mark B. Wells]] ('''1961'''). ''Simplification of Normal Form Expressions for Boolean Functions of M

* [[Nils Barricelli]] ('''1961'''). ''[http://www.springerlink.com/content/y502315688024453/ Numerical tes

* [[Edward Feigenbaum]] ('''1961'''). ''[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1460704 The Simulation of Verbal * [[Edward Feigenbaum]], [[Herbert Simon]] ('''1961'''). ''Performance of a Reading Task by an Elementary Perceiving and Memori

* [[Edward Feigenbaum]] ('''1961'''). ''[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1460704 The Simulation of Verbal * [[Edward Feigenbaum]], [[Herbert Simon]] ('''1961'''). ''Performance of a Reading Task by an Elementary Perceiving and Memori

...ndex.php/en/halloffame/152-costeff-gady-1961 www.arves.org - Costeff, Gady 1961]</ref> ]] ...ndex.php/en/halloffame/152-costeff-gady-1961 www.arves.org - Costeff, Gady 1961]

...961, revised version in 1963 <ref>[[Daniel Edwards]], [[Timothy Hart]] ('''1961'''). ''[https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/6098 The Alpha-Beta Heuristic] * [[Daniel Edwards]], [[Timothy Hart]] ('''1961'''). ''[https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/6098 The Alpha-Beta Heuristic]

...961, revised version in 1963 <ref>[[Daniel Edwards]], [[Timothy Hart]] ('''1961'''). ''[https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/6098 The Alpha-Beta Heuristic] * [[Daniel Edwards]], [[Timothy Hart]] ('''1961'''). ''[https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/6098 The Alpha-Beta Heuristic]

* [[Raymond Smullyan]] ('''1961'''). ''Theory of Formal Systems''. AM-47, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An

....html biblio.com]</ref> <ref>[[John Maynard Smith]], [[Donald Michie]] ('''1961'''). ''Machines that play games''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Scien

* [[Walter R. Reitman]] ('''1961'''). ''[https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4503295 Programming Intelligen

...nd received the B.A. in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics physics] in 1961 and the M.A. degree in 1966 from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalen_Co

...y American writer [[:Category:Robert Heinlein|Robert A. Heinlein]] for his 1961 science fiction novel [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stranger_in_a_Strange_

| <span id="1961"></span> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961 1961] | [[:Category:1961]]

In 1961 at MIT, Robert A. Wagner became member of the "the chess group" supervised

...] in 1964, with a 3 times speed improvement of the initial '''B-5000''' of 1961 which was designed by chief architect [[Mathematician#RSBarton|Robert S. Ba

* [[Christopher Strachey]], [[Mathematician#MVWilkes|Maurice Wilkes]] ('''1961'''). ''[https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/366813.366816 Some Proposals for Imp

The name was changed in 1961 to IFIP. The original contribution of IFIP was the definition of the [[Algo

...i/Bayer Bayer AG] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leverkusen Leverkusen] in 1961.