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'''[[Home]] * [[People]] * John McCarthy'''
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'''[[Main Page|Home]] * [[People]] * John McCarthy'''
  
 
[[File:John_McCarthy_Stanford.jpg|border|right|thumb|220px|John McCarthy <ref>John McCarthy, 2006, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons Wikimedia Commons]</ref>]]
 
[[File:John_McCarthy_Stanford.jpg|border|right|thumb|220px|John McCarthy <ref>John McCarthy, 2006, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons Wikimedia Commons]</ref>]]
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=Photos=  
 
=Photos=  
 
[[File:JohnMcCarthy.jpg|none|border|text-bottom|560px]]
 
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John McCarthy, playing chess at Stanford's [[IBM 7090]], 1967 <ref>[http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/index.php History of Computer Chess] from [[The Computer History Museum]]</ref> <ref>[http://infolab.stanford.edu/pub/voy/museum/pictures/display/1-1.htm CSD founding faculty] from [http://infolab.stanford.edu/pub/voy/museum/phototour.html Computer History Exhibits Photo Tour] created January 2000 by [http://infolab.stanford.edu/~gio/ Gio Wiederhold]</ref> <ref>See also image from [http://www.grg.org/breakingnews2011.htm Breaking News for 2011 - "Obituary: Emeritus Professor John McCarthy of Stanford University (1927 - -2011)"] by [[L. Stephen Coles]]</ref>
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John McCarthy, playing chess at Stanford's [[IBM 7090]], 1967 <ref>[http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/stl-431e1a07ca980/ John McCarthy, artificial intelligence pioneer, playing chess at Stanford's IBM 7090] | [http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/ Mastering the Game] | [[The Computer History Museum]] 1967 ca., Courtesy [[Stanford University]], [[John McCarthy]] used an improved version of the [[Kotok-McCarthy-Program|Kotok program]] to play correspondence chess against a [[TEP Chess Program|Soviet program]] developed at the Moscow [[Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics]] (ITEP) by [[Georgy Adelson-Velsky|George Adelson-Velsky]] and others. In 1967, a [[Stanford-ITEP Match|four-game match]] played over nine months was won 3-1 by the Soviet program.</ref> <ref>[http://infolab.stanford.edu/pub/voy/museum/pictures/display/1-1.htm CSD founding faculty] from [http://infolab.stanford.edu/pub/voy/museum/phototour.html Computer History Exhibits Photo Tour] created January 2000 by [http://infolab.stanford.edu/~gio/ Gio Wiederhold]</ref> <ref>See also image from [http://www.grg.org/breakingnews2011.htm Breaking News for 2011 - "Obituary: Emeritus Professor John McCarthy of Stanford University (1927 - -2011)"] by [[L. Stephen Coles]]</ref>
  
 
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=Kotok-McCarthy=
 
=Kotok-McCarthy=
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Between 1959 and 1962, students of John McCarthy at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], [[Alan Kotok]], [[Elwyn Berlekamp]] (1960), [[Michael A. Lieberman]], [[Charles Niessen]] and [[Robert A. Wagner]], wrote a chess program for the [[IBM 7090]]. When McCarthy left MIT to take charge of the Arificial Intelligence Laboratory at [[Stanford University|Stanford]], he took Kotok's program with him and improved it's searching. In 1965, McCarthy visited the Soviet Union and was challenged by [[Alexander Kronrod]] for a computer chess match. At the end of 1966 the [[Stanford-ITEP Match|four game match]] began between the [[Kotok-McCarthy-Program]], running on a [[IBM 7090]] computer, and a [[ITEP Chess Program|program]] developed at the [[Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics]] (ITEP) in Moscow which used a Soviet [[M-2]] computer. The match played over nine months was won 3-1 by the The ITEP program.
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''See main article [[Kotok-McCarthy-Program]]''
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Between 1959 and 1962, students of John McCarthy at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], [[Alan Kotok]], [[Elwyn Berlekamp]] (1960), [[Michael A. Lieberman]], [[Charles Niessen]] and [[Robert A. Wagner]], wrote a chess program for the [[IBM 7090]]. When McCarthy left MIT to take charge of the Arificial Intelligence Laboratory at [[Stanford University|Stanford]], he took Kotok's program with him and improved it's searching. In 1965, McCarthy visited the Soviet Union and was challenged by [[Alexander Kronrod]] for a computer chess match. At the end of 1966 the [[Stanford-ITEP Match|four game match]] began between the [[Kotok-McCarthy-Program]], running on a [[IBM 7090]] computer, and a [[ITEP Chess Program|program]] developed at the [[Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics]] (ITEP) in Moscow which used a Soviet [[M-20]] computer. The match played over nine months was won 3-1 by the The ITEP program.
  
 
=Quotes=  
 
=Quotes=  
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=Selected Publications=  
 
=Selected Publications=  
 
==1955 ...==
 
==1955 ...==
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* John McCarthy, [[Marvin Minsky]], [[Nathaniel Rochester]], [[Claude Shannon]] ('''1955'''). ''[http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/history/dartmouth/dartmouth.html A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence]''.
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* [[John McCarthy]], [[Marvin Minsky]], [[Nathaniel Rochester]], [[Claude Shannon]] ('''1955'''). ''[http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/history/dartmouth/dartmouth.html A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence]''.
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* [[Claude Shannon]], John McCarthy (eds.) ('''1956'''). ''Automata Studies''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals_of_Mathematics Annals of Mathematics Studies], No. 34, [http://books.google.com/books?id=oL57iECEeEwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=John+McCarthy,+Claude+Shannon++Automata+Studies&source=bl&ots=xtK2thLQi_&sig=6_n_Me0_lqG11pOoA6b7_ebomM8&hl=de&ei=j2lMTdbYD9GQswby_eWUDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CB8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Google books]
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* [[Claude Shannon]], [[John McCarthy]] (eds.) ('''1956'''). ''Automata Studies''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals_of_Mathematics Annals of Mathematics Studies], No. 34, [http://books.google.com/books?id=oL57iECEeEwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=John+McCarthy,+Claude+Shannon++Automata+Studies&source=bl&ots=xtK2thLQi_&sig=6_n_Me0_lqG11pOoA6b7_ebomM8&hl=de&ei=j2lMTdbYD9GQswby_eWUDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CB8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Google books]
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: John McCarthy ('''1956'''). ''[http://jmc.stanford.edu/articles/inversion.html Inversion of Functions Defined by Turing Machines]''.
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: [[John McCarthy]] ('''1956'''). ''[http://jmc.stanford.edu/articles/inversion.html Inversion of Functions Defined by Turing Machines]''.
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* John McCarthy ('''1958'''). ''An Algebraic Language for the Manipulation of Symbolic Expressions''. Memo No. 1, Artificial Intelligence Project, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Laboratory_of_Electronics_at_MIT RLE] and [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] Computation Center, [http://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/LISP/MIT/AIM-001.pdf pdf] hosted by [[The Computer History Museum]], Courtesy of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Knight_(scientist) Tom Knight] <ref>[http://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/LISP/lisp15_family/ LISP 1.5 family — Software Preservation Group] from [[The Computer History Museum]]</ref>
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* [[John McCarthy]] ('''1958'''). ''An Algebraic Language for the Manipulation of Symbolic Expressions''. Memo No. 1, Artificial Intelligence Project, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Laboratory_of_Electronics_at_MIT RLE] and [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] Computation Center, [http://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/LISP/MIT/AIM-001.pdf pdf] hosted by [[The Computer History Museum]], Courtesy of [[Mathematician#TKnight|Tom Knight]] <ref>[http://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/LISP/lisp15_family/ LISP 1.5 family — Software Preservation Group] from [[The Computer History Museum]]</ref>
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* John McCarthy ('''1958'''). ''A Revised Version of "MAPLIST"''. Memo 2, Symbol Manipulating Language, Artificial Intelligence Project, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Laboratory_of_Electronics_at_MIT RLE] and [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] Computation Center
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* [[John McCarthy]] ('''1958'''). ''A Revised Version of "MAPLIST"''. Memo 2, Symbol Manipulating Language, Artificial Intelligence Project, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Laboratory_of_Electronics_at_MIT RLE] and [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] Computation Center
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* John McCarthy ('''1958'''). ''Symbol Manipulating Language - Revisions of the Language''. Memo 3, Artificial Intelligence Project, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Laboratory_of_Electronics_at_MIT RLE] and  [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] Computation Center, [http://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/LISP/MIT/AIM-003.pdf pdf] hosted by [[The Computer History Museum]], Courtesy of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Knight_(scientist) Tom Knight]
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* [[John McCarthy]] ('''1958'''). ''Symbol Manipulating Language - Revisions of the Language''. Memo 3, Artificial Intelligence Project, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Laboratory_of_Electronics_at_MIT RLE] and  [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] Computation Center, [http://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/LISP/MIT/AIM-003.pdf pdf] hosted by [[The Computer History Museum]], Courtesy of [[Mathematician#TKnight|Tom Knight]]
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* John McCarthy ('''1958'''). ''Symbol Manipulating Language - Revisions of the Language''. Memo 4, Artificial Intelligence Project, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Laboratory_of_Electronics_at_MIT RLE] and  [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] Computation Center, [http://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/LISP/MIT/AIM-004.pdf pdf] hosted by [[The Computer History Museum]], Courtesy of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Knight_(scientist) Tom Knight]
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* [[John McCarthy]] ('''1958'''). ''Symbol Manipulating Language - Revisions of the Language''. Memo 4, Artificial Intelligence Project, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Laboratory_of_Electronics_at_MIT RLE] and  [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] Computation Center, [http://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/LISP/MIT/AIM-004.pdf pdf] hosted by [[The Computer History Museum]], Courtesy of [[Mathematician#TKnight|Tom Knight]]
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* John McCarthy ('''1959'''). ''Programs with Common Sense''. [https://www.cs.cornell.edu/selman/cs672/readings/mccarthy-upd.pdf pdf]
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* [[John McCarthy]] ('''1959'''). ''Programs with Common Sense''. [https://www.cs.cornell.edu/selman/cs672/readings/mccarthy-upd.pdf pdf]
 
==1960 ...==
 
==1960 ...==
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* John McCarthy ('''1960'''). ''Recursive Functions of Symbolic Expressions and Their Computation by Machine, Part I''.  [http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/recursive.pdf pdf], the original paper on [[Lisp]]
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* [[John McCarthy]] ('''1960'''). ''Recursive Functions of Symbolic Expressions and Their Computation by Machine, Part I''.  [http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/recursive.pdf pdf], the original paper on [[Lisp]]
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* John McCarthy, [[Paul W. Abrahams]], [[Daniel Edwards|Daniel J. Edwards]], [[Timothy Hart|Timothy P. Hart]], [[Michael Levin|Michael I. Levin]] ('''1962''') ''LISP 1.5 Programmer's Manual''. MIT Press, second edition (1985) [http://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/LISP/book/LISP%201.5%20Programmers%20Manual.pdf pdf] <ref>[http://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/LISP/book/LISP%201.5%20Programmers%20Manual.pdf/view McCarthy et al. LISP 1.5 Programmer's Manual] from [[The Computer History Museum]] Software Preservation Group</ref>  
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* [[John McCarthy]], [[Paul W. Abrahams]], [[Daniel Edwards|Daniel J. Edwards]], [[Timothy Hart|Timothy P. Hart]], [[Michael Levin|Michael I. Levin]] ('''1962''') ''LISP 1.5 Programmer's Manual''. MIT Press, second edition (1985) [http://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/LISP/book/LISP%201.5%20Programmers%20Manual.pdf pdf] <ref>[http://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/LISP/book/LISP%201.5%20Programmers%20Manual.pdf/view McCarthy et al. LISP 1.5 Programmer's Manual] from [[The Computer History Museum]] Software Preservation Group</ref>  
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* John McCarthy, James Painter ('''1967'''). ''Correctness of a Compiler for Arithmetic Expressions''. [http://staff.um.edu.mt/afra1/seminar/comp-corr.pdf pdf]
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* [[John McCarthy]], James Painter ('''1967'''). ''Correctness of a Compiler for Arithmetic Expressions''. [http://staff.um.edu.mt/afra1/seminar/comp-corr.pdf pdf]
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==1970 ...==
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* [[John McCarthy]] ('''1979'''). ''[http://jmc.stanford.edu/articles/lisp.html History of Lisp]''. Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, [[Stanford University]]
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* John McCarthy ('''1979'''). ''[http://jmc.stanford.edu/articles/lisp.html History of Lisp]''. Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, [[Stanford University]]
 
 
==1980 ...==
 
==1980 ...==
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* John McCarthy ('''1989'''). ''The Fruitfly on the Fly''. [[ICGA Journal#12_4|ICCA Journal, Vol. 12, No. 4]]
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* [[John McCarthy]] ('''1989'''). ''The Fruitfly on the Fly''. [[ICGA Journal#12_4|ICCA Journal, Vol. 12, No. 4]]
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==1990 ...==
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* [[John McCarthy]] ('''1990'''). ''Chess as the Drosophila of AI''. [[Computers, Chess, and Cognition]]  
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* John McCarthy ('''1990'''). ''Chess as the Drosophila of AI''. [[Computers, Chess, and Cognition]]  
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* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gio_Wiederhold Gio Wiederhold], [[John McCarthy]], [[Edward Feigenbaum]] ('''1990'''). ''Memorial Resolution: Arthur L. Samuel (1901 - 1990)''. [[AAAI#AIMAG|AI Magazine]], Vol. 11, No. 3
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* John McCarthy, [[Edward Feigenbaum]] ('''1991'''). ''In Memoriam. Arthur L. Samuel: Pioneer in Machine Learning.'' [[ICGA Journal#14_1|ICCA Journal, Vol. 14, No. 1]] » [[Arthur Samuel]]
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* [[John McCarthy]], [[Edward Feigenbaum]] ('''1991'''). ''In Memoriam. Arthur L. Samuel: Pioneer in Machine Learning.'' [[ICGA Journal#14_1|ICCA Journal, Vol. 14, No. 1]] » [[Arthur Samuel]]
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* John McCarthy ('''1996'''). ''The Mutilated Checkerboard in Set Theory''. available as 2001 [http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/checkerboard1.pdf pdf reprint]
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* [[John McCarthy]] ('''1996'''). ''The Mutilated Checkerboard in Set Theory''. available as 2001 [http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/checkerboard1.pdf pdf reprint]
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* John McCarthy ('''1997'''). ''[http://science.sciencemag.org/content/276/5318/1518 AI as Sport]''. [[Science]], Vol. 276, June 6, pp. 1518-1519
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* [[John McCarthy]] ('''1997'''). ''[http://science.sciencemag.org/content/276/5318/1518 AI as Sport]''. [[Science]], Vol. 276, June 6, pp. 1518-1519
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* John McCarthy ('''1997'''). ''Chess as the Drosophila of AI''. Computer Science Department, [[Stanford University]], condensed version of the 1990 paper, [https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/91b7/71a8ce5b417c22507852f2a29738836856a6.pdf pdf]
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* [[John McCarthy]] ('''1997'''). ''Chess as the Drosophila of AI''. Computer Science Department, [[Stanford University]], condensed version of the 1990 paper, [https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/91b7/71a8ce5b417c22507852f2a29738836856a6.pdf pdf]
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==2010 ...==
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==2000 ...==
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* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_McCorduck Pamela McCorduck] ('''2004'''). ''[[Artificial Intelligence#MachinesWhoThink|Machines Who Think: A Personal Inquiry into the History and Prospects of Artificial Intelligence]]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_K_Peters A. K. Peters] (25th anniversary edition)
 
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_van_Benthem_(logician) Johan van Benthem] ('''2011'''). ''John McCarthy (1927-2011)''. [[ICGA Journal#34_4|ICGA Journal, Vol. 34, No. 4]]
 
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_van_Benthem_(logician) Johan van Benthem] ('''2011'''). ''John McCarthy (1927-2011)''. [[ICGA Journal#34_4|ICGA Journal, Vol. 34, No. 4]]
  
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'''[[People|Up one level]]'''
 
'''[[People|Up one level]]'''
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[[Category:Chess Programmer|McCarthy]]
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[[Category:Pioneer|McCarthy]]
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[[Category:Researcher|McCarthy]]
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[[Category:Videos|McCarthy]]
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[[Category:McCarthy Quotes|McCarthy]]

Latest revision as of 14:28, 25 January 2020

Home * People * John McCarthy

John McCarthy [1]

John McCarthy, (September 4, 1927 - October 23, 2011 [2])

was an American researcher in computer science and pioneer in the field of artificial intelligence. After short-term appointments at Princeton, Stanford, Dartmouth, and MIT, John McCarthy became a full professor at Stanford in 1962, where he remained until his retirement at the end of 2000. In 1955, McCarthy co-organized the Dartmouth Conference [3], where he coined the term Artificial intelligence, and introduced the idea of the Alpha-beta algorithm, to become their eponym. Alpha-beta was also approximated by Herbert Simon with Allen Newell and Arthur Samuel and was released to the public by Daniel Edwards and Timothy Hart in 1961 [4] and independently by Alexander Brudno in 1963 [5] . In 1958 at MIT, John McCarthy created the Lisp programming language [6].

Photos

JohnMcCarthy.jpg

John McCarthy, playing chess at Stanford's IBM 7090, 1967 [7] [8] [9]

ShannonMcCarthyFredkinWeizenbaum.jpg

Claude Shannon, John McCarthy, Ed Fredkin and Joseph Weizenbaum (1966) [10]

AdelsonVelskyMcCarthy.jpg

Georgy Adelson-Velsky and John McCarthy playing chess, Soviet-American computer science conference, Urgench, 1979 [11]

Kotok-McCarthy

See main article Kotok-McCarthy-Program

Between 1959 and 1962, students of John McCarthy at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Alan Kotok, Elwyn Berlekamp (1960), Michael A. Lieberman, Charles Niessen and Robert A. Wagner, wrote a chess program for the IBM 7090. When McCarthy left MIT to take charge of the Arificial Intelligence Laboratory at Stanford, he took Kotok's program with him and improved it's searching. In 1965, McCarthy visited the Soviet Union and was challenged by Alexander Kronrod for a computer chess match. At the end of 1966 the four game match began between the Kotok-McCarthy-Program, running on a IBM 7090 computer, and a program developed at the Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics (ITEP) in Moscow which used a Soviet M-20 computer. The match played over nine months was won 3-1 by the The ITEP program.

Quotes

Alpha-Beta

Quote by John McCarthy from Human-Level AI is harder than it seemed in 1955 on the Dartmouth workshop: 

Chess programs catch some of the human chess playing abilities but rely on the limited effective branching of the chess move tree. The ideas that work for chess are inadequate for go. Alpha-beta pruning characterizes human play, but it wasn't noticed by early chess programmers - Turing, Shannon, Pasta and Ulam, and Bernstein. We humans are not very good at identifying the heuristics we ourselves use. Approximations to alpha-beta used by Samuel, Newell and Simon, McCarthy. Proved equivalent to minimax by Hart and Levin, independently by Brudno. Knuth gives details.

What is AI?

Quote by John McCarthy from What is Artificial Intelligence? [12] [13]: 

Alexander Kronrod, a Russian AI researcher, said 'Chess is the Drosophila of AI.' He was making an analogy with geneticists' use of that fruit fly to study inheritance. Playing chess requires certain intellectual mechanisms and not others. Chess programs now play at grandmaster level, but they do it with limited intellectual mechanisms compared to those used by a human chess player, substituting large amounts of computation for understanding. Once we understand these mechanisms better, we can build human-level chess programs that do far less computation than do present programs. Unfortunately, the competitive and commercial aspects of making computers play chess have taken precedence over using chess as a scientific domain. It is as if the geneticists after 1910 had organized fruit fly races and concentrated their efforts on breeding fruit flies that could win these races.

Selected Publications

1955 ...

John McCarthy (1956). Inversion of Functions Defined by Turing Machines.

1960 ...

1980 ...

2000 ...

See also

Postings

External Links

John McCarthy Photo Essay - A.M. Turing Award Winner

References

  1. ↑ John McCarthy, 2006, Wikimedia Commons
  2. ↑ Father of Lisp and AI John McCarthy has died • The Register by Iain Thomson, October 24, 2011
  3. ↑ John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky, Nathaniel Rochester, Claude Shannon (1955). A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence.
  4. ↑ Daniel Edwards, Timothy Hart (1961). The Alpha-Beta Heuristic. AIM-030, DSpace at MIT
  5. ↑ Alexander Brudno (1963). Bounds and valuations for shortening the search of estimates. Problemy Kibernetiki (10) 141–150 and Problems of Cybernetics (10) 225–241
  6. ↑ The Lisp programming language from Wikipedia
  7. ↑ John McCarthy, artificial intelligence pioneer, playing chess at Stanford's IBM 7090 | Mastering the Game | The Computer History Museum 1967 ca., Courtesy Stanford University, John McCarthy used an improved version of the Kotok program to play correspondence chess against a Soviet program developed at the Moscow Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics (ITEP) by George Adelson-Velsky and others. In 1967, a four-game match played over nine months was won 3-1 by the Soviet program.
  8. ↑ CSD founding faculty from Computer History Exhibits Photo Tour created January 2000 by Gio Wiederhold
  9. ↑ See also image from Breaking News for 2011 - "Obituary: Emeritus Professor John McCarthy of Stanford University (1927 - -2011)" by L. Stephen Coles
  10. ↑ Weizenbaum. Rebel at Work. A documentary by Peter Haas and Silvia Holzinger
  11. ↑ Photos of Georgy M Adelson-Velsky (1922 - 2014) - ForeverMissed.com, shared by: Семен Карпенко, June 01, 2014
  12. ↑ John McCarthy (1989). The Fruitfly on the Fly. ICCA Journal, Vol. 12, No. 4
  13. ↑ John McCarthy (1990). Chess as the Drosophila of AI. Computers, Chess, and Cognition, pp. 227-237
  14. ↑ LISP 1.5 family — Software Preservation Group from The Computer History Museum
  15. ↑ McCarthy et al. LISP 1.5 Programmer's Manual from The Computer History Museum Software Preservation Group

Up one level

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