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'''[[Main Page|Home]] * [[Tournaments and Matches|Tournaments]] * [[World Computer Chess Championship]] * 2nd WCCC Toronto 1977'''
'''[[WCCC 1974|< Prev]] [[WCCC 1980|Next >]]'''
[[FILE:levywccc77.jpg|none|border|right|thumb|link=http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/1977_WCCC_Toronto.102645433/index.php?iid=mov-433190c268f04| [[David Levy]] <ref>[http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/1977_WCCC_Toronto.102645433/index.php?iid=mov-433190c268f04 1977 World Computer Chess Championship, Toronto, Canada], Footage excerpted from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_%28TV_series%29 Nova] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nova_episodes#Season_5:_1978 episode 0509] ''The Mind Machines'', 1978, [[The Computer History Museum]]
[[David Levy]]: The crowd tonight is absolutely phenomenal, I've never seen a crowd like this before at a computer chess tournament and there's certainly about twice as many people here as ever go to watch the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Open_Chess_Championship US Open Championship] or the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Chess_Championship United States Closed Championship], even when [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Fischer Fischer] was playing. I think that probably most of you are having a good laugh tonight and you're here out of curiosity, but in a few years time you'll be here because these programs are playing better then the masters and grand masters in the US championship.</ref> ]]
The '''Second World Computer Chess Championship''' took place from August 7 to 9, [[Timeline#1977|1977]], in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto Toronto], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario Ontario], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada Canada], under the auspices of the new founded [[ICCA]]. It was a four round [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss-system_tournament swiss tournament] with 16 participants. [[Chess (Program)|Chess 4.6]] was the sole winner with 4 out of 4.
=Final Standing=
2nd World Computer Chess Championship 1977, Toronto CA <ref>[http://www.game-ai-forum.org/icga-tournaments/tournament.php?id=18 ICGA Tournament site]</ref> <ref>[http://www.csvn.nl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=54%3Awccc-1977&catid=19%3Acomputer-computer&Itemid=48&lang=en8 2nd World Computer Chess Championship 1977] [[CSVN]] tournament site</ref> <ref>[http://www.mark-weeks.com/chess/77wc$tix.htm World Computer Chess Championship - 2nd WCCC - 1977 Toronto] by [[Mark Weeks]]</ref> .
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! #
! Program
! CC
! R1
! R2
! R3
! R4
! P
! SOS
! SoDOS
|-
! 1
| [[Chess (Program)|Chess 4.6]]
! US
| style="text-align:right;" | 13w1
| style="text-align:right;" | 6b1
| style="text-align:right;" | 2w1
| style="text-align:right;" | 4b1
! 4
| style="text-align:center;" | 9
| style="text-align:center;" | 9
|-
! 2
| [[Duchess]]
! US
| style="text-align:right;" | 3w1
| style="text-align:right;" | 7w1
| style="text-align:right;" | 1b0
| style="text-align:right;" | 6b1
! 3
| style="text-align:center;" | 11
| style="text-align:center;" | 7
|-
! 3
| [[Kaissa]]
! SU
| style="text-align:right;" | 2b0
| style="text-align:right;" | 16w1
| style="text-align:right;" | 5b1
| style="text-align:right;" | 11b1
! 3
| style="text-align:center;" | 7
| style="text-align:center;" | 4
|-
! 4
| [[Belle]]
! US
| style="text-align:right;" | 11w½
| style="text-align:right;" | 12b1
| style="text-align:right;" | 8w1
| style="text-align:right;" | 1w0
! 2½
| style="text-align:center;" | 9
| style="text-align:center;" | 4¼
|-
! 5
| [[CHAOS]]
! US
| style="text-align:right;" | 15w1
| style="text-align:right;" | 8b½
| style="text-align:right;" | 3w0
| style="text-align:right;" | 12b1
! 2½
| style="text-align:center;" | 7½
| style="text-align:center;" | 3½
|-
! 6
| [[Master]]
! GB
| style="text-align:right;" | 14b1
| style="text-align:right;" | 1w0
| style="text-align:right;" | 10b1
| style="text-align:right;" | 2w0
! 2
| style="text-align:center;" | 10½
| style="text-align:center;" | 3½
|-
! 7
| [[Ostrich]]
! CA
| style="text-align:right;" | 9w1
| style="text-align:right;" | 2b0
| style="text-align:right;" | 11w½
| style="text-align:right;" | 13b½
! 2
| style="text-align:center;" | 8
| style="text-align:center;" | 3½
|-
! 8
| [[Dark Horse]]
! SE
| style="text-align:right;" | 16b1
| style="text-align:right;" | 5w½
| style="text-align:right;" | 4b0
| style="text-align:right;" | 9b½
! 2
| style="text-align:center;" | 7
| style="text-align:center;" | 2¼
|-
! 9
| [[Awit|Wita]]
! CA
| style="text-align:right;" | 7b0
| style="text-align:right;" | 13b1
| style="text-align:right;" | 15w½
| style="text-align:right;" | 8w½
! 2
| style="text-align:center;" | 6½
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
|-
! 10
| [[Elsa]]
! DE
| style="text-align:right;" | 12w½
| style="text-align:right;" | 11b½
| style="text-align:right;" | 6w0
| style="text-align:right;" | 15b1
! 2
| style="text-align:center;" | 6
| style="text-align:center;" | 2½
|-
! 11
| [[Black Knight]]
! US
| style="text-align:right;" | 4b½
| style="text-align:right;" | 10w½
| style="text-align:right;" | 7b½
| style="text-align:right;" | 3w0
! 1½
| style="text-align:center;" | 9½
| style="text-align:center;" | 3¼
|-
! 12
| [[Blitz|Blitz 5]]
! US
| style="text-align:right;" | 10b½
| style="text-align:right;" | 4w0
| style="text-align:right;" | 14b1
| style="text-align:right;" | 5w0
! 1½
| style="text-align:center;" | 8½
| style="text-align:center;" | 2½
|-
! 13
| [[BCP]]
! GB
| style="text-align:right;" | 1b0
| style="text-align:right;" | 9w0
| style="text-align:right;" | 16b1
| style="text-align:right;" | 7w½
! 1½
| style="text-align:center;" | 8
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
|-
! 14
| [[Chute|Chute 1.2]]
! CA
| style="text-align:right;" | 6w0
| style="text-align:right;" | 15b½
| style="text-align:right;" | 12w0
| style="text-align:right;" | 16b1
! 1½
| style="text-align:center;" | 4½
| style="text-align:center;" | ½
|-
! 15
| [[Bs6676]]
! NL
| style="text-align:right;" | 5b0
| style="text-align:right;" | 14w½
| style="text-align:right;" | 9b½
| style="text-align:right;" | 10w0
! 1
| style="text-align:center;" | 8
| style="text-align:center;" | 1¾
|-
! 16
| [[Tell]]
! CH
| style="text-align:right;" | 8w0
| style="text-align:right;" | 3b0
| style="text-align:right;" | 13w0
| style="text-align:right;" | 14w0
! 0
| style="text-align:center;" | 8
| style="text-align:center;" | 0
|}
* [https://chessprogramming.wikispaces.com/space/statscodes CC Country Codes]
* SOS: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buchholz_system Sum of Opponent Scores]
* SoDOS: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neustadtl_score Sum of Defeated Opponent Scores]
=Participants=
2nd World Computer Chess Championship 1977, Toronto CA <ref>[[Peter Jennings]] ('''1978'''). ''[http://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1978-01/1978_01_BYTE_03-01_The_Brains_of_Men_and_Machines#page/n107/mode/2up The Second World Computer Chess Championships - Where KAISSA Founders on a Bug and CHESS 4.6 Conquers All]''. [[Byte Magazine#BYTE301|BYTE, Vol. 3, No. 1]]</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Program
! CC
! Authors
! Hardware
! Language
|-
| [[BCP]]
! GB
| [[Don Beal]]
| [[CDC 6600|CDC 6400]]
| [[Fortran]] and [[Assembly]]
|-
| [[Belle]]
! US
| [[Ken Thompson]], [[Joe Condon]]
| [[PDP-11]] + Chess Hardware
| [[C]]
|-
| [[Black Knight]]
! US
| [[Fred Prouse]], [[Kenn Sogge]],
[[Gary Maltzen]], [[Lonny Lebahn]]
| [[UNIVAC 1100|UNIVAC 1110]]
| [[Fortran]]
|-
| [[Blitz|Blitz 5]]
! US
| [[Robert Hyatt]]
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SDS_Sigma_series#32-bit_systems XDS Sigma 9]
| [[Fortran]]
|-
| [[Bs6676]]
! NL
| [[Barend Swets]]
| [[IBM 370|IBM 370/168]]
| [[Fortran]]
|-
| [[Chess (Program)|Chess 4.6]]
! US
| [[Larry Atkin]], [[David Slate]], [[David Cahlander]]
| [[CDC Cyber|CDC Cyber 176]]
| [[Assembly]]
|-
| [[CHAOS]]
! US
| [[Mike Alexander]], [[Victor Berman]], [[Ira Ruben]],
[[Fred Swartz]], [[William Toikka]], [[Joe Winograd]]
| [[Amdahl 470|Amdahl 470v/6]]
| [[Fortran]]
|-
| [[Chute|Chute 1.2]]
! CA
| [[Michael Valenti]], [[Zvonko Vranesic]]
| [[Amdahl 470|Amdahl 470v/6]]
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XPL XPL]
|-
| [[Dark Horse]]
! SE
| [[Ulf Rathsman]]
| [[CDC 6600|CDC 6400]]
| [[Fortran]]
|-
| [[Duchess]]
! US
| [[Eric Jensen]], [[Tom Truscott]], [[Bruce Wright]]
| [[IBM 370|IBM 370/165]]
| [[PL 1|PL/I]] and [[Assembly]]
|-
| [[Elsa]]
! DE
| [[Ludwig Zagler]]
| [[TR 440]]
| [[Assembly]]
|-
| [[Kaissa]]
! SU
| [[Mikhail Donskoy]], [[Vladimir Arlazarov]],
[[Anatoly Uskov]], [[Georgy Adelson-Velsky]]
| [[IBM 370|IBM 370/168]]
| [[Assembly]]
|-
| [[Master]]
! GB
| [[John Birmingham]], [[Peter Kent]]
| [[IBM 370|IBM 370/168]]
| [[PL 1|PL/I]]
|-
| [[Ostrich]]
! CA
| [[Monroe Newborn|Monty Newborn]], [[George Arnold]]
| [[Nova#SuperNOVA|SuperNOVA]]
| [[Assembly]]
|-
| [[Tell]]
! CH
| [[Johann Joss]]
| [[PDP-10|DEC KL-10]]
| [[Algol|Algol 60]]
|-
| [[Awit|Wita]]
! CA
| [[Tony Marsland]]
| [[Amdahl 470|Amdahl 470v/6]]
| [[Algol|Algol W]]
|}
* [http://chessprogramming.wikispaces.com/space/statscodes CC Country Codes]
=Selected Games=
Round 1, [[Duchess]] - [[Kaissa]] <ref>[http://www.game-ai-forum.org/icga-tournaments/round.php?tournament=18&round=1&id=1 Toronto 1977 - Chess - Round 1 - Game 1 (ICGA Tournaments)]</ref> , where Kaissa surprised with 34... Re8 <ref>[http://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=200064 Looking for a position] by [[Aaron Tay]], [[CCC]], December 02, 2001</ref>
<pre>
[Event "WCCC 1977"]
[Site "Toronto, Canada"]
[Date "1977.08.07"]
[Round "1"]
[White "Duchess"]
[Black "Kaissa"]
[Result "1-0"]
1.e4 d5 2.exd5 Nf6 3.d4 Nxd5 4.Nf3 g6 5.Be2 Bg7 6.c4 Nb6 7.Nc3 O-O 8.Be3 Bg4
9.c5 Nd5 10.O-O e6 11.Qb3 b6 12.Nxd5 exd5 13.Bg5 Qd7 14.h3 Bf5 15.Qc3 Re8
16.Rfe1 Be4 17.Nd2 Qf5 18.Be3 Qe6 19.Nxe4 dxe4 20.cxb6 cxb6 21.Rec1 Nd7 22.Bg4
Qd5 23.Qc6 Nf6 24.Be2 Rad8 25.Qa4 Re7 26.Bb5 Qf5 27.Rc2 Nd5 28.Rac1 Bf6 29.Qb3
a5 30.g4 Qe6 31.Rc6 a4 32.Qxa4 Rd6 33.Rxd6 Qxd6 34.Qa8+ Re8 35.Qxe8+ Kg7 36.g5
Bd8 37.Bc4 Qe7 38.Qxe7 Nxe7 39.Bf4 Nf5 40.Bd5 Kf8 41.Rc8 Ke7 42.Rc4 Ng7 43.Bxe4
Ne6 44.Be3 Nc7 45.d5 Nb5 46.Bf3 Kd7 47.a4 Nd6 48.Rc6 Nf5 1-0
</pre>
Game and short analyze on Lichess.org : [https://en.lichess.org/iZ7hDLNI]
=Exhibition Game=
[[FILE:KaissaChess1977.jpg|none|border|text-bottom]]
[[Kaissa]] vs. [[Chess (Program)|Chess 4.6]] exhibition game after the tournament, [[Mikhail Donskoy]] and [[Vladimir Arlazarov]] in front, [[David Slate]], [[David Cahlander]] and [[Larry Atkin]] behind <ref>[[Personal Computing]], [https://archive.org/stream/PersonalComputing197804/Personal%20Computing%201978%2004#page/n109/mode/1up Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 112], Photo courtesy of [https://www.insidetoronto.com/directory/toronto-on/photographers-portrait/glionna-darcy-photographer-1904202/ D'Arcy Glionna], of Daniels and Glionna, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto Toronto], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario Ontario], Canada, hosted by the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive Internet Archive]</ref> <ref>Game notation from [[David Levy]], [[Monroe Newborn]] ('''1982, 1983'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-642-85538-2 All About Chess and Computers]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media Springer], More Chess and Computers, [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-85538-2_11 Computer Chess Tournaments]</ref>
<pre>
[Event "Exhibition game"]
[Site "Toronto, Canada"]
[Date "1977.08.09"]
[Round "1"]
[White "Kaissa"]
[Black "Chess 4.6"]
[Result "0-1"]
1.e4 Nc6 2.Nf3 e6 3.d4 d5 4.Bd3 dxe4 5.Bxe4 Bd7 6.O-O Nf6 7.Re1 Nxe4 8.Rxe4 Be7 9.c4 f5
10.Re1 O-O 11.Nc3 f4 12.Qd3 Qe8 13.g3 fxg3 14.hxg3 Qf7 15.Bf4 g5 16.d5 exd5 17.Nxd5 gxf4
18.Nxe7+ Nxe7 19.Qxd7 Ng6 20.Qxf7+ Rxf7 21.g4 Rd7 22.Rad1 Rad8 23.Rxd7 Rxd7 24.Kg2 Kg7
25.Ng5 Rd2 26.Rb1 Rc2 27.b3 Ne5 28.Rh1 Rxa2 29.Rh4 Nd3 30.Nh3 Rb2 31.g5 Kg8 32.Nxf4 Rxf2+
33.Kg3 Rxf4 34.Rxf4 Nxf4 35.Kxf4 Kf7 36.b4 Ke6 37.Ke4 a6 38.Kf4 Kd6 39.Ke4 c5 40.bxc5+
Kxc5 41.Kd3 a5 42.Kc3 a4 43.Kd3 Kb4 44.Kc2 Kxc4 0-1 {resigned}
</pre>
=See also=
* [[ECCC 1976]]
=Publications=
* [http://www.examiner.com/article/jim-kaplan-signing-books-at-hallwalls Jim Kaplan] ('''1977'''). ''[http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/53512354/lets-go-big-beige-machine Let's go, big beige machine!]'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Illustrated Sports Illustrated], August 22, 1977, Vol. 47, No. 8, p. 42
* [[Barend Swets]] ('''1977'''). ''Computers in de opmars''. Schakend Nederland 09-1977 (Dutch), [http://www.schaakcomputers.nl/hein_veldhuis/database/files/09-1977,%20Schakend%20Nederland,%20Ir.%20Barend%20Swets,%20Computers%20in%20de%20opmars.pdf pdf] hosted by [[Hein Veldhuis]] » [[Bs6676]]
* [[Peter Jennings]] ('''1978'''). ''[http://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1978-01/1978_01_BYTE_03-01_The_Brains_of_Men_and_Machines#page/n107/mode/2up The Second World Computer Chess Championships - Where KAISSA Founders on a Bug and CHESS 4.6 Conquers All]''. [[Byte Magazine#BYTE301|BYTE, Vol. 3, No. 1]]
* [[Barend Swets]], Editor ('''1978'''). ''News on the Toronto Tournament''.[[Personal Computing#2_4|Personal Computing, Vol. 2, No. 4]], pp. 103
* Editor ('''1978'''). ''Tumult at the Toronto Tournament''.[[Personal Computing#2_5|Personal Computing, Vol. 2, No. 5]], pp. 98
* Editor ('''1978'''). ''Flashes from the Chess Wars''. [[Personal Computing#2_6|Personal Computing, Vol. 2, No. 6]], pp. 87
* Editor ('''1978'''). ''Cyber 176 tops Toronto Chess Tournament''. [[Personal Computing#2_7|Personal Computing, Vol. 2, No. 7]], pp. 79
* Editor ('''1978'''). ''Toronto Tournament Concludes''. [[Personal Computing#2_8|Personal Computing, Vol. 2, No. 8]], pp. 81
* Editor ('''1978'''). ''Toronto Tally''. [[Personal Computing#2_9|Personal Computing, Vol. 2, No. 9]], pp. 82 » [[Master]], [[Duchess]]
* [[Eric Hallsworth]] ('''1999''') ''The World Computer Chess Championship: No 2''. [[Selective Search]] 84, pp. 24, [http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/SS_84.pdf pdf] hosted by [[Mike Watters]]
=Forum Posts=
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=200064 Looking for a position] by [[Aaron Tay]], [[CCC]], December 02, 2001
=External Links=
* [https://www.game-ai-forum.org/icga-tournaments/event.php?id=15 2nd World Computer Chess Championship] from the [http://www.game-ai-forum.org/icga-tournaments/ ICGA Tournament Database]
* [http://www.computerwoche.de/a/schach-programme-holen-auf,1200037 Schach-Programme holen auf], October 28, 1977, [[Computerworld#Woche|Computerwoche]] (German)
* <span id="Video"></span>[http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/1977_WCCC_Toronto.102645433/index.php?iid=mov-433190c268f04 1977 World Computer Chess Championship, Toronto, Canada], [[The Computer History Museum]]
: [http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/mov-433190c268f04/ Footage excerpted] from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_%28TV_series%29 Nova][https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nova_episodes#Season_5:_1978 episode 0509]''The Mind Machines'', March 22, 1978, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_%28company%29 Frequency Video], Free video on archive.org : [https://archive.org/details/themindmachines The Mind Machines]
=References=
<references />
'''[[World Computer Chess Championship|Up one Level]]'''
'''[[WCCC 1974|< Prev]] [[WCCC 1980|Next >]]'''
[[FILE:levywccc77.jpg|none|border|right|thumb|link=http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/1977_WCCC_Toronto.102645433/index.php?iid=mov-433190c268f04| [[David Levy]] <ref>[http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/1977_WCCC_Toronto.102645433/index.php?iid=mov-433190c268f04 1977 World Computer Chess Championship, Toronto, Canada], Footage excerpted from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_%28TV_series%29 Nova] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nova_episodes#Season_5:_1978 episode 0509] ''The Mind Machines'', 1978, [[The Computer History Museum]]
[[David Levy]]: The crowd tonight is absolutely phenomenal, I've never seen a crowd like this before at a computer chess tournament and there's certainly about twice as many people here as ever go to watch the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Open_Chess_Championship US Open Championship] or the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Chess_Championship United States Closed Championship], even when [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Fischer Fischer] was playing. I think that probably most of you are having a good laugh tonight and you're here out of curiosity, but in a few years time you'll be here because these programs are playing better then the masters and grand masters in the US championship.</ref> ]]
The '''Second World Computer Chess Championship''' took place from August 7 to 9, [[Timeline#1977|1977]], in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto Toronto], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario Ontario], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada Canada], under the auspices of the new founded [[ICCA]]. It was a four round [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss-system_tournament swiss tournament] with 16 participants. [[Chess (Program)|Chess 4.6]] was the sole winner with 4 out of 4.
=Final Standing=
2nd World Computer Chess Championship 1977, Toronto CA <ref>[http://www.game-ai-forum.org/icga-tournaments/tournament.php?id=18 ICGA Tournament site]</ref> <ref>[http://www.csvn.nl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=54%3Awccc-1977&catid=19%3Acomputer-computer&Itemid=48&lang=en8 2nd World Computer Chess Championship 1977] [[CSVN]] tournament site</ref> <ref>[http://www.mark-weeks.com/chess/77wc$tix.htm World Computer Chess Championship - 2nd WCCC - 1977 Toronto] by [[Mark Weeks]]</ref> .
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! #
! Program
! CC
! R1
! R2
! R3
! R4
! P
! SOS
! SoDOS
|-
! 1
| [[Chess (Program)|Chess 4.6]]
! US
| style="text-align:right;" | 13w1
| style="text-align:right;" | 6b1
| style="text-align:right;" | 2w1
| style="text-align:right;" | 4b1
! 4
| style="text-align:center;" | 9
| style="text-align:center;" | 9
|-
! 2
| [[Duchess]]
! US
| style="text-align:right;" | 3w1
| style="text-align:right;" | 7w1
| style="text-align:right;" | 1b0
| style="text-align:right;" | 6b1
! 3
| style="text-align:center;" | 11
| style="text-align:center;" | 7
|-
! 3
| [[Kaissa]]
! SU
| style="text-align:right;" | 2b0
| style="text-align:right;" | 16w1
| style="text-align:right;" | 5b1
| style="text-align:right;" | 11b1
! 3
| style="text-align:center;" | 7
| style="text-align:center;" | 4
|-
! 4
| [[Belle]]
! US
| style="text-align:right;" | 11w½
| style="text-align:right;" | 12b1
| style="text-align:right;" | 8w1
| style="text-align:right;" | 1w0
! 2½
| style="text-align:center;" | 9
| style="text-align:center;" | 4¼
|-
! 5
| [[CHAOS]]
! US
| style="text-align:right;" | 15w1
| style="text-align:right;" | 8b½
| style="text-align:right;" | 3w0
| style="text-align:right;" | 12b1
! 2½
| style="text-align:center;" | 7½
| style="text-align:center;" | 3½
|-
! 6
| [[Master]]
! GB
| style="text-align:right;" | 14b1
| style="text-align:right;" | 1w0
| style="text-align:right;" | 10b1
| style="text-align:right;" | 2w0
! 2
| style="text-align:center;" | 10½
| style="text-align:center;" | 3½
|-
! 7
| [[Ostrich]]
! CA
| style="text-align:right;" | 9w1
| style="text-align:right;" | 2b0
| style="text-align:right;" | 11w½
| style="text-align:right;" | 13b½
! 2
| style="text-align:center;" | 8
| style="text-align:center;" | 3½
|-
! 8
| [[Dark Horse]]
! SE
| style="text-align:right;" | 16b1
| style="text-align:right;" | 5w½
| style="text-align:right;" | 4b0
| style="text-align:right;" | 9b½
! 2
| style="text-align:center;" | 7
| style="text-align:center;" | 2¼
|-
! 9
| [[Awit|Wita]]
! CA
| style="text-align:right;" | 7b0
| style="text-align:right;" | 13b1
| style="text-align:right;" | 15w½
| style="text-align:right;" | 8w½
! 2
| style="text-align:center;" | 6½
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
|-
! 10
| [[Elsa]]
! DE
| style="text-align:right;" | 12w½
| style="text-align:right;" | 11b½
| style="text-align:right;" | 6w0
| style="text-align:right;" | 15b1
! 2
| style="text-align:center;" | 6
| style="text-align:center;" | 2½
|-
! 11
| [[Black Knight]]
! US
| style="text-align:right;" | 4b½
| style="text-align:right;" | 10w½
| style="text-align:right;" | 7b½
| style="text-align:right;" | 3w0
! 1½
| style="text-align:center;" | 9½
| style="text-align:center;" | 3¼
|-
! 12
| [[Blitz|Blitz 5]]
! US
| style="text-align:right;" | 10b½
| style="text-align:right;" | 4w0
| style="text-align:right;" | 14b1
| style="text-align:right;" | 5w0
! 1½
| style="text-align:center;" | 8½
| style="text-align:center;" | 2½
|-
! 13
| [[BCP]]
! GB
| style="text-align:right;" | 1b0
| style="text-align:right;" | 9w0
| style="text-align:right;" | 16b1
| style="text-align:right;" | 7w½
! 1½
| style="text-align:center;" | 8
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
|-
! 14
| [[Chute|Chute 1.2]]
! CA
| style="text-align:right;" | 6w0
| style="text-align:right;" | 15b½
| style="text-align:right;" | 12w0
| style="text-align:right;" | 16b1
! 1½
| style="text-align:center;" | 4½
| style="text-align:center;" | ½
|-
! 15
| [[Bs6676]]
! NL
| style="text-align:right;" | 5b0
| style="text-align:right;" | 14w½
| style="text-align:right;" | 9b½
| style="text-align:right;" | 10w0
! 1
| style="text-align:center;" | 8
| style="text-align:center;" | 1¾
|-
! 16
| [[Tell]]
! CH
| style="text-align:right;" | 8w0
| style="text-align:right;" | 3b0
| style="text-align:right;" | 13w0
| style="text-align:right;" | 14w0
! 0
| style="text-align:center;" | 8
| style="text-align:center;" | 0
|}
* [https://chessprogramming.wikispaces.com/space/statscodes CC Country Codes]
* SOS: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buchholz_system Sum of Opponent Scores]
* SoDOS: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neustadtl_score Sum of Defeated Opponent Scores]
=Participants=
2nd World Computer Chess Championship 1977, Toronto CA <ref>[[Peter Jennings]] ('''1978'''). ''[http://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1978-01/1978_01_BYTE_03-01_The_Brains_of_Men_and_Machines#page/n107/mode/2up The Second World Computer Chess Championships - Where KAISSA Founders on a Bug and CHESS 4.6 Conquers All]''. [[Byte Magazine#BYTE301|BYTE, Vol. 3, No. 1]]</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Program
! CC
! Authors
! Hardware
! Language
|-
| [[BCP]]
! GB
| [[Don Beal]]
| [[CDC 6600|CDC 6400]]
| [[Fortran]] and [[Assembly]]
|-
| [[Belle]]
! US
| [[Ken Thompson]], [[Joe Condon]]
| [[PDP-11]] + Chess Hardware
| [[C]]
|-
| [[Black Knight]]
! US
| [[Fred Prouse]], [[Kenn Sogge]],
[[Gary Maltzen]], [[Lonny Lebahn]]
| [[UNIVAC 1100|UNIVAC 1110]]
| [[Fortran]]
|-
| [[Blitz|Blitz 5]]
! US
| [[Robert Hyatt]]
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SDS_Sigma_series#32-bit_systems XDS Sigma 9]
| [[Fortran]]
|-
| [[Bs6676]]
! NL
| [[Barend Swets]]
| [[IBM 370|IBM 370/168]]
| [[Fortran]]
|-
| [[Chess (Program)|Chess 4.6]]
! US
| [[Larry Atkin]], [[David Slate]], [[David Cahlander]]
| [[CDC Cyber|CDC Cyber 176]]
| [[Assembly]]
|-
| [[CHAOS]]
! US
| [[Mike Alexander]], [[Victor Berman]], [[Ira Ruben]],
[[Fred Swartz]], [[William Toikka]], [[Joe Winograd]]
| [[Amdahl 470|Amdahl 470v/6]]
| [[Fortran]]
|-
| [[Chute|Chute 1.2]]
! CA
| [[Michael Valenti]], [[Zvonko Vranesic]]
| [[Amdahl 470|Amdahl 470v/6]]
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XPL XPL]
|-
| [[Dark Horse]]
! SE
| [[Ulf Rathsman]]
| [[CDC 6600|CDC 6400]]
| [[Fortran]]
|-
| [[Duchess]]
! US
| [[Eric Jensen]], [[Tom Truscott]], [[Bruce Wright]]
| [[IBM 370|IBM 370/165]]
| [[PL 1|PL/I]] and [[Assembly]]
|-
| [[Elsa]]
! DE
| [[Ludwig Zagler]]
| [[TR 440]]
| [[Assembly]]
|-
| [[Kaissa]]
! SU
| [[Mikhail Donskoy]], [[Vladimir Arlazarov]],
[[Anatoly Uskov]], [[Georgy Adelson-Velsky]]
| [[IBM 370|IBM 370/168]]
| [[Assembly]]
|-
| [[Master]]
! GB
| [[John Birmingham]], [[Peter Kent]]
| [[IBM 370|IBM 370/168]]
| [[PL 1|PL/I]]
|-
| [[Ostrich]]
! CA
| [[Monroe Newborn|Monty Newborn]], [[George Arnold]]
| [[Nova#SuperNOVA|SuperNOVA]]
| [[Assembly]]
|-
| [[Tell]]
! CH
| [[Johann Joss]]
| [[PDP-10|DEC KL-10]]
| [[Algol|Algol 60]]
|-
| [[Awit|Wita]]
! CA
| [[Tony Marsland]]
| [[Amdahl 470|Amdahl 470v/6]]
| [[Algol|Algol W]]
|}
* [http://chessprogramming.wikispaces.com/space/statscodes CC Country Codes]
=Selected Games=
Round 1, [[Duchess]] - [[Kaissa]] <ref>[http://www.game-ai-forum.org/icga-tournaments/round.php?tournament=18&round=1&id=1 Toronto 1977 - Chess - Round 1 - Game 1 (ICGA Tournaments)]</ref> , where Kaissa surprised with 34... Re8 <ref>[http://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=200064 Looking for a position] by [[Aaron Tay]], [[CCC]], December 02, 2001</ref>
<pre>
[Event "WCCC 1977"]
[Site "Toronto, Canada"]
[Date "1977.08.07"]
[Round "1"]
[White "Duchess"]
[Black "Kaissa"]
[Result "1-0"]
1.e4 d5 2.exd5 Nf6 3.d4 Nxd5 4.Nf3 g6 5.Be2 Bg7 6.c4 Nb6 7.Nc3 O-O 8.Be3 Bg4
9.c5 Nd5 10.O-O e6 11.Qb3 b6 12.Nxd5 exd5 13.Bg5 Qd7 14.h3 Bf5 15.Qc3 Re8
16.Rfe1 Be4 17.Nd2 Qf5 18.Be3 Qe6 19.Nxe4 dxe4 20.cxb6 cxb6 21.Rec1 Nd7 22.Bg4
Qd5 23.Qc6 Nf6 24.Be2 Rad8 25.Qa4 Re7 26.Bb5 Qf5 27.Rc2 Nd5 28.Rac1 Bf6 29.Qb3
a5 30.g4 Qe6 31.Rc6 a4 32.Qxa4 Rd6 33.Rxd6 Qxd6 34.Qa8+ Re8 35.Qxe8+ Kg7 36.g5
Bd8 37.Bc4 Qe7 38.Qxe7 Nxe7 39.Bf4 Nf5 40.Bd5 Kf8 41.Rc8 Ke7 42.Rc4 Ng7 43.Bxe4
Ne6 44.Be3 Nc7 45.d5 Nb5 46.Bf3 Kd7 47.a4 Nd6 48.Rc6 Nf5 1-0
</pre>
Game and short analyze on Lichess.org : [https://en.lichess.org/iZ7hDLNI]
=Exhibition Game=
[[FILE:KaissaChess1977.jpg|none|border|text-bottom]]
[[Kaissa]] vs. [[Chess (Program)|Chess 4.6]] exhibition game after the tournament, [[Mikhail Donskoy]] and [[Vladimir Arlazarov]] in front, [[David Slate]], [[David Cahlander]] and [[Larry Atkin]] behind <ref>[[Personal Computing]], [https://archive.org/stream/PersonalComputing197804/Personal%20Computing%201978%2004#page/n109/mode/1up Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 112], Photo courtesy of [https://www.insidetoronto.com/directory/toronto-on/photographers-portrait/glionna-darcy-photographer-1904202/ D'Arcy Glionna], of Daniels and Glionna, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto Toronto], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario Ontario], Canada, hosted by the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive Internet Archive]</ref> <ref>Game notation from [[David Levy]], [[Monroe Newborn]] ('''1982, 1983'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-642-85538-2 All About Chess and Computers]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media Springer], More Chess and Computers, [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-85538-2_11 Computer Chess Tournaments]</ref>
<pre>
[Event "Exhibition game"]
[Site "Toronto, Canada"]
[Date "1977.08.09"]
[Round "1"]
[White "Kaissa"]
[Black "Chess 4.6"]
[Result "0-1"]
1.e4 Nc6 2.Nf3 e6 3.d4 d5 4.Bd3 dxe4 5.Bxe4 Bd7 6.O-O Nf6 7.Re1 Nxe4 8.Rxe4 Be7 9.c4 f5
10.Re1 O-O 11.Nc3 f4 12.Qd3 Qe8 13.g3 fxg3 14.hxg3 Qf7 15.Bf4 g5 16.d5 exd5 17.Nxd5 gxf4
18.Nxe7+ Nxe7 19.Qxd7 Ng6 20.Qxf7+ Rxf7 21.g4 Rd7 22.Rad1 Rad8 23.Rxd7 Rxd7 24.Kg2 Kg7
25.Ng5 Rd2 26.Rb1 Rc2 27.b3 Ne5 28.Rh1 Rxa2 29.Rh4 Nd3 30.Nh3 Rb2 31.g5 Kg8 32.Nxf4 Rxf2+
33.Kg3 Rxf4 34.Rxf4 Nxf4 35.Kxf4 Kf7 36.b4 Ke6 37.Ke4 a6 38.Kf4 Kd6 39.Ke4 c5 40.bxc5+
Kxc5 41.Kd3 a5 42.Kc3 a4 43.Kd3 Kb4 44.Kc2 Kxc4 0-1 {resigned}
</pre>
=See also=
* [[ECCC 1976]]
=Publications=
* [http://www.examiner.com/article/jim-kaplan-signing-books-at-hallwalls Jim Kaplan] ('''1977'''). ''[http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/53512354/lets-go-big-beige-machine Let's go, big beige machine!]'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Illustrated Sports Illustrated], August 22, 1977, Vol. 47, No. 8, p. 42
* [[Barend Swets]] ('''1977'''). ''Computers in de opmars''. Schakend Nederland 09-1977 (Dutch), [http://www.schaakcomputers.nl/hein_veldhuis/database/files/09-1977,%20Schakend%20Nederland,%20Ir.%20Barend%20Swets,%20Computers%20in%20de%20opmars.pdf pdf] hosted by [[Hein Veldhuis]] » [[Bs6676]]
* [[Peter Jennings]] ('''1978'''). ''[http://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1978-01/1978_01_BYTE_03-01_The_Brains_of_Men_and_Machines#page/n107/mode/2up The Second World Computer Chess Championships - Where KAISSA Founders on a Bug and CHESS 4.6 Conquers All]''. [[Byte Magazine#BYTE301|BYTE, Vol. 3, No. 1]]
* [[Barend Swets]], Editor ('''1978'''). ''News on the Toronto Tournament''.[[Personal Computing#2_4|Personal Computing, Vol. 2, No. 4]], pp. 103
* Editor ('''1978'''). ''Tumult at the Toronto Tournament''.[[Personal Computing#2_5|Personal Computing, Vol. 2, No. 5]], pp. 98
* Editor ('''1978'''). ''Flashes from the Chess Wars''. [[Personal Computing#2_6|Personal Computing, Vol. 2, No. 6]], pp. 87
* Editor ('''1978'''). ''Cyber 176 tops Toronto Chess Tournament''. [[Personal Computing#2_7|Personal Computing, Vol. 2, No. 7]], pp. 79
* Editor ('''1978'''). ''Toronto Tournament Concludes''. [[Personal Computing#2_8|Personal Computing, Vol. 2, No. 8]], pp. 81
* Editor ('''1978'''). ''Toronto Tally''. [[Personal Computing#2_9|Personal Computing, Vol. 2, No. 9]], pp. 82 » [[Master]], [[Duchess]]
* [[Eric Hallsworth]] ('''1999''') ''The World Computer Chess Championship: No 2''. [[Selective Search]] 84, pp. 24, [http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/SS_84.pdf pdf] hosted by [[Mike Watters]]
=Forum Posts=
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=200064 Looking for a position] by [[Aaron Tay]], [[CCC]], December 02, 2001
=External Links=
* [https://www.game-ai-forum.org/icga-tournaments/event.php?id=15 2nd World Computer Chess Championship] from the [http://www.game-ai-forum.org/icga-tournaments/ ICGA Tournament Database]
* [http://www.computerwoche.de/a/schach-programme-holen-auf,1200037 Schach-Programme holen auf], October 28, 1977, [[Computerworld#Woche|Computerwoche]] (German)
* <span id="Video"></span>[http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/1977_WCCC_Toronto.102645433/index.php?iid=mov-433190c268f04 1977 World Computer Chess Championship, Toronto, Canada], [[The Computer History Museum]]
: [http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/mov-433190c268f04/ Footage excerpted] from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_%28TV_series%29 Nova][https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nova_episodes#Season_5:_1978 episode 0509]''The Mind Machines'', March 22, 1978, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_%28company%29 Frequency Video], Free video on archive.org : [https://archive.org/details/themindmachines The Mind Machines]
=References=
<references />
'''[[World Computer Chess Championship|Up one Level]]'''
