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'''[[Main Page|Home]] * [[Hardware]] * TR 440'''
[[FILE:TR440RZSaarland.jpg|border|right|thumb|400px|link=http://www.uni-saarland.de/info/universitaet/portraet/geschichte/bilder-aus-60-jahren-uds/70ziger2.html| TR 440 at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarland_University Saarland University] <ref>[http://www.uni-saarland.de/info/universitaet/portraet/geschichte/bilder-aus-60-jahren-uds/70ziger2.html Bilder aus 60 Jahren UdS: Aus den Siebzigern (Teil 2)] (German)</ref> ]]
'''TR 440''', (TR440, TR-440, Telefunken-Rechner 440),<br/>
a West-German general purpose 48-bit [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainframe_computer mainframe computer] developed from 1964 until 1971 by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefunken Telefunken] as successor of the [[TR-4]], later manufactured by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AEG AEG Telefunken] and [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Gesellschaft_Konstanz Computer Gesellschaft Konstanz]. The development team was headed by [[Mathematician#EJessen|Eike Jessen]] <ref>[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eike_Jessen#Leistungen Eike Jessen - Leistungen - Wikipedia.de] (German)</ref>. The TR 440 introduced [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paging paging], multiple modes of operation, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiprocessing multiprocessing] (two or three processors), vastly extended [[Memory|memory]], satellite configurations (TR 86) and included innovative [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_software system software] <ref>[[Mathematician#EJessen|Eike Jessen]], Dieter Michel, [http://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=25498 Hans-Jürgen Siegert], Heinz Voigt ('''2010'''). ''[http://www.computer.org/csdl/mags/an/2010/03/man2010030030-abs.html Structure, Technology, and Development of the AEG-Telefunken TR 440 Computer]''. [[IEEE#Annals|IEEE Annals]], Vol. 32, No. 3</ref>, as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-sharing time-sharing] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system operating system] BS3 <ref>[http://www.online.uni-marburg.de/hrz/chronik/quellen/cgk-bs3-1975.pdf Teilnehmer-Betriebssystem BS-3] (pdf), TELEFUNKEN COMPUTER GmbH (German)</ref> <ref>[http://www-user.rhrk.uni-kl.de/~backes/ Joachim Backes] ('''1977'''). ''TR440 und BS3 Operateur Schulung''. Regionales Hochschulrechenzentrum der Universität Kaiserslautern, [http://www-user.rhrk.uni-kl.de/~backes/PDF/TR440-Operateur-Schulung-1977.pdf pdf]</ref>.
=Universities=
A first TR 440 was shipped in 1969 to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darmstadt Darmstadt] [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsches_Rechenzentrum German computing center]. In total, 45 TR 440 computers were manufactured, many delivered to German universities during the early 70s <ref> [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/TR_440 TR 440 from Wikipedia.de] (German)</ref>, such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr_University_Bochum Ruhr University Bochum] <ref>[http://www.rz.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/imperia/md/content/rechenzentrum/pdfs/rubbits/rubbits17.pdf 40 Jahre Rechenzentrum Ruhr Universität Bochum - RUBbits Mai 2006] (pdf)</ref> , [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_D%C3%BCsseldorf University of Düsseldorf], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RWTH_Aachen_University RWTH Aachen], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich University of Munich] and [[Technical University of Munich]] via [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leibniz-Rechenzentrum Leibniz Supercomputing Centre] of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Humanities Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities] <ref>[http://www.qslnet.de/member/dj4kw/lrz.htm Leibniz-Rechenzentrum 1974] by [http://www.qslnet.de/member/dj4kw/index.htm Gerd R. Sapper] (German)</ref> , [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_W%C3%BCrzburg University of Würzburg], [[University of Hamburg]] <ref>[http://www.rrz.uni-hamburg.de/de/ueber-uns/geschichte-des-rrz.html Geschichte des RRZ < Über uns < RRZ < Universität Hamburg] (German)</ref>, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_University_of_Berlin Technical University of Berlin], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Erlangen-Nuremberg University of Erlangen-Nuremberg], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_T%C3%BCbingen University of Tübingen], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Stuttgart University of Stuttgart], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Konstanz University of Konstanz], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarland_University Saarland University] <ref>[http://www.uni-saarland.de/info/universitaet/portraet/geschichte/bilder-aus-60-jahren-uds/70ziger2.html Bilder aus 60 Jahren UdS: Aus den Siebzigern (Teil 2)] (German)</ref> , [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiserslautern_University_of_Technology Kaiserslautern University of Technology] <ref>[http://www.vaxman.de/historic_computers/telefunken/tr440/tr440.html TELEFUNKEN TR-440]</ref> , [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Marburg University of Marburg] <ref>[http://www.online.uni-marburg.de/hrz/chronik/zeittafel.html HRZ Uni Marburg: Chronik - Zeittafel] (German)</ref> , [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clausthal_University_of_Technology Clausthal University of Technology] and [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmholtz-Zentrum_Geesthacht_%E2%80%93_Zentrum_f%C3%BCr_Material-_und_K%C3%BCstenforschung Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht] <ref>[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/TR_440 TR 440 from Wikipedia.de] (German)</ref>.
=Block Diagram=
[[FILE:TR440Diagram.jpg|none|border|text-bottom]]
TR 440 block diagram <ref>[http://bitsavers.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/pdf/aeg-telefunken/tr440/RD441_InstructionSet_Oct70.pdf TR 440 Große Befehlsliste - Instruction Set List] (pdf) Blockschaltbild - block diagram p. 25</ref>
=Architecture=
The TR 440 central processor (Zentraler Rechner), dubbed RD 441 <ref>[http://bitsavers.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/pdf/aeg-telefunken/tr440/RD441_CPU_Descr_Apr70.pdf TR 440 - Eigenschaften des RD 441] (pdf)</ref>, had four units (Werke), the instruction unit (Befehlswerk), [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accumulator_%28computing%29 accumulator] based ALU (Rechenwerk), memory unit (Speicherwerk) and I/O-unit (Ein- Ausgabewerk) with 4 fast (used for data storage, drum memory ) and 12 standard I/O-channels (tapes, satellite computer), all four units connected by a priority unit (Vorrangwerk). The [[TR-4]] compatible architecture used a word size of 52 bits, consisting of 48 data bits, 2 type bits (00 - floating point, 38 bit normalized mantissa, 01 - integer/fixed point ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ones%27_complement Ones' complement]), 10 - opcode 2x24 bit, 11 - 8 six bit text characters) and 2 bit checksum ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digit_sum Dreierprobe]). Instructions operate on words, half- and double words and [[Byte|bytes]] of 4, 6, 7 or 12 bits, as well as random word areas inside a register or memory.
=Technology=
[[FILE:SIG-100.jpg|border|right|thumb|400px|link=http://www.oldmouse.com/pics/misc/SIG-100.jpg| SIG-100 terminal with Rollkugel <ref>[http://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/input-output/14/346/1874 SIG-100 video terminal and mouse] from [[The Computer History Museum]], © [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefunken Telefunken]</ref> <ref>[http://www.oldmouse.com/mouse/misc/telefunken.shtml Telefunken Rollkugel ~ oldmouse.com], © [https://www.fh-kiel.de/index.php?id=5531 Computerschausammlung], [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fachhochschule_Kiel FH Kiel]</ref>, October 02, 1968 <ref>[http://www.heise.de/ct/meldung/Auf-den-Spuren-der-deutschen-Computermaus-216255.html Auf den Spuren der deutschen Computermaus | c't], April 28, 2009 (German)</ref> ]]
The TR 440 was build from small-scale integration (SSI) [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit monolithic integrated circuits] of about 10 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistors transistors] and modules of 16 K [[Memory|core memory]]. Its speed was about 800,000 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instructions_per_second instructions per second]. Beside standard peripherals, [http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teletypewriter teletypewriter] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray_tube CRT] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_monitor monitor], the TR 440 already had a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_mouse#Mechanical_mice ball-based mouse] as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointing_device pointing device] dubbed [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Telefunken_Rollkugel_RKS_100-86.jpg Rollkugel].
=Chess Programs=
* [[Daja]] by [[Siegfried Jahn]] and [[Ludwig Zagler]], [[Technical University of Munich]], 1974
* [[Elsa]] by [[Ludwig Zagler]], [[Technical University of Munich]], 1977
* [[Schach MV 5,6]] by [[Helmut Richter]], [[University of Hamburg]], 1971 <ref>started on a [[TR-4]], the TR 440 worked end of 1971, see [http://www.rrz.uni-hamburg.de/de/ueber-uns/geschichte-des-rrz.html Geschichte des RRZ < Über uns < RRZ < Universität Hamburg] (German)</ref>
=See also=
* [[Kai Himstedt#Jugendforscht|Jugend Forscht]] - [[Wolfgang Stahn]] and [[Kai Himstedt]]
* [[TR-4]]
=Publications=
* [http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=dp_byline_sr_book_1?ie=UTF8&field-author=Friedrich+%C2%98v.%C2%9C+Sydow&search-alias=books&text=Friedrich+%C2%98v.%C2%9C+Sydow&sort=relevancerank Friedrich v. Sydow], Gunter Stadie, et al. ('''1970'''). ''[https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_aegtelefunOverviewMar70_8297721 TR440 System Overview]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive Internet Archive] (German)
* [[Mathematician#EJessen|Eike Jessen]], Dieter Michel, [http://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=25498 Hans-Jürgen Siegert], Heinz Voigt ('''2010'''). ''[http://www.computer.org/csdl/mags/an/2010/03/man2010030020-abs.html The AEG-Telefunken TR 440 Computer: Company and Large-Scale Computer Strategy]''. [[IEEE#Annals|IEEE Annals]], Vol. 32, No. 3
* [[Mathematician#EJessen|Eike Jessen]], Dieter Michel, [http://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=25498 Hans-Jürgen Siegert], Heinz Voigt ('''2010'''). ''[http://www.computer.org/csdl/mags/an/2010/03/man2010030030-abs.html Structure, Technology, and Development of the AEG-Telefunken TR 440 Computer]''. [[IEEE#Annals|IEEE Annals]], Vol. 32, No. 3
* [http://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=25498 Hans-Jürgen Siegert] ('''2010'''). ''[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/searchresult.jsp?searchWithin=p_Authors:.QT.Siegert,%20H.-J..QT.&searchWithin=p_Author_Ids:38112157700&newsearch=true The German TR 440 Computer: Software and Its Development]''. [[IEEE#Annals|IEEE Annals]], Vol. 32, No. 3
=External Links=
==TR 440==
* [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/TR_440 TR 440 from Wikipedia.de] (German)
* [https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_aegtelefunR440IntroMar71_1528157 Aeg-Telefunken :: TR440 :: N31.B0.04E TR-440 Intro Mar71 : Free Download & Streaming], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive Internet Archive]
* [http://bitsavers.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/pdf/aeg-telefunken/tr440/ Index of /pdf/aeg-telefunken/tr440] from [http://bitsavers.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/ bitsavers.org]
: [http://bitsavers.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/pdf/aeg-telefunken/tr440/RD441_InstructionSet_Oct70.pdf TR 440 Große Befehlsliste - Instruction Set List] (pdf)
* [http://www.hardiweb.de/compmuseum/seite1_computermuseum.htm Virtuelles Computermuseum] by Hartwig Becker with TR 440 text and images (German)
: [http://www.hardiweb.de/compmuseum/seite02-tr440/index.html TR 440 images]
: [http://www.hardiweb.de/compmuseum/seite05-kernspeicher/index.html TR 440 kernspeicher] (core memory)
==Computerwoche on TR 440==
* [http://www.computerwoche.de/a/politische-auftraege-fuer-deutsche-grossrechner,1205030 Politische Aufträge für deutsche Großrechner], October 03, 1975, [[Computerworld#Woche|Computerwoche]] (German)
* [http://www.computerwoche.de/a/deutsches-geld-fuer-deutschen-rechner,1205108 Nach Unidata-Ende: TR 440 statt Iris 80: Deutsches Geld für deutschen Rechner], October 10, 1975, [[Computerworld#Woche|Computerwoche]]
* [http://www.computerwoche.de/a/computerschach-mini-besiegt-maxi,1205115 Computerschach: Mini besiegt Maxi], October 17, 1975, [[Computerworld#Woche|Computerwoche]] » [[First GI Computer Chess Tournament]]
* [http://www.computerwoche.de/a/polit-gerangel-um-30-millionen-jumbo,1205227 Leibniz-Rechenzentrum braucht 39fache TR-440-Leistung: Polit-Gerangel um 30-Millionen-Jumbo], October 31, 1975, [[Computerworld#Woche|Computerwoche]]
* [http://www.computerwoche.de/a/pl1-compiler-fuer-tr-440,1200431 PL1-Compiler für TR 440], January 09, 1976, [[Computerworld#Woche|Computerwoche]]
* [http://www.computerwoche.de/a/tr-440-rechnerverbund,1201566 TR 440 - Rechnerverbund], June 04, 1976, [[Computerworld#Woche|Computerwoche]]
* [http://www.computerwoche.de/a/amdahl-470-v6-fuer-oberpfaffenhofen,1202434 Amdahl 470 V6 für Oberpfaffenhofen], October 08, 1976, [[Computerworld#Woche|Computerwoche]] » [[Amdahl 470|Amdahl 470v/6]]
* [http://www.computerwoche.de/a/erfahrungsaustausch-der-tr-440-benutzer,1197132 STARG-Tagung in Konstanz:: Erfahrungsaustausch der TR-440-Benutzer], October 06, 1978, [[Computerworld#Woche|Computerwoche]]
* [http://www.computerwoche.de/a/ausmusterung-der-tr440-erleichtert,1182160 Umstellungshilfe mit BMFT-Förderung:: Ausmusterung der TR440 erleichtert], March 12, 1982, [[Computerworld#Woche|Computerwoche]]
* [http://www.computerwoche.de/a/dv-oidies-antiquitaet-oder-leistungsgerechtes-system,1165740 DV-OIdies: Antiquität oder leistungsgerechtes System], August 29, 1986, [[Computerworld#Woche|Computerwoche]]
* [http://www.computerwoche.de/a/computermuseum-schleswig-holstein-geht-an-die-fh-kiel,1146606 Heimatlose Sammlung bald unter einem neuen Dach: Computermuseum Schleswig-Holstein geht an die FH Kiel], July 06, 1990, [[Computerworld#Woche|Computerwoche]]
* [http://www.computerwoche.de/a/die-hall-of-fame-der-it,3063396,17 Prof. Eike Jessen, TU München - Die wichtigsten deutschen IT-Persönlichkeiten: Die Hall of Fame der IT], August 21, 2014, [[Computerworld#Woche|Computerwoche]]
=References=
<references />
'''[[Hardware|Up one Level]]'''
[[FILE:TR440RZSaarland.jpg|border|right|thumb|400px|link=http://www.uni-saarland.de/info/universitaet/portraet/geschichte/bilder-aus-60-jahren-uds/70ziger2.html| TR 440 at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarland_University Saarland University] <ref>[http://www.uni-saarland.de/info/universitaet/portraet/geschichte/bilder-aus-60-jahren-uds/70ziger2.html Bilder aus 60 Jahren UdS: Aus den Siebzigern (Teil 2)] (German)</ref> ]]
'''TR 440''', (TR440, TR-440, Telefunken-Rechner 440),<br/>
a West-German general purpose 48-bit [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainframe_computer mainframe computer] developed from 1964 until 1971 by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefunken Telefunken] as successor of the [[TR-4]], later manufactured by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AEG AEG Telefunken] and [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Gesellschaft_Konstanz Computer Gesellschaft Konstanz]. The development team was headed by [[Mathematician#EJessen|Eike Jessen]] <ref>[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eike_Jessen#Leistungen Eike Jessen - Leistungen - Wikipedia.de] (German)</ref>. The TR 440 introduced [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paging paging], multiple modes of operation, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiprocessing multiprocessing] (two or three processors), vastly extended [[Memory|memory]], satellite configurations (TR 86) and included innovative [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_software system software] <ref>[[Mathematician#EJessen|Eike Jessen]], Dieter Michel, [http://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=25498 Hans-Jürgen Siegert], Heinz Voigt ('''2010'''). ''[http://www.computer.org/csdl/mags/an/2010/03/man2010030030-abs.html Structure, Technology, and Development of the AEG-Telefunken TR 440 Computer]''. [[IEEE#Annals|IEEE Annals]], Vol. 32, No. 3</ref>, as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-sharing time-sharing] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system operating system] BS3 <ref>[http://www.online.uni-marburg.de/hrz/chronik/quellen/cgk-bs3-1975.pdf Teilnehmer-Betriebssystem BS-3] (pdf), TELEFUNKEN COMPUTER GmbH (German)</ref> <ref>[http://www-user.rhrk.uni-kl.de/~backes/ Joachim Backes] ('''1977'''). ''TR440 und BS3 Operateur Schulung''. Regionales Hochschulrechenzentrum der Universität Kaiserslautern, [http://www-user.rhrk.uni-kl.de/~backes/PDF/TR440-Operateur-Schulung-1977.pdf pdf]</ref>.
=Universities=
A first TR 440 was shipped in 1969 to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darmstadt Darmstadt] [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsches_Rechenzentrum German computing center]. In total, 45 TR 440 computers were manufactured, many delivered to German universities during the early 70s <ref> [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/TR_440 TR 440 from Wikipedia.de] (German)</ref>, such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr_University_Bochum Ruhr University Bochum] <ref>[http://www.rz.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/imperia/md/content/rechenzentrum/pdfs/rubbits/rubbits17.pdf 40 Jahre Rechenzentrum Ruhr Universität Bochum - RUBbits Mai 2006] (pdf)</ref> , [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_D%C3%BCsseldorf University of Düsseldorf], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RWTH_Aachen_University RWTH Aachen], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich University of Munich] and [[Technical University of Munich]] via [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leibniz-Rechenzentrum Leibniz Supercomputing Centre] of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Humanities Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities] <ref>[http://www.qslnet.de/member/dj4kw/lrz.htm Leibniz-Rechenzentrum 1974] by [http://www.qslnet.de/member/dj4kw/index.htm Gerd R. Sapper] (German)</ref> , [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_W%C3%BCrzburg University of Würzburg], [[University of Hamburg]] <ref>[http://www.rrz.uni-hamburg.de/de/ueber-uns/geschichte-des-rrz.html Geschichte des RRZ < Über uns < RRZ < Universität Hamburg] (German)</ref>, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_University_of_Berlin Technical University of Berlin], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Erlangen-Nuremberg University of Erlangen-Nuremberg], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_T%C3%BCbingen University of Tübingen], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Stuttgart University of Stuttgart], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Konstanz University of Konstanz], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarland_University Saarland University] <ref>[http://www.uni-saarland.de/info/universitaet/portraet/geschichte/bilder-aus-60-jahren-uds/70ziger2.html Bilder aus 60 Jahren UdS: Aus den Siebzigern (Teil 2)] (German)</ref> , [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiserslautern_University_of_Technology Kaiserslautern University of Technology] <ref>[http://www.vaxman.de/historic_computers/telefunken/tr440/tr440.html TELEFUNKEN TR-440]</ref> , [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Marburg University of Marburg] <ref>[http://www.online.uni-marburg.de/hrz/chronik/zeittafel.html HRZ Uni Marburg: Chronik - Zeittafel] (German)</ref> , [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clausthal_University_of_Technology Clausthal University of Technology] and [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmholtz-Zentrum_Geesthacht_%E2%80%93_Zentrum_f%C3%BCr_Material-_und_K%C3%BCstenforschung Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht] <ref>[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/TR_440 TR 440 from Wikipedia.de] (German)</ref>.
=Block Diagram=
[[FILE:TR440Diagram.jpg|none|border|text-bottom]]
TR 440 block diagram <ref>[http://bitsavers.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/pdf/aeg-telefunken/tr440/RD441_InstructionSet_Oct70.pdf TR 440 Große Befehlsliste - Instruction Set List] (pdf) Blockschaltbild - block diagram p. 25</ref>
=Architecture=
The TR 440 central processor (Zentraler Rechner), dubbed RD 441 <ref>[http://bitsavers.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/pdf/aeg-telefunken/tr440/RD441_CPU_Descr_Apr70.pdf TR 440 - Eigenschaften des RD 441] (pdf)</ref>, had four units (Werke), the instruction unit (Befehlswerk), [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accumulator_%28computing%29 accumulator] based ALU (Rechenwerk), memory unit (Speicherwerk) and I/O-unit (Ein- Ausgabewerk) with 4 fast (used for data storage, drum memory ) and 12 standard I/O-channels (tapes, satellite computer), all four units connected by a priority unit (Vorrangwerk). The [[TR-4]] compatible architecture used a word size of 52 bits, consisting of 48 data bits, 2 type bits (00 - floating point, 38 bit normalized mantissa, 01 - integer/fixed point ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ones%27_complement Ones' complement]), 10 - opcode 2x24 bit, 11 - 8 six bit text characters) and 2 bit checksum ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digit_sum Dreierprobe]). Instructions operate on words, half- and double words and [[Byte|bytes]] of 4, 6, 7 or 12 bits, as well as random word areas inside a register or memory.
=Technology=
[[FILE:SIG-100.jpg|border|right|thumb|400px|link=http://www.oldmouse.com/pics/misc/SIG-100.jpg| SIG-100 terminal with Rollkugel <ref>[http://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/input-output/14/346/1874 SIG-100 video terminal and mouse] from [[The Computer History Museum]], © [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefunken Telefunken]</ref> <ref>[http://www.oldmouse.com/mouse/misc/telefunken.shtml Telefunken Rollkugel ~ oldmouse.com], © [https://www.fh-kiel.de/index.php?id=5531 Computerschausammlung], [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fachhochschule_Kiel FH Kiel]</ref>, October 02, 1968 <ref>[http://www.heise.de/ct/meldung/Auf-den-Spuren-der-deutschen-Computermaus-216255.html Auf den Spuren der deutschen Computermaus | c't], April 28, 2009 (German)</ref> ]]
The TR 440 was build from small-scale integration (SSI) [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit monolithic integrated circuits] of about 10 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistors transistors] and modules of 16 K [[Memory|core memory]]. Its speed was about 800,000 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instructions_per_second instructions per second]. Beside standard peripherals, [http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teletypewriter teletypewriter] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray_tube CRT] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_monitor monitor], the TR 440 already had a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_mouse#Mechanical_mice ball-based mouse] as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointing_device pointing device] dubbed [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Telefunken_Rollkugel_RKS_100-86.jpg Rollkugel].
=Chess Programs=
* [[Daja]] by [[Siegfried Jahn]] and [[Ludwig Zagler]], [[Technical University of Munich]], 1974
* [[Elsa]] by [[Ludwig Zagler]], [[Technical University of Munich]], 1977
* [[Schach MV 5,6]] by [[Helmut Richter]], [[University of Hamburg]], 1971 <ref>started on a [[TR-4]], the TR 440 worked end of 1971, see [http://www.rrz.uni-hamburg.de/de/ueber-uns/geschichte-des-rrz.html Geschichte des RRZ < Über uns < RRZ < Universität Hamburg] (German)</ref>
=See also=
* [[Kai Himstedt#Jugendforscht|Jugend Forscht]] - [[Wolfgang Stahn]] and [[Kai Himstedt]]
* [[TR-4]]
=Publications=
* [http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=dp_byline_sr_book_1?ie=UTF8&field-author=Friedrich+%C2%98v.%C2%9C+Sydow&search-alias=books&text=Friedrich+%C2%98v.%C2%9C+Sydow&sort=relevancerank Friedrich v. Sydow], Gunter Stadie, et al. ('''1970'''). ''[https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_aegtelefunOverviewMar70_8297721 TR440 System Overview]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive Internet Archive] (German)
* [[Mathematician#EJessen|Eike Jessen]], Dieter Michel, [http://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=25498 Hans-Jürgen Siegert], Heinz Voigt ('''2010'''). ''[http://www.computer.org/csdl/mags/an/2010/03/man2010030020-abs.html The AEG-Telefunken TR 440 Computer: Company and Large-Scale Computer Strategy]''. [[IEEE#Annals|IEEE Annals]], Vol. 32, No. 3
* [[Mathematician#EJessen|Eike Jessen]], Dieter Michel, [http://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=25498 Hans-Jürgen Siegert], Heinz Voigt ('''2010'''). ''[http://www.computer.org/csdl/mags/an/2010/03/man2010030030-abs.html Structure, Technology, and Development of the AEG-Telefunken TR 440 Computer]''. [[IEEE#Annals|IEEE Annals]], Vol. 32, No. 3
* [http://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=25498 Hans-Jürgen Siegert] ('''2010'''). ''[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/searchresult.jsp?searchWithin=p_Authors:.QT.Siegert,%20H.-J..QT.&searchWithin=p_Author_Ids:38112157700&newsearch=true The German TR 440 Computer: Software and Its Development]''. [[IEEE#Annals|IEEE Annals]], Vol. 32, No. 3
=External Links=
==TR 440==
* [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/TR_440 TR 440 from Wikipedia.de] (German)
* [https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_aegtelefunR440IntroMar71_1528157 Aeg-Telefunken :: TR440 :: N31.B0.04E TR-440 Intro Mar71 : Free Download & Streaming], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive Internet Archive]
* [http://bitsavers.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/pdf/aeg-telefunken/tr440/ Index of /pdf/aeg-telefunken/tr440] from [http://bitsavers.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/ bitsavers.org]
: [http://bitsavers.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/pdf/aeg-telefunken/tr440/RD441_InstructionSet_Oct70.pdf TR 440 Große Befehlsliste - Instruction Set List] (pdf)
* [http://www.hardiweb.de/compmuseum/seite1_computermuseum.htm Virtuelles Computermuseum] by Hartwig Becker with TR 440 text and images (German)
: [http://www.hardiweb.de/compmuseum/seite02-tr440/index.html TR 440 images]
: [http://www.hardiweb.de/compmuseum/seite05-kernspeicher/index.html TR 440 kernspeicher] (core memory)
==Computerwoche on TR 440==
* [http://www.computerwoche.de/a/politische-auftraege-fuer-deutsche-grossrechner,1205030 Politische Aufträge für deutsche Großrechner], October 03, 1975, [[Computerworld#Woche|Computerwoche]] (German)
* [http://www.computerwoche.de/a/deutsches-geld-fuer-deutschen-rechner,1205108 Nach Unidata-Ende: TR 440 statt Iris 80: Deutsches Geld für deutschen Rechner], October 10, 1975, [[Computerworld#Woche|Computerwoche]]
* [http://www.computerwoche.de/a/computerschach-mini-besiegt-maxi,1205115 Computerschach: Mini besiegt Maxi], October 17, 1975, [[Computerworld#Woche|Computerwoche]] » [[First GI Computer Chess Tournament]]
* [http://www.computerwoche.de/a/polit-gerangel-um-30-millionen-jumbo,1205227 Leibniz-Rechenzentrum braucht 39fache TR-440-Leistung: Polit-Gerangel um 30-Millionen-Jumbo], October 31, 1975, [[Computerworld#Woche|Computerwoche]]
* [http://www.computerwoche.de/a/pl1-compiler-fuer-tr-440,1200431 PL1-Compiler für TR 440], January 09, 1976, [[Computerworld#Woche|Computerwoche]]
* [http://www.computerwoche.de/a/tr-440-rechnerverbund,1201566 TR 440 - Rechnerverbund], June 04, 1976, [[Computerworld#Woche|Computerwoche]]
* [http://www.computerwoche.de/a/amdahl-470-v6-fuer-oberpfaffenhofen,1202434 Amdahl 470 V6 für Oberpfaffenhofen], October 08, 1976, [[Computerworld#Woche|Computerwoche]] » [[Amdahl 470|Amdahl 470v/6]]
* [http://www.computerwoche.de/a/erfahrungsaustausch-der-tr-440-benutzer,1197132 STARG-Tagung in Konstanz:: Erfahrungsaustausch der TR-440-Benutzer], October 06, 1978, [[Computerworld#Woche|Computerwoche]]
* [http://www.computerwoche.de/a/ausmusterung-der-tr440-erleichtert,1182160 Umstellungshilfe mit BMFT-Förderung:: Ausmusterung der TR440 erleichtert], March 12, 1982, [[Computerworld#Woche|Computerwoche]]
* [http://www.computerwoche.de/a/dv-oidies-antiquitaet-oder-leistungsgerechtes-system,1165740 DV-OIdies: Antiquität oder leistungsgerechtes System], August 29, 1986, [[Computerworld#Woche|Computerwoche]]
* [http://www.computerwoche.de/a/computermuseum-schleswig-holstein-geht-an-die-fh-kiel,1146606 Heimatlose Sammlung bald unter einem neuen Dach: Computermuseum Schleswig-Holstein geht an die FH Kiel], July 06, 1990, [[Computerworld#Woche|Computerwoche]]
* [http://www.computerwoche.de/a/die-hall-of-fame-der-it,3063396,17 Prof. Eike Jessen, TU München - Die wichtigsten deutschen IT-Persönlichkeiten: Die Hall of Fame der IT], August 21, 2014, [[Computerworld#Woche|Computerwoche]]
=References=
<references />
'''[[Hardware|Up one Level]]'''
