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MAPP
,Created page with "'''Home * Knowledge * Cognition * MAPP''' '''MAPP''', (Memory-aided Pattern Perceiver) <br/> a program by Kevin J. Gilmartin and Herbert Simon t..."
'''[[Main Page|Home]] * [[Knowledge]] * [[Cognition]] * MAPP'''
'''MAPP''', (Memory-aided Pattern Perceiver) <br/>
a program by [[Kevin J. Gilmartin]] and [[Herbert Simon]] to simulate the [[William Chase#Perception|chess board reconstruction task]] examined by [[William Chase]] and Herbert Simon <ref>[[William Chase]], [[Herbert Simon]] ('''1973'''). ''[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0010028573900042 Perception in chess]''. [http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/622807/description#description Cognitive Psychology], Vol. 4, No. 1</ref>. MAPP contains a [[Learning|learning]] component to acquire and store a large set of configurations of chess pieces and a performance component to carry out the the board reconstruction task. From [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Armitage_Miller Miller's] [[Chunking|chunking hypothesis]] <ref> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Armitage_Miller George Armitage Miller] ('''1956'''). ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magical_Number_Seven,_Plus_or_Minus_Two The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_Review Psychological Review], Vol. 101, No. 2, [http://www.psych.utoronto.ca/users/peterson/psy430s2001/Miller%20GA%20Magical%20Seven%20Psych%20Review%201955.pdf pdf]</ref>, [[EPAM]] theory, and the limited capacity of short-term [[Memory|memory]], one would predict that a chessboard can be reconstructed from information held in short-term memory if, and only if, it can be encoded in not more than about seven familiar perceptual chunks. If a single piece on a particular square constitutes a chunk for the subject, then it should be able to recall only about seven pieces. If it can recall the positions of more than twenty pieces, then it must be that each chunk consists, on average, of a configuration of about three pieces <ref>[[Herbert Simon]], [[William Chase]] ('''1973'''). ''Skill in Chess''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Scientist American Scientist], Vol. 61, No. 4, pp. 401, reprinted in [[David Levy]] (ed.) ('''1988''') ''[[Computer Chess Compendium]]'', [http://digitalcollections.library.cmu.edu/awweb/awarchive?type=file&item=44582 pdf]</ref>.
=Schematic Representation=
[[FILE:Chess_Mapp.jpg|none|border|text-bottom|link=http://snitkof.com/cg156/chesschunkingtheory.php]]
A schematic representation of the principle components of MAPP shows the learning and performance <br/>
processes used to reconstruct a chess position <ref>[http://snitkof.com/cg156/chesschunkingtheory.php Expertise in Memory - Evidence for Chunking Theory] by [http://snitkof.com/cg156/contact.php Victor Long], [http://snitkof.com/cg156/contact.php Chandra Singh] and [https://www.linkedin.com/in/davidsnitkof David Snitkof], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University Brown University], see also Figure 6 in [[Herbert Simon]], [[William Chase]] ('''1973'''). ''Skill in Chess''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Scientist American Scientist], Vol. 61, No. 4, pp. 401, reprinted in [[David Levy]] (ed.) ('''1988''') ''[[Computer Chess Compendium]]'', [http://digitalcollections.library.cmu.edu/awweb/awarchive?type=file&item=44582 pdf]</ref>
=Perception=
When a [[Chess Position|chess position]] is presented, a simplified version of the [[Eye Movements|eye movement]] simulation program [[Perceiver]] is used to scan the board in order to notice the pieces and their relations. When a piece is [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixation_%28visual%29 fixated] ([https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/salient salient] piece), an EPAM-like discrimination process seeks to recognize cluster of pieces surrounding the fixated piece as a familar chunk. If it is successful, the symbol designating this chunk is stored in short-term memory. This process is repeated at successive points of fixation until no more pieces become salient or memory capacity is reached (no more than seven chunks).
=Reconstruction=
In the reconstruction phase, the EPAM net is used to decode the symbols held in short-term memory into locational information for each of the pieces in a chunk. In various experiments, MAPP was able to reconstruct positions with 73% accuracy <ref>[[Herbert Simon]], [[Kevin J. Gilmartin]] ('''1973'''). ''A Simulation of Memory for Chess Positions''. Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 5, pp. 29-46</ref> <ref>[[Michael George]], [[Jonathan Schaeffer]] ('''1990'''). ''[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.54.2766 Chunking for Experience]''. [[ICGA Journal#13_3|ICCA Journal, Vol. 13, No. 3]], [http://webdocs.cs.ualberta.ca/~jonathan/publications/ai_publications/mach.pdf pdf]</ref>.
=See also=
* [[CHREST]]
* [[CHUMP]]
* [[Chunking]]
* [[EPAM]]
* [[Mater]]
* [[Perceiver]]
* [[William Chase#Perception|Perception]]
* [[William Chase#Video|Perception - Video]]
=Publicatons=
* [[Herbert Simon]], [[Kevin J. Gilmartin]] ('''1973'''). ''A Simulation of Memory for Chess Positions''. Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 5, pp. 29-46, reprinted in [[Herbert Simon]] ('''1979'''). ''[http://yalepress.yale.edu/yupbooks/book.asp?isbn=9780300024326 Models of Thought]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press Yale University Press]
* [[Herbert Simon]], [[William Chase]] ('''1973'''). ''Skill in Chess''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Scientist American Scientist], Vol. 61, No. 4, reprinted in [[David Levy]] (ed.) ('''1988''') ''[[Computer Chess Compendium]]'', [http://digitalcollections.library.cmu.edu/awweb/awarchive?type=file&item=44582 pdf]
* [[Neil Charness]] ('''1976'''). ''[http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/xlm/2/6/641/ Memory for Chess Positions: Resistance to Interference]''. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, Vol. 2, No. 6, pp. 641-653
* [[Michael George]], [[Jonathan Schaeffer]] ('''1990'''). ''[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.54.2766 Chunking for Experience]''. [[ICGA Journal#13_3|ICCA Journal, Vol. 13, No. 3]], [http://webdocs.cs.ualberta.ca/~jonathan/publications/ai_publications/mach.pdf pdf]
* [[Fernand Gobet]] ('''2005'''). ''[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/acp.1110/abstract Chunking Models of Expertise: Implications for Education]''. Applied Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 19, No. 2
=References=
<references />
'''[[Cognition|Up one Level]]'''
'''MAPP''', (Memory-aided Pattern Perceiver) <br/>
a program by [[Kevin J. Gilmartin]] and [[Herbert Simon]] to simulate the [[William Chase#Perception|chess board reconstruction task]] examined by [[William Chase]] and Herbert Simon <ref>[[William Chase]], [[Herbert Simon]] ('''1973'''). ''[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0010028573900042 Perception in chess]''. [http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/622807/description#description Cognitive Psychology], Vol. 4, No. 1</ref>. MAPP contains a [[Learning|learning]] component to acquire and store a large set of configurations of chess pieces and a performance component to carry out the the board reconstruction task. From [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Armitage_Miller Miller's] [[Chunking|chunking hypothesis]] <ref> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Armitage_Miller George Armitage Miller] ('''1956'''). ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magical_Number_Seven,_Plus_or_Minus_Two The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_Review Psychological Review], Vol. 101, No. 2, [http://www.psych.utoronto.ca/users/peterson/psy430s2001/Miller%20GA%20Magical%20Seven%20Psych%20Review%201955.pdf pdf]</ref>, [[EPAM]] theory, and the limited capacity of short-term [[Memory|memory]], one would predict that a chessboard can be reconstructed from information held in short-term memory if, and only if, it can be encoded in not more than about seven familiar perceptual chunks. If a single piece on a particular square constitutes a chunk for the subject, then it should be able to recall only about seven pieces. If it can recall the positions of more than twenty pieces, then it must be that each chunk consists, on average, of a configuration of about three pieces <ref>[[Herbert Simon]], [[William Chase]] ('''1973'''). ''Skill in Chess''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Scientist American Scientist], Vol. 61, No. 4, pp. 401, reprinted in [[David Levy]] (ed.) ('''1988''') ''[[Computer Chess Compendium]]'', [http://digitalcollections.library.cmu.edu/awweb/awarchive?type=file&item=44582 pdf]</ref>.
=Schematic Representation=
[[FILE:Chess_Mapp.jpg|none|border|text-bottom|link=http://snitkof.com/cg156/chesschunkingtheory.php]]
A schematic representation of the principle components of MAPP shows the learning and performance <br/>
processes used to reconstruct a chess position <ref>[http://snitkof.com/cg156/chesschunkingtheory.php Expertise in Memory - Evidence for Chunking Theory] by [http://snitkof.com/cg156/contact.php Victor Long], [http://snitkof.com/cg156/contact.php Chandra Singh] and [https://www.linkedin.com/in/davidsnitkof David Snitkof], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University Brown University], see also Figure 6 in [[Herbert Simon]], [[William Chase]] ('''1973'''). ''Skill in Chess''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Scientist American Scientist], Vol. 61, No. 4, pp. 401, reprinted in [[David Levy]] (ed.) ('''1988''') ''[[Computer Chess Compendium]]'', [http://digitalcollections.library.cmu.edu/awweb/awarchive?type=file&item=44582 pdf]</ref>
=Perception=
When a [[Chess Position|chess position]] is presented, a simplified version of the [[Eye Movements|eye movement]] simulation program [[Perceiver]] is used to scan the board in order to notice the pieces and their relations. When a piece is [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixation_%28visual%29 fixated] ([https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/salient salient] piece), an EPAM-like discrimination process seeks to recognize cluster of pieces surrounding the fixated piece as a familar chunk. If it is successful, the symbol designating this chunk is stored in short-term memory. This process is repeated at successive points of fixation until no more pieces become salient or memory capacity is reached (no more than seven chunks).
=Reconstruction=
In the reconstruction phase, the EPAM net is used to decode the symbols held in short-term memory into locational information for each of the pieces in a chunk. In various experiments, MAPP was able to reconstruct positions with 73% accuracy <ref>[[Herbert Simon]], [[Kevin J. Gilmartin]] ('''1973'''). ''A Simulation of Memory for Chess Positions''. Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 5, pp. 29-46</ref> <ref>[[Michael George]], [[Jonathan Schaeffer]] ('''1990'''). ''[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.54.2766 Chunking for Experience]''. [[ICGA Journal#13_3|ICCA Journal, Vol. 13, No. 3]], [http://webdocs.cs.ualberta.ca/~jonathan/publications/ai_publications/mach.pdf pdf]</ref>.
=See also=
* [[CHREST]]
* [[CHUMP]]
* [[Chunking]]
* [[EPAM]]
* [[Mater]]
* [[Perceiver]]
* [[William Chase#Perception|Perception]]
* [[William Chase#Video|Perception - Video]]
=Publicatons=
* [[Herbert Simon]], [[Kevin J. Gilmartin]] ('''1973'''). ''A Simulation of Memory for Chess Positions''. Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 5, pp. 29-46, reprinted in [[Herbert Simon]] ('''1979'''). ''[http://yalepress.yale.edu/yupbooks/book.asp?isbn=9780300024326 Models of Thought]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press Yale University Press]
* [[Herbert Simon]], [[William Chase]] ('''1973'''). ''Skill in Chess''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Scientist American Scientist], Vol. 61, No. 4, reprinted in [[David Levy]] (ed.) ('''1988''') ''[[Computer Chess Compendium]]'', [http://digitalcollections.library.cmu.edu/awweb/awarchive?type=file&item=44582 pdf]
* [[Neil Charness]] ('''1976'''). ''[http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/xlm/2/6/641/ Memory for Chess Positions: Resistance to Interference]''. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, Vol. 2, No. 6, pp. 641-653
* [[Michael George]], [[Jonathan Schaeffer]] ('''1990'''). ''[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.54.2766 Chunking for Experience]''. [[ICGA Journal#13_3|ICCA Journal, Vol. 13, No. 3]], [http://webdocs.cs.ualberta.ca/~jonathan/publications/ai_publications/mach.pdf pdf]
* [[Fernand Gobet]] ('''2005'''). ''[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/acp.1110/abstract Chunking Models of Expertise: Implications for Education]''. Applied Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 19, No. 2
=References=
<references />
'''[[Cognition|Up one Level]]'''
