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'''[[Main Page|Home]] * [[Hardware]] * CDC Cyber'''
[[FILE:cdc_cyber_176.jpg|border|right|thumb|link=http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/accession/102627699|Cyber 176 <ref>[http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/accession/102627699 Cyber 176] from [[The Computer History Museum]]</ref> ]]
'''CDC Cyber''',<br/>
a family of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainframe_computer mainframe] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercomputer supercomputers] by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_Data_Corporation Control Data Corporation] during the 1970s and 1980s, included five very different models, 60-bit Cyber 70/170, 64-bit Cyber 180 and 200, Cyberplus and Cyber-18.
=Cyber 70/170=
The 70 and 170 series was based on the 60-bit architecture of the [[CDC 6600]] and CDC 7600. The Cyber-170 series represented CDCs move from discrete [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_component electronic components] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic-core_memory core memory] to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit integrated circuits] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_memory semiconductor memory].
==Architecture==
The 170 had eight 18-bit address registers (A0 through A7), eight 18-bit index registers (B0 through B7), and eight 60-bit operand registers (X0 through X7). Seven of the A registers were tied to their corresponding X register. Setting A1 through A5 read that address and fetched it into the corresponding X1 through X5 register. Likewise, setting register A6 or A7 wrote the corresponding X6 or X7 register to central memory at the address written to the A register.
[[FILE:CDC Cyber 170 CPU architecture.png|none|border|text-bottom]]
Hardware architecture of the CDC Cyber 170 <ref>Scanned from a manual, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDC_Cyber CDC Cyber from Wikipedia]</ref>
==Chess Programs==
[[FILE:Chess_4.6_electronic_board_ACM1978.jpg|border|right|thumb|350px|link=http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/physical-object/3-1%20and%203-3.Chess_4.6_electronic_board_ACM_9_NACCC_Washington_1978_10264526.NEWBORN.jpg|[[Chess (Program)Chess 4.6]] [[Chess (Program)#Chesstor|Chesstor]], [[ACM 1978]] <ref>[http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/physical-object/ Chess 4.6 electronic board] at [[ACM 1978]], Courtesy of [[Monroe Newborn]], [[The Computer History Museum]]</ref> ]]
Most prominent chess program running on CDC Cyber 70/170 was [[Northwestern University|Northwestern University's]] [[Chess (Program)|Chess 4.x]], supported by CDC Cyber hardware consultant [[David Cahlander]]. Already at the [[WCCC 1974]], with Chess still running on a [[CDC 6600]], [[Nils Barricelli|Nils Barricelli's]] [[Freedom]] ran on a Cyber 74. At [[ACM 1975]], with [[Iron Fish]] on a Cyber 74, Chess 4.4 already ran on a Cyber 175 <ref>[[Monroe Newborn|Monty Newborn]] ('''1977'''). ''[http://www.atariarchives.org/bcc2/showpage.php?page=22 Summary of the ACM Sixth U.S. Computer Chess Championship]''. [[Creative Computing#Best2|The Best of Creative Computing Volume 2]], edited by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_H._Ahl David Ahl], hosted by [http://www.atariarchives.org/ AtariArchives.org]
</ref>, Chess 4.5 at [[ACM 1976]], Chess 4.6 at [[ACM 1977]], Chess 4.7 at [[ACM 1978]], also playing the [[Levy versus Chess 1978|Levy match]], and Chess 4.9 at [[ACM 1979]] all ran on a 60-bit Cyber 176 <ref>[[Ben Mittman]], [[Monroe Newborn]] ('''1980'''). ''[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=358817&dl=ACM&coll=DL&CFID=78577980&CFTOKEN=10389697 Computer chess at ACM 79: the tournament and the man vs. man and machine match]''. [[ACM#Communications|Communications of the ACM]], Vol. 23, Issue 1, [http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/text/3-1%20and%203-2%20and%203-3.Computer_chess_at_ACM_79/3-1%20and%203-2%20and%203-3.Computer_chess_at_ACM_79.062303018.pdf pdf] from [[The Computer History Museum]]</ref>. [[Martin Bryant|Martin Bryant's]] first chess program, [[White Knight]], written in [[Pascal]], was compiled to ran on a Cyber 72 <ref>[[Tony Harrington]] ('''1983'''). ''University Challenge - Martin Bryant and White Knight''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_Computer_World Personal Computer World], [http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/html/publication_archive_1983.html August 1983], [http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/PCW_August_1983.pdf pdf] hosted by [[Mike Watters]]</ref>. [[Nuchess]] played the [[WCCC 1980]] on Cyber 176, so did the Austrian [[Merlin]] at the [[International Computer Chess Tournament 1984]]. [[Chat]] played the [[WCCC 1986]] on a Cyber 175.
* [[Chat]]
* [[Chess (Program)|Chess 4.x]]
* [[Freedom]]
* [[Iron Fish]]
* [[Merlin]]
* [[Nuchess]]
* [[White Knight]]
<span id="PopulationCount"></span>
==Population Count==
[http://de.linkedin.com/in/horns Axel H. Horns] in a reply to [[Steven M. Bellovin]] in a discussion on CDC [[Population Count]] <ref>[http://cryptome.org/jya/sadd.htm Sideways Add / Population Count] by [http://www.couperus.org/ Jitze Couperus], [[Steven M. Bellovin|Steve Bellovin]] and [http://de.linkedin.com/in/horns Axel H. Horns], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C2Net cryptography@c2.net], January 28, 1999</ref>:
From this lecture I own a copy of "CONTROL DATA CYBER 70 SERIES - 6000 SERIES - 7600 COMPUTER SERIES" pocket manual "COMPASS VERSION 3" printed in 1973. This document clearly states that in the CYBER 70 Models 74 and 6600 Computers, the opcode "47" for "population count" was executed by the DIVIDE UNIT. Contrary, the CYBER 70 Models 76 and 7600 Computers had a separate POPULATION COUNT UNIT. If I understood the opcode table correctly the respective opcode was executed in one or two clock cycles (very fast; the same as shift opcodes).
<span id="Mobility"></span>
==Mobility in Chess 4.6==
[[Mobility]] in [[Chess (Program)|Chess 4.6]] based on [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk%3ACDC_6600#.27Population_Count.27_.28.22Count_Ones.22.29_Instruction 47 CXi Xk] [[Population Count]], written in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COMPASS COMPASS], the CDC Macro [[Assembly|Assembler]] <ref>[http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=sft-431614f455002 Chess 4.6 source code], gift of [[David Slate]], from [[The Computer History Museum]], [http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/software/3-3.Chess_4.6_Sourcecode.102645430/chess_4-6.sourcecode.102645430.pdf pdf]</ref>. The square list aka [[Bitboards|bitboard]] was loaded into two 60-bit registers, with both populations added and stored.
<pre>
** COUNTS - COUNT MEMBERS OF A SQUARE LIST
COUNTS MACRO Y
.STST
LOADS Y
.CHK2
CX'.S1' X'.S1'
CX'.S2' X'.S2'
IX'.SS' X'.S2'+X'.S1'
.STND
COUNTS ENDM
...
SETQ MOBIL,(PLUS,(COUNTS,(INDEXS,ATKFR,(LSHIFT,SQLN,1))),MOB
</pre>
=Cyber 180=
The Cyber 180 series systems were full 64-bit machines. Memory was 64-bit word and 8-bit byte addressable. Integers were 64 bits long, though 32-bit integers were used for addresses in instructions. [[Float|Floating point numbers]] were 64 bits for single precision, and 128 bits for [[Double|double precision]].
=See also=
* [[CDC 6600]]
* [[Cray-1]]
=Publications=
* Editor ('''1978'''). ''Cyber 176 tops Toronto Chess Tournament''. [[Personal Computing#2_7|Personal Computing, Vol. 2, No. 7]], pp. 79 » [[Chess (Program)|Chess 4.6]], [[WCCC 1977]]
=External Links=
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDC_Cyber CDC Cyber from Wikipedia]
* [http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/cdc/cyber/ Cyber documentation] from [http://bitsavers.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/ bitsavers.org]
* [http://members.iinet.net.au/~tom-hunter/index.html Desktop CYBER Emulator]
: [http://members.iinet.net.au/~tom-hunter/photos.html CDC CYBER Photos and CDC Advertising Material]
* [http://www.museumwaalsdorp.nl/computer/en/comp781E.html Museum Waalsdorp: Computer history - The Control Data CYBER 74 system]
* [http://www.museumwaalsdorp.nl/computer/en/180state.html Museum Waalsdorp: Computer history - CDC's 180 State Architecture]
* [http://starringthecomputer.com/computer.html?c=24 Starring the Computer - CDC Cyber 180]
=References=
<references />
'''[[Hardware|Up one Level]]'''
[[FILE:cdc_cyber_176.jpg|border|right|thumb|link=http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/accession/102627699|Cyber 176 <ref>[http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/accession/102627699 Cyber 176] from [[The Computer History Museum]]</ref> ]]
'''CDC Cyber''',<br/>
a family of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainframe_computer mainframe] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercomputer supercomputers] by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_Data_Corporation Control Data Corporation] during the 1970s and 1980s, included five very different models, 60-bit Cyber 70/170, 64-bit Cyber 180 and 200, Cyberplus and Cyber-18.
=Cyber 70/170=
The 70 and 170 series was based on the 60-bit architecture of the [[CDC 6600]] and CDC 7600. The Cyber-170 series represented CDCs move from discrete [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_component electronic components] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic-core_memory core memory] to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit integrated circuits] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_memory semiconductor memory].
==Architecture==
The 170 had eight 18-bit address registers (A0 through A7), eight 18-bit index registers (B0 through B7), and eight 60-bit operand registers (X0 through X7). Seven of the A registers were tied to their corresponding X register. Setting A1 through A5 read that address and fetched it into the corresponding X1 through X5 register. Likewise, setting register A6 or A7 wrote the corresponding X6 or X7 register to central memory at the address written to the A register.
[[FILE:CDC Cyber 170 CPU architecture.png|none|border|text-bottom]]
Hardware architecture of the CDC Cyber 170 <ref>Scanned from a manual, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDC_Cyber CDC Cyber from Wikipedia]</ref>
==Chess Programs==
[[FILE:Chess_4.6_electronic_board_ACM1978.jpg|border|right|thumb|350px|link=http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/physical-object/3-1%20and%203-3.Chess_4.6_electronic_board_ACM_9_NACCC_Washington_1978_10264526.NEWBORN.jpg|[[Chess (Program)Chess 4.6]] [[Chess (Program)#Chesstor|Chesstor]], [[ACM 1978]] <ref>[http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/physical-object/ Chess 4.6 electronic board] at [[ACM 1978]], Courtesy of [[Monroe Newborn]], [[The Computer History Museum]]</ref> ]]
Most prominent chess program running on CDC Cyber 70/170 was [[Northwestern University|Northwestern University's]] [[Chess (Program)|Chess 4.x]], supported by CDC Cyber hardware consultant [[David Cahlander]]. Already at the [[WCCC 1974]], with Chess still running on a [[CDC 6600]], [[Nils Barricelli|Nils Barricelli's]] [[Freedom]] ran on a Cyber 74. At [[ACM 1975]], with [[Iron Fish]] on a Cyber 74, Chess 4.4 already ran on a Cyber 175 <ref>[[Monroe Newborn|Monty Newborn]] ('''1977'''). ''[http://www.atariarchives.org/bcc2/showpage.php?page=22 Summary of the ACM Sixth U.S. Computer Chess Championship]''. [[Creative Computing#Best2|The Best of Creative Computing Volume 2]], edited by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_H._Ahl David Ahl], hosted by [http://www.atariarchives.org/ AtariArchives.org]
</ref>, Chess 4.5 at [[ACM 1976]], Chess 4.6 at [[ACM 1977]], Chess 4.7 at [[ACM 1978]], also playing the [[Levy versus Chess 1978|Levy match]], and Chess 4.9 at [[ACM 1979]] all ran on a 60-bit Cyber 176 <ref>[[Ben Mittman]], [[Monroe Newborn]] ('''1980'''). ''[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=358817&dl=ACM&coll=DL&CFID=78577980&CFTOKEN=10389697 Computer chess at ACM 79: the tournament and the man vs. man and machine match]''. [[ACM#Communications|Communications of the ACM]], Vol. 23, Issue 1, [http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/text/3-1%20and%203-2%20and%203-3.Computer_chess_at_ACM_79/3-1%20and%203-2%20and%203-3.Computer_chess_at_ACM_79.062303018.pdf pdf] from [[The Computer History Museum]]</ref>. [[Martin Bryant|Martin Bryant's]] first chess program, [[White Knight]], written in [[Pascal]], was compiled to ran on a Cyber 72 <ref>[[Tony Harrington]] ('''1983'''). ''University Challenge - Martin Bryant and White Knight''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_Computer_World Personal Computer World], [http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/html/publication_archive_1983.html August 1983], [http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/PCW_August_1983.pdf pdf] hosted by [[Mike Watters]]</ref>. [[Nuchess]] played the [[WCCC 1980]] on Cyber 176, so did the Austrian [[Merlin]] at the [[International Computer Chess Tournament 1984]]. [[Chat]] played the [[WCCC 1986]] on a Cyber 175.
* [[Chat]]
* [[Chess (Program)|Chess 4.x]]
* [[Freedom]]
* [[Iron Fish]]
* [[Merlin]]
* [[Nuchess]]
* [[White Knight]]
<span id="PopulationCount"></span>
==Population Count==
[http://de.linkedin.com/in/horns Axel H. Horns] in a reply to [[Steven M. Bellovin]] in a discussion on CDC [[Population Count]] <ref>[http://cryptome.org/jya/sadd.htm Sideways Add / Population Count] by [http://www.couperus.org/ Jitze Couperus], [[Steven M. Bellovin|Steve Bellovin]] and [http://de.linkedin.com/in/horns Axel H. Horns], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C2Net cryptography@c2.net], January 28, 1999</ref>:
From this lecture I own a copy of "CONTROL DATA CYBER 70 SERIES - 6000 SERIES - 7600 COMPUTER SERIES" pocket manual "COMPASS VERSION 3" printed in 1973. This document clearly states that in the CYBER 70 Models 74 and 6600 Computers, the opcode "47" for "population count" was executed by the DIVIDE UNIT. Contrary, the CYBER 70 Models 76 and 7600 Computers had a separate POPULATION COUNT UNIT. If I understood the opcode table correctly the respective opcode was executed in one or two clock cycles (very fast; the same as shift opcodes).
<span id="Mobility"></span>
==Mobility in Chess 4.6==
[[Mobility]] in [[Chess (Program)|Chess 4.6]] based on [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk%3ACDC_6600#.27Population_Count.27_.28.22Count_Ones.22.29_Instruction 47 CXi Xk] [[Population Count]], written in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COMPASS COMPASS], the CDC Macro [[Assembly|Assembler]] <ref>[http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=sft-431614f455002 Chess 4.6 source code], gift of [[David Slate]], from [[The Computer History Museum]], [http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/software/3-3.Chess_4.6_Sourcecode.102645430/chess_4-6.sourcecode.102645430.pdf pdf]</ref>. The square list aka [[Bitboards|bitboard]] was loaded into two 60-bit registers, with both populations added and stored.
<pre>
** COUNTS - COUNT MEMBERS OF A SQUARE LIST
COUNTS MACRO Y
.STST
LOADS Y
.CHK2
CX'.S1' X'.S1'
CX'.S2' X'.S2'
IX'.SS' X'.S2'+X'.S1'
.STND
COUNTS ENDM
...
SETQ MOBIL,(PLUS,(COUNTS,(INDEXS,ATKFR,(LSHIFT,SQLN,1))),MOB
</pre>
=Cyber 180=
The Cyber 180 series systems were full 64-bit machines. Memory was 64-bit word and 8-bit byte addressable. Integers were 64 bits long, though 32-bit integers were used for addresses in instructions. [[Float|Floating point numbers]] were 64 bits for single precision, and 128 bits for [[Double|double precision]].
=See also=
* [[CDC 6600]]
* [[Cray-1]]
=Publications=
* Editor ('''1978'''). ''Cyber 176 tops Toronto Chess Tournament''. [[Personal Computing#2_7|Personal Computing, Vol. 2, No. 7]], pp. 79 » [[Chess (Program)|Chess 4.6]], [[WCCC 1977]]
=External Links=
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDC_Cyber CDC Cyber from Wikipedia]
* [http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/cdc/cyber/ Cyber documentation] from [http://bitsavers.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/ bitsavers.org]
* [http://members.iinet.net.au/~tom-hunter/index.html Desktop CYBER Emulator]
: [http://members.iinet.net.au/~tom-hunter/photos.html CDC CYBER Photos and CDC Advertising Material]
* [http://www.museumwaalsdorp.nl/computer/en/comp781E.html Museum Waalsdorp: Computer history - The Control Data CYBER 74 system]
* [http://www.museumwaalsdorp.nl/computer/en/180state.html Museum Waalsdorp: Computer history - CDC's 180 State Architecture]
* [http://starringthecomputer.com/computer.html?c=24 Starring the Computer - CDC Cyber 180]
=References=
<references />
'''[[Hardware|Up one Level]]'''
