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Created page with "'''Home * People * Martin Gardner''' FILE:Martin Gardner.jpeg|border|right|thumb|Martin Gardner <ref>[http://owpdb.mfo.de/detail?photo_id=1292 Details: Ma..."
'''[[Main Page|Home]] * [[People]] * Martin Gardner'''
[[FILE:Martin Gardner.jpeg|border|right|thumb|Martin Gardner <ref>[http://owpdb.mfo.de/detail?photo_id=1292 Details: Martin Gardner], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Research_Institute_of_Oberwolfach MFO] Photo by [[Mathematician#Ahlswede|Konrad Jacobs]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erlangen Erlangen], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gardner Martin Gardner from Wikipedia]</ref> ]]
'''Martin Gardner''', (October 21, 1914 - May 22, 2010)<br/>
was an American polymath, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreational_mathematics recreational mathematics] and science writer, and author of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Martin_Gardner_Mathematical_Games_columns Mathematical Games column] in [[Scientific American]] from 1956 to 1981 <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gardner Martin Gardner from Wikipedia]</ref> <ref>[http://www.dialectrix.com/MG.html Index to Mathematical Games]</ref>. He was inventor of various games such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minichess#5.C3.975_chess 5×5 Minichess], which was recently [[Frédéric Pros#MinichessSolved|weakly solved]] by [[Frédéric Prost]] and [[Mehdi Mhalla]] <ref>[[Mehdi Mhalla]], [[Frédéric Prost]] ('''2013'''). ''[http://arxiv-web3.library.cornell.edu/abs/1307.7118 Gardner’s Minichess Variant is Solved]''. [[ICGA Journal#36_4|ICGA Journal, Vol. 36, No. 4]]</ref> <ref>[http://www.open-chess.org/viewtopic.php?f=5&t=2414 Gardner's minichess solved] by [[Mark Watkins|BB+]], [[Computer Chess Forums|OpenChess Forum]], August 29, 2013</ref>, and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexapawn Hexapawn], designed to demonstrate [[Donald Michie|Michie's]] [[Learning|machine learning]] algorithm with only 24 Matchboxes instead of 300 as required for the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tic-tac-toe tic-tac-toe] machine [[Donald Michie#MENACE|MENACE]] <ref>[[Martin Gardner]] ('''1969, 1991'''). ''The Unexpected Hanging and Other Mathematical Diversions''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster Simon & Schuster], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press University Of Chicago Press], Chapter 8: A Matchbox Game-Learning Machine</ref>. Due to his publications, Gardner popularized countless [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_game mathematical games] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_puzzle puzzles], notably the game of [[Hex]] <ref> [[Martin Gardner]] ('''1959'''). ''The Game of Hex''. in ''[http://www.librarything.com/work/5317022 The Scientific American Book of Mathematical Puzzles and Diversions]''. pp 73-83.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster Simon & Schuster]</ref> and [[John H. Conway|Conway's]] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway%27s_Game_of_Life Game of Life] <ref> [[Martin Gardner]] ('''1970'''). ''[http://ddi.cs.uni-potsdam.de/HyFISCH/Produzieren/lis_projekt/proj_gamelife/ConwayScientificAmerican.htm Mathematical Games - The fantastic combinations of John Conway's new solitaire game "life"]''. [[Scientific American]], Vol. 223, pp. 120-123.</ref>.
=Selected Publications=
<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gardner_bibliography Martin Gardner bibliography]</ref> <ref>[http://martin-gardner.org/PuzzleBooks.html Martin Gardner's Puzzle Books]</ref>
==1950 ...==
* [[Martin Gardner]] ('''1952'''). ''In the Name of Science: An Entertaining Survey of the High Priests and Cultists of Science, Past and Present''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._P._Putnam%27s_Sons Putnam], in 1957 republished as ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fads_and_Fallacies_in_the_Name_of_Science Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science]''.
* [[Martin Gardner]] ('''1956'''). ''Mathematics, Magic, and Mystery''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_Publications Dover Publications]
* [[Martin Gardner]] ('''1957'''). ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fads_and_Fallacies_in_the_Name_of_Science Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_Publications Dover Publications], ISBN 978-0-486-20394-2
* [[Martin Gardner]] ('''1958, 1983'''). ''Logic Machines and Diagrams''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGraw_Hill_Financial McGraw-Hill], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press University of Chicago Press]
* [[Martin Gardner]] ('''1959'''). ''[http://www.librarything.com/work/5317022 The Scientific American Book of Mathematical Puzzles and Diversions]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster Simon & Schuster]
: [[Martin Gardner]] ('''1959'''). ''The Game of Hex''. pages 73-83 » [[Hex]]
==1960 ...==
* [[Martin Gardner]] ('''1960'''). ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Annotated_Alice The Annotated Alice]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Publishing_Group Clarkson Potter]
* [[Martin Gardner]] ('''1962, 1974'''). ''The Annotated Snark''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster Simon & Schuster]
* [[Martin Gardner]] ('''1964, 1969, 1979, 1990, 2005'''). ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ambidextrous_Universe The Ambidextrous Universe]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books Penguin Books]
* [[Martin Gardner]] ('''1967'''). ''Problems that are Built on the Knight's Tour in Chess''. [[Scientific American]], Vol. 130
* [[Martin Gardner]] ('''1969, 1991'''). ''The Unexpected Hanging and Other Mathematical Diversions''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster Simon & Schuster], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press University Of Chicago Press]. <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unexpected_hanging_paradox Unexpected hanging paradox from Wikipedia]</ref>
==1970 ...==
* [[Martin Gardner]] ('''1970'''). ''[http://ddi.cs.uni-potsdam.de/HyFISCH/Produzieren/lis_projekt/proj_gamelife/ConwayScientificAmerican.htm Mathematical Games - The fantastic combinations of John Conway's new solitaire game "life"]''. [[Scientific American]], Vol. 223, pp. 120-123.
* [[Martin Gardner]] ('''1973'''). ''Mathematical Games: How to Turn a Chessboard into a Computer to Calculate with Negabinary Numbers''. [[Scientific American]], Vol. 228, No. 4 <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_base Negative base from Wikipedia]</ref>
* [[Martin Gardner]] ('''1975'''). ''Mathematical Carnival''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vintage_Books Vintage Books]
* [[Martin Gardner]] ('''1977'''). ''Mathematical Magic Show''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vintage_Books Vintage Books]
* [[Martin Gardner]] ('''1978'''). ''Aha! Insight''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._H._Freeman_and_Company W.H. Freeman & Company]
* [[Martin Gardner]] ('''1979'''). ''Mathematical Circus ''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vintage_Books Vintage Books]
* [[Martin Gardner]] ('''1979'''). ''Chess Problems on a Higher Plane, Including Mirror Images, Rotations and the Superqueen''. [[Scientific American]], Vol. 270
==1980 ...==
* [[Martin Gardner]] ('''1982'''). ''Aha! Gotcha: Paradoxes to Puzzle and Delight''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._H._Freeman_and_Company W.H. Freeman & Company]
* [[Martin Gardner]] ('''1983'''). ''Baffling Brainteasers''. [http://www.davisart.com/ Davis Publications]
==1990 ...==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Sallows Lee Sallows], [[Martin Gardner]], [[Richard K. Guy]], [[Donald Knuth]] ('''1991'''). ''Serial Isogons of 90 Degrees''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics_Magazine Mathematics Magazine], Vol. 64, No. 5
* [[Martin Gardner]] ('''1994'''). ''My Best Mathematical and Logic Puzzles''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_Publications Dover Publications]
* [[Martin Gardner]] ('''1996'''). ''The Universe in a Handkerchief: Lewis Carroll's Mathematical Recreations, Games, Puzzles, and Word Plays''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media Springer-Verlag]
* [[Martin Gardner]] ('''1999'''). ''[http://books.wwnorton.com/books/detail.aspx?ID=5353 The Annotated Alice: The Definitive Edition]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company W. W. Norton & Company]
==2000 ...==
* [[Martin Gardner]] ('''2001'''). ''[http://books.wwnorton.com/books/detail.aspx?ID=4897 The Colossal Book of Mathematics - : Classic Puzzles, Paradoxes, and Problems ]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company W. W. Norton & Company]
* [[Martin Gardner]] ('''2004'''). ''[http://books.wwnorton.com/books/detail.aspx?ID=7668 Are Universes Thicker Than Blackberries]''? [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company W. W. Norton & Company]
* [[Martin Gardner]] ('''2006'''). ''[http://books.wwnorton.com/books/detail.aspx?ID=6052 The Annotated Hunting of the Snark]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company W. W. Norton & Company]
==2010 ...==
* [[Martin Gardner]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Jennings Ken Jennings] ('''2010'''). ''[http://booklikes.com/colossal-book-of-wordplay-martin-gardner-ken-jennings/book,6531589 The Colossal Book of Wordplay]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterling_Publishing Sterling Publishing], Puzzlewright Press
* [[Mehdi Mhalla]], [[Frédéric Prost]] ('''2013'''). ''[http://arxiv-web3.library.cornell.edu/abs/1307.7118 Gardner’s Minichess Variant is Solved]''. [[ICGA Journal#36_4|ICGA Journal, Vol. 36, No. 4]]
* [[Martin Gardner]] ('''2014'''). ''[http://www.cambridge.org/gb/academic/subjects/mathematics/recreational-mathematics/knots-and-borromean-rings-rep-tiles-and-eight-queens-martin-gardners-unexpected-hanging Knots and Borromean Rings, Rep-Tiles, and Eight Queens: Martin Gardner’s Unexpected Hanging]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Association_of_America The Mathematical Association of America] / [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press Cambridge University Press] <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borromean_rings Borromean rings from Wikipedia]</ref>
=External Links=
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gardner Martin Gardner from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Martin_Gardner_Mathematical_Games_columns List of Martin Gardner Mathematical Games columns from Wikipedia]
* [http://martin-gardner.org/ Martin Gardner Home Site]
* [http://gathering4gardner.org/ Gathering 4 Gardner Foundation | the aha moment]
* [http://community.middlebury.edu/~jschmitt/MathematicalGardner.html The Mathematical Gardner Homepage]
* [http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/profile-of-martin-gardner/ Profile: Martin Gardner, the Mathematical Gamester (1914-2010) - Scientific American] by [https://www.linkedin.com/in/philipyam Philip Yam], May 22, 2010
* [http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/martin-gardner-hofstadter/ Martin Gardner: A Major Shaping Force in My Life - Scientific American] by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Hofstadter Douglas Hofstadter], May 22, 2010
=References=
<references />
'''[[People|Up one level]]'''
[[FILE:Martin Gardner.jpeg|border|right|thumb|Martin Gardner <ref>[http://owpdb.mfo.de/detail?photo_id=1292 Details: Martin Gardner], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Research_Institute_of_Oberwolfach MFO] Photo by [[Mathematician#Ahlswede|Konrad Jacobs]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erlangen Erlangen], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gardner Martin Gardner from Wikipedia]</ref> ]]
'''Martin Gardner''', (October 21, 1914 - May 22, 2010)<br/>
was an American polymath, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreational_mathematics recreational mathematics] and science writer, and author of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Martin_Gardner_Mathematical_Games_columns Mathematical Games column] in [[Scientific American]] from 1956 to 1981 <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gardner Martin Gardner from Wikipedia]</ref> <ref>[http://www.dialectrix.com/MG.html Index to Mathematical Games]</ref>. He was inventor of various games such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minichess#5.C3.975_chess 5×5 Minichess], which was recently [[Frédéric Pros#MinichessSolved|weakly solved]] by [[Frédéric Prost]] and [[Mehdi Mhalla]] <ref>[[Mehdi Mhalla]], [[Frédéric Prost]] ('''2013'''). ''[http://arxiv-web3.library.cornell.edu/abs/1307.7118 Gardner’s Minichess Variant is Solved]''. [[ICGA Journal#36_4|ICGA Journal, Vol. 36, No. 4]]</ref> <ref>[http://www.open-chess.org/viewtopic.php?f=5&t=2414 Gardner's minichess solved] by [[Mark Watkins|BB+]], [[Computer Chess Forums|OpenChess Forum]], August 29, 2013</ref>, and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexapawn Hexapawn], designed to demonstrate [[Donald Michie|Michie's]] [[Learning|machine learning]] algorithm with only 24 Matchboxes instead of 300 as required for the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tic-tac-toe tic-tac-toe] machine [[Donald Michie#MENACE|MENACE]] <ref>[[Martin Gardner]] ('''1969, 1991'''). ''The Unexpected Hanging and Other Mathematical Diversions''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster Simon & Schuster], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press University Of Chicago Press], Chapter 8: A Matchbox Game-Learning Machine</ref>. Due to his publications, Gardner popularized countless [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_game mathematical games] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_puzzle puzzles], notably the game of [[Hex]] <ref> [[Martin Gardner]] ('''1959'''). ''The Game of Hex''. in ''[http://www.librarything.com/work/5317022 The Scientific American Book of Mathematical Puzzles and Diversions]''. pp 73-83.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster Simon & Schuster]</ref> and [[John H. Conway|Conway's]] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway%27s_Game_of_Life Game of Life] <ref> [[Martin Gardner]] ('''1970'''). ''[http://ddi.cs.uni-potsdam.de/HyFISCH/Produzieren/lis_projekt/proj_gamelife/ConwayScientificAmerican.htm Mathematical Games - The fantastic combinations of John Conway's new solitaire game "life"]''. [[Scientific American]], Vol. 223, pp. 120-123.</ref>.
=Selected Publications=
<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gardner_bibliography Martin Gardner bibliography]</ref> <ref>[http://martin-gardner.org/PuzzleBooks.html Martin Gardner's Puzzle Books]</ref>
==1950 ...==
* [[Martin Gardner]] ('''1952'''). ''In the Name of Science: An Entertaining Survey of the High Priests and Cultists of Science, Past and Present''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._P._Putnam%27s_Sons Putnam], in 1957 republished as ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fads_and_Fallacies_in_the_Name_of_Science Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science]''.
* [[Martin Gardner]] ('''1956'''). ''Mathematics, Magic, and Mystery''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_Publications Dover Publications]
* [[Martin Gardner]] ('''1957'''). ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fads_and_Fallacies_in_the_Name_of_Science Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_Publications Dover Publications], ISBN 978-0-486-20394-2
* [[Martin Gardner]] ('''1958, 1983'''). ''Logic Machines and Diagrams''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGraw_Hill_Financial McGraw-Hill], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press University of Chicago Press]
* [[Martin Gardner]] ('''1959'''). ''[http://www.librarything.com/work/5317022 The Scientific American Book of Mathematical Puzzles and Diversions]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster Simon & Schuster]
: [[Martin Gardner]] ('''1959'''). ''The Game of Hex''. pages 73-83 » [[Hex]]
==1960 ...==
* [[Martin Gardner]] ('''1960'''). ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Annotated_Alice The Annotated Alice]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Publishing_Group Clarkson Potter]
* [[Martin Gardner]] ('''1962, 1974'''). ''The Annotated Snark''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster Simon & Schuster]
* [[Martin Gardner]] ('''1964, 1969, 1979, 1990, 2005'''). ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ambidextrous_Universe The Ambidextrous Universe]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books Penguin Books]
* [[Martin Gardner]] ('''1967'''). ''Problems that are Built on the Knight's Tour in Chess''. [[Scientific American]], Vol. 130
* [[Martin Gardner]] ('''1969, 1991'''). ''The Unexpected Hanging and Other Mathematical Diversions''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster Simon & Schuster], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press University Of Chicago Press]. <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unexpected_hanging_paradox Unexpected hanging paradox from Wikipedia]</ref>
==1970 ...==
* [[Martin Gardner]] ('''1970'''). ''[http://ddi.cs.uni-potsdam.de/HyFISCH/Produzieren/lis_projekt/proj_gamelife/ConwayScientificAmerican.htm Mathematical Games - The fantastic combinations of John Conway's new solitaire game "life"]''. [[Scientific American]], Vol. 223, pp. 120-123.
* [[Martin Gardner]] ('''1973'''). ''Mathematical Games: How to Turn a Chessboard into a Computer to Calculate with Negabinary Numbers''. [[Scientific American]], Vol. 228, No. 4 <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_base Negative base from Wikipedia]</ref>
* [[Martin Gardner]] ('''1975'''). ''Mathematical Carnival''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vintage_Books Vintage Books]
* [[Martin Gardner]] ('''1977'''). ''Mathematical Magic Show''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vintage_Books Vintage Books]
* [[Martin Gardner]] ('''1978'''). ''Aha! Insight''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._H._Freeman_and_Company W.H. Freeman & Company]
* [[Martin Gardner]] ('''1979'''). ''Mathematical Circus ''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vintage_Books Vintage Books]
* [[Martin Gardner]] ('''1979'''). ''Chess Problems on a Higher Plane, Including Mirror Images, Rotations and the Superqueen''. [[Scientific American]], Vol. 270
==1980 ...==
* [[Martin Gardner]] ('''1982'''). ''Aha! Gotcha: Paradoxes to Puzzle and Delight''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._H._Freeman_and_Company W.H. Freeman & Company]
* [[Martin Gardner]] ('''1983'''). ''Baffling Brainteasers''. [http://www.davisart.com/ Davis Publications]
==1990 ...==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Sallows Lee Sallows], [[Martin Gardner]], [[Richard K. Guy]], [[Donald Knuth]] ('''1991'''). ''Serial Isogons of 90 Degrees''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics_Magazine Mathematics Magazine], Vol. 64, No. 5
* [[Martin Gardner]] ('''1994'''). ''My Best Mathematical and Logic Puzzles''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_Publications Dover Publications]
* [[Martin Gardner]] ('''1996'''). ''The Universe in a Handkerchief: Lewis Carroll's Mathematical Recreations, Games, Puzzles, and Word Plays''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media Springer-Verlag]
* [[Martin Gardner]] ('''1999'''). ''[http://books.wwnorton.com/books/detail.aspx?ID=5353 The Annotated Alice: The Definitive Edition]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company W. W. Norton & Company]
==2000 ...==
* [[Martin Gardner]] ('''2001'''). ''[http://books.wwnorton.com/books/detail.aspx?ID=4897 The Colossal Book of Mathematics - : Classic Puzzles, Paradoxes, and Problems ]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company W. W. Norton & Company]
* [[Martin Gardner]] ('''2004'''). ''[http://books.wwnorton.com/books/detail.aspx?ID=7668 Are Universes Thicker Than Blackberries]''? [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company W. W. Norton & Company]
* [[Martin Gardner]] ('''2006'''). ''[http://books.wwnorton.com/books/detail.aspx?ID=6052 The Annotated Hunting of the Snark]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company W. W. Norton & Company]
==2010 ...==
* [[Martin Gardner]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Jennings Ken Jennings] ('''2010'''). ''[http://booklikes.com/colossal-book-of-wordplay-martin-gardner-ken-jennings/book,6531589 The Colossal Book of Wordplay]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterling_Publishing Sterling Publishing], Puzzlewright Press
* [[Mehdi Mhalla]], [[Frédéric Prost]] ('''2013'''). ''[http://arxiv-web3.library.cornell.edu/abs/1307.7118 Gardner’s Minichess Variant is Solved]''. [[ICGA Journal#36_4|ICGA Journal, Vol. 36, No. 4]]
* [[Martin Gardner]] ('''2014'''). ''[http://www.cambridge.org/gb/academic/subjects/mathematics/recreational-mathematics/knots-and-borromean-rings-rep-tiles-and-eight-queens-martin-gardners-unexpected-hanging Knots and Borromean Rings, Rep-Tiles, and Eight Queens: Martin Gardner’s Unexpected Hanging]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Association_of_America The Mathematical Association of America] / [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press Cambridge University Press] <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borromean_rings Borromean rings from Wikipedia]</ref>
=External Links=
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gardner Martin Gardner from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Martin_Gardner_Mathematical_Games_columns List of Martin Gardner Mathematical Games columns from Wikipedia]
* [http://martin-gardner.org/ Martin Gardner Home Site]
* [http://gathering4gardner.org/ Gathering 4 Gardner Foundation | the aha moment]
* [http://community.middlebury.edu/~jschmitt/MathematicalGardner.html The Mathematical Gardner Homepage]
* [http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/profile-of-martin-gardner/ Profile: Martin Gardner, the Mathematical Gamester (1914-2010) - Scientific American] by [https://www.linkedin.com/in/philipyam Philip Yam], May 22, 2010
* [http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/martin-gardner-hofstadter/ Martin Gardner: A Major Shaping Force in My Life - Scientific American] by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Hofstadter Douglas Hofstadter], May 22, 2010
=References=
<references />
'''[[People|Up one level]]'''
