Marcus Hutter

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Marcus Hutter

Marcus Hutter,
a German physicist and computer scientist, professor in the Research School of Computer Science at Australian National University. Before, he researched at IDSIA, Lugano, Switzerland in Jürgen Schmidhuber's group. Marcus Hutter defended his PhD and BSc in physics from the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich and a Habilitation, MSc, and BSc in computer science from Technical University of Munich. He is author of the AI-book Universal Artificial Intelligence , a novel algorithmic information theory perspective, also introducing the universal algorithmic agent called AIXI.

AIXI

Quote from The AIXI Model in One Line

It is actually possible to write down the AIXI model explicitly in one line, although one should not expect to be able to grasp the full meaning and power from this compact representation.

AIXI is an agent that interacts with an environment in cycles k=1,2,...,m. In cycle k, AIXI takes action ak (e.g. a limb movement) based on past perceptions o1 r1...ok-1 rk-1 as defined below. Thereafter, the environment provides a (regular) observation ok (e.g. a camera image) to AIXI and a real-valued reward rk. The reward can be very scarce, e.g. just +1 (-1) for winning (losing) a chess game, and 0 at all other times. Then the next cycle k+1 starts. Given the above, AIXI is defined by: 

The expression shows that AIXI tries to maximize its total future reward rk+...+rm. If the environment is modeled by a deterministic program q, then the future perceptions ...okrk...omrm = U(q,a1..am) can be computed, where U is a universal (monotone Turing) machine executing q given a1..am. Since q is unknown, AIXI has to maximize its expected reward, i.e. average rk+...+rm over all possible perceptions created by all possible environments q. The simpler an environment, the higher is its a-priori contribution 2-l(q), where simplicity is measured by the length l of program q. Since noisy environments are just mixtures of deterministic environments, they are automatically included. The sums in the formula constitute the averaging process. Averaging and maximization have to be performed in chronological order, hence the interleaving of max and Σ (similarly to minimax for games). 

Selected Publications

2005 ...

• Marcus Hutter (2005). Universal Artificial Intelligence. Sequential Decisions based on Algorithmic Probability, Springer
• Marcus Hutter (2007). Universal Algorithmic Intelligence: A mathematical top->down approach. Technical Report IDSIA-01-03 In Artificial General Intelligence, pdf
• Joel Veness, Kee Siong Ng, Marcus Hutter, David Silver (2009). A Monte Carlo AIXI Approximation, pdf

2010 ...

• Joel Veness, Kee Siong Ng, Marcus Hutter, David Silver (2010). Reinforcement Learning via AIXI Approximation. AAAI-2010, pdf
• Tor Lattimore, Marcus Hutter, Vaibhav Gavane (2011). Universal Prediction of Selected Bits. Algorithmic Learning Theory, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 6925, Springer
• Tor Lattimore, Marcus Hutter (2011). Asymptotically Optimal Agents. Algorithmic Learning Theory, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 6925, Springer
• Tor Lattimore, Marcus Hutter (2011). Time Consistent Discounting. Algorithmic Learning Theory, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 6925, Springer
• Tor Lattimore, Marcus Hutter (2011). No Free Lunch versus Occam's Razor in Supervised Learning. Solomonoff Memorial, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer, arXiv:1111.3846
• Joel Veness, Kee Siong Ng, Marcus Hutter, William Uther , David Silver (2011). A Monte-Carlo AIXI Approximation. JAIR, Vol. 40, pdf
• Tor Lattimore, Marcus Hutter (2012). PAC Bounds for Discounted MDPs. Algorithmic Learning Theory, arXiv:1202.3890
• Peter Auer, Marcus Hutter, Laurent Orseau (2013). Reinforcement Learning. Dagstuhl Reports, Vol. 3, No. 8, DOI: 10.4230/DagRep.3.8.1, URN: urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-43409
• Tor Lattimore, Marcus Hutter (2014). Bayesian Reinforcement Learning with Exploration. Algorithmic Learning Theory, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 8776, Springer

2015 ...

• Tom Everitt, Marcus Hutter (2015). Analytical Results on the BFS vs. DFS Algorithm Selection Problem. Part I: Tree Search. Australasian Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pdf
• Tom Everitt, Marcus Hutter (2015). Analytical Results on the BFS vs. DFS Algorithm Selection Problem: Part II: Graph Search. Australasian Conference on Artificial Intelligence
• Tom Everitt, Tor Lattimore, Marcus Hutter (2016). Free Lunch for Optimisation under the Universal Distribution. arXiv:1608.04544
• Marcus Hutter (2017). Universal Learning Theory. Encyclopedia of Machine Learning and Data Mining 2017, Springer

External Links

• Marcus Hutter from Wikipedia
• HomePage of Marcus Hutter
• Hutter Prize

References

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