25,161
edits
Changes
M-20
,Created page with "'''Home * Hardware * M-20''' FILE:m20.jpg|border|right|thumb|link=http://code.google.com/p/m20/| M-20 <ref>[http://code.google.com/p/m20/ m20 - Emulator..."
'''[[Main Page|Home]] * [[Hardware]] * M-20'''
[[FILE:m20.jpg|border|right|thumb|link=http://code.google.com/p/m20/| M-20 <ref>[http://code.google.com/p/m20/ m20 - Emulator of M-20, soviet vacuum tube computer - Google Project Hosting]</ref> ]]
'''M-20''', (M20)<br/>
was a Soviet digital general purpose [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainframe_computer mainframe computer] developed at the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebedev_Institute_of_Precision_Mechanics_and_Computer_Engineering Institute of Precise Mechanics and Computer Engineering], and manufactured from 1958 to 1964 at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan Kazan] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_%28disambiguation%29 Plant] of Computing Machines. Chief designer was [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Alexeyevich_Lebedev Sergey Alekseevich Lebedev] <ref>[http://www.computer-museum.ru/english/galglory_en/Lebedev.htm Sergey Alekseevich Lebedev] from the [[Russian Virtual Computer Museum]]</ref>, who already created the first Soviet computer, the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computer_hardware_in_Soviet_Bloc_countries#MESM MESM] in 1950, and further the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BESM#BESM-1 BESM-1 and 2] <ref>[http://dl.acm.org/author_page.cfm?id=81430666284&coll=DL&dl=ACM&trk=0&cfid=243855333&cftoken=87926302 Gregory D. Crowe], [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/pers/hd/g/Goodman:Seymour_E= Seymour E. Goodman] ('''1994'''). ''S.A. Lebedev and the Birth of Soviet Computing''.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Annals_of_the_History_of_Computing IEEE Annals of the History of Computing], Vol. 16, No. 1, [http://devcistp.gatech.edu/sites/devcistp.gatech.edu/files/lebedev_and_the_birth_of_soviet_computing.pdf pdf]
</ref>. Chief developer assistants were M.K. Soulim and [[Mikhail R. Shura-Bura]] <ref>[http://www.computer-museum.ru/english/galglory_en/Shura-Bura.htm Mikhail Romanovich Shura-Bura] from the [[Russian Virtual Computer Museum]]</ref> <ref>The Editorial Board ('''2009'''). ''To the Memory of Mikhail Romanovich Shura-Bura''. [http://www.springer.com/computer/journal/11086 Programming and Computer Software], Vol. 35, No. 4, pp. 181–182. © [http://www.maikonline.com/maik/about.do?tileName=about.copyright Pleiades Publishing, Ltd.], Original Russian Text © Editorial Board, published in [http://www.maik.ru/cgi-perl/journal.pl?name=procom&page=main Programmirovanie], Vol. 35, No. 4, [http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1134%2FS036176880904001X.pdf pdf]</ref> et al. <ref>[http://www.computer-museum.ru/english/m20.htm M-20 Computer] from the [[Russian Virtual Computer Museum]]</ref>.
=Architecture=
The M-20 was a single-processor computer with several original architectural solutions implemented, like overlapping execution aka [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipeline_%28computing%29 pipeline processing], accelerated [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adder_%28electronics%29 addition] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_multiplier multiplying] operations due to improved [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carry_%28arithmetic%29 carry] circuits, introducing the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carry-lookahead_adder "rough" carry chain] in addition to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripple_carry_adder#Ripple-carry_adder fly-through carry], and multiplying a factor by two bits at a time. M-20 used 45-bit binary [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating_point floating point] notation, had a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic-core_memory ferromagnetic core] [[Memory|memory]] of up to 4096 words, and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_memory magnetic drums] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_tape tapes] as peripheral memory. [[Combinatorial Logic|Logical circuits]] used [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode#Semiconductor_diodes semiconductor diodes], registers and latches [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tube electronic tubes]. The computer performed 20 thousand [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instructions_per_second instructions per second]. The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system operating system] IS-2, [[Algol|Algol 60]] and [[Fortran]] compiler were developed by [[Mikhail R. Shura-Bura]] <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M_series_%28computer%29 M series (computer) from Wikipedia]</ref> and [[Mathematician#Ershov|Andrey Ershov]].
=Successors=
Later, M-220 <ref>[http://www.computer-museum.ru/english/m220.htm M-220 Computer] from the [[Russian Virtual Computer Museum]]</ref>, M-222 <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M_series_%28computer%29 M series (computer) from Wikipedia]</ref> and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BESM BESM-4] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor semiconductor] models were developed, which had increased storage volume and were software compatible with the M-20. They were mass-manufactured until 1974 and used in computer centers all over the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union Soviet Union] <ref>[http://code.google.com/p/m20/ m20 - Emulator of M-20, soviet vacuum tube computer - Google Project Hosting]</ref>. BESM-4 was used to create the first ever [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_animation computer animation] in 1968 <ref>[http://www.etudes.ru/ru/etudes/cat/ Кошечка : Математические этюды], [http://translate.google.com/translate?sl=ru&tl=en&js=n&prev=_t&hl=de&ie=UTF-8&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etudes.ru%2Fru%2Fetudes%2Fcat%2F translated] by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Translate Google Translate]</ref> <ref>[http://www.geekosystem.com/kitty-computer-animation-russia-1968-video/ “Kitty”: One of the First-Ever Computer Animations | Geekosystem]</ref>.
=Chess Programs=
==Shura-Bura's Program==
A [[Shura-Bura's Program|chess program]] was already written in 1961 at the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steklov_Institute_of_Mathematics Steklov Institute of Mathematics] under direction of [[Mikhail R. Shura-Bura]] <ref>[[Jaap van den Herik]] ('''1983'''). ''Computerschaak, Schaakwereld en Kunstmatige Intelligentie''. Ph.D. thesis, [[Delft University of Technology]]. Academic Service, The Hague. ISBN 90 62 33 093 2 (Dutch), 2.2.9. Sjoera-Boera</ref> <ref>[http://www.schachcomputer.at/gesch6.htm Schachcomputer - Geschichte - 6] by [[Karsten Bauermeister]] (German)</ref> <ref>[http://www.dsk1931ev.de/Computerschach/computer.htm Computerschach - ein Überblick] von Mathias Grontzki (German)</ref>, presumably running on a M-20.
==ITEP Chess Program==
The [[ITEP Chess Program]], forerunner of [[Kaissa]], developed since 1963 <ref>[http://adamant1.fromru.com/kaissa.html "Каисса" - Историю программы рассказывает один из ее создателей Михаил Донской] (Russian [[Kaissa]] - by [[Mikhail Donskoy]])</ref> at [[Alexander Kronrod|Alexander Kronrod’s]] laboratory at the Moscow [[Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics]] ('''ITEP''') by [[Georgy Adelson-Velsky]], [[Vladimir Arlazarov]], [[Anatoly Uskov]], [[Alexander Zhivotovsky]], A. Leman, M. Rozenfeld and Russian chess master [[Alexander Bitman]] <ref>[[Georgy Adelson-Velsky]], [[Vladimir Arlazarov]], [[Alexander Bitman]], [[Alexander Zhivotovsky]], [[Anatoly Uskov]] ('''1970'''). ''Programming a Computer to Play Chess''. Russian Mathematical Surveys, Vol. 25, pp. 221-262.</ref> is mentioned to ran the [[Stanford-ITEP Match]] on a [[M-2]] computer <ref>[http://www.computer-museum.ru/english/m2.htm The Fast Universal Digital Computer M-2] by the [[Russian Virtual Computer Museum]]</ref>, while it was also ported to run on the [[M-20]] <ref>[http://sites.google.com/site/grekochess/ GreKo - Download] has a listing of the [[ITEP Chess Program]] for the [[M-20]] computer, hosted by [[Vladimir Medvedev]]</ref> <ref>[http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~brudno/ Michael Brudno] ('''2000'''). ''Competitions, Controversies, and Computer Chess'', [http://www.cs.toronto.edu/%7Ebrudno/essays/cchess.pdf pdf]</ref>.
<span id="DonskoyOnM20"></span>
[[Quote Donskoy|Quote]] from [[Mikhail Donskoy|Mikhail Donskoy's]] ''life cycle of a programmer'' <ref>[http://www.polit.ru/article/2008/08/20/programmist/ Михаил Донской: Жизненный цикл программиста - ПОЛИТ.РУ] (Russian) [[Mikhail Donskoy]] - [http://translate.google.com/translate?sl=ru&tl=en&js=n&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polit.ru%2Farticle%2F2008%2F08%2F20%2Fprogrammist%2F The life cycle of a programmer] translated by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Translate Google Translate], [https://www.facebook.com/politru polit.ru] August 20, 2008</ref>:
[[include page="Quote Donskoy"]]
==Butenko's Program==
After [[Mikhail Botvinnik]] introduced his early computer chess ideas concerning [[Attack and Defend Maps|attack maps]] and [[Trajectory|trajectories]] at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_Centres Moscow Central Chess Club] <ref>[http://en.chessbase.com/home/TabId/211/PostId/4007513 The last day of the “Botvinnik Memorial”] by [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Denissowna_Burtassowa Anna Burtasova], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], September 07, 2011</ref> in 1966, with the skeptical [[Georgy Adelson-Velsky]] and others attending, he found [[Vladimir Butenko]] as supporter and collaborator. Butenko first implemented the [[Vector Attacks|15x15 vector attacks]] board representation, [[Distance#15x15|determining trajectories]] on a [[M-20]] computer in a program which apparently was a forerunner of [[Pioneer]], which also evolved to [[Butenko's program]] after he refused further cooperation with Botvinnik in 1970 <ref>[http://atimopheyev.narod.ru/Frame/index.html Лингвистическая Геометрия] Бориса Штильмана, [http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=de&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=ru&tl=en&u=http://atimopheyev.narod.ru/Frame/index.html&usg=ALkJrhjGqyvJey-MTGqcGxzMU53Od0Y7VQ Linguistic Geometry] [[Boris Stilman]] by [[Alexander Timofeev]] ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Translate Google Translate])
[http://atimopheyev.narod.ru/AfterPIONEER/index.html По стопам ПИОНЕРа], [http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=de&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=ru&tl=en&u=http://atimopheyev.narod.ru/AfterPIONEER/index.html&usg=ALkJrhh0I8eGI93tpR27m-YIWUnG3l5SjA In the footsteps of Pioneer]</ref>.
<span id="Bronstein_M20"></span>
=Selected Games=
[[David Bronstein]] - M-20 <ref>[[David Bronstein]] and [[Tom Fürstenberg]] ('''1995'''). ''[[Tom Fürstenberg#TheSorcerersApprentice|The Sorcerer's Apprentice]]''. Cadogan Books, London. ISBN 1-85744-151-6, pp. 278 (26) Bronstein,D - M20 Computer</ref> <ref>[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1238081 David Bronstein vs M20 (Computer) 1963] from [http://www.chessgames.com/index.html chessgames.com]</ref>
<pre>
[Event "Computer Match"]
[Site "Moscow Mathematics Institute"]
[Date "1963.04.04"]
[Round "1"]
[White "David Bronstein"]
[Black "M20 (Computer)"]
[Result "1-0"]
1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 3.Nf3 Nf6 4.e5 Ng4 5.d4 g5 6.Nc3 Ne3 7.Qe2 Nxf1 8.Ne4 Ne3
9.Nf6+ Ke7 10.Bd2 Nxc2+ 11.Kf2 Nxa1 12.Nd5+ Ke6 13.Qc4 b5 14.Nxg5+ Qxg5
15.Nxc7+ Ke7 16.Nd5+ Ke6 17.Nxf4+ Ke7 18.Nd5+ Ke8 19.Qxc8+ Qd8 20.Nc7+ Ke7
21.Bb4+ d6 22.Bxd6+ Qxd6 23.Qe8# 1-0
</pre>
In his [[Advances in Computer Chess 8]] conference paper, Bronstein mentioned he played [[Kaissa]] in 1963 with queen odds <ref>[[David Bronstein]] ('''1997'''). ''My Experiences with Computers.'' [[Advances in Computer Chess 8]]</ref>, so one may assume it was already an early version of the [[ITEP Chess Program]] running on a M-20. However, according to [[Mikhail Donskoy]], the development on ITEP started in 1963 <ref>[http://adamant1.fromru.com/kaissa.html "Каисса" - Историю программы рассказывает один из ее создателей Михаил Донской] (Russian [[Kaissa]] - by [[Mikhail Donskoy]])</ref>. In ''The Early Development of Programming in the USSR'' <ref>[[Mathematician#Ershov|Andrey Ershov]], [[Mikhail R. Shura-Bura]] ('''1980'''). ''[http://ershov.iis.nsk.su/archive/eaindex.asp?lang=2&gid=910 The Early Development of Programming in the USSR]''. in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_C._Metropolis Nicholas C. Metropolis] (ed.) ''[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=578384 A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_Press Academic Press], pp. 137-196</ref>, [[Mathematician#Ershov|Andrey Ershov]] and [[Mikhail R. Shura-Bura]] note that in the end of the 1950's a group of Moscow mathematicians began a study of computerized chess which eventually led to the victory at the [[WCCC 1974]] <ref>[http://ershov.iis.nsk.su/archive/eaimage.asp?did=28792&fileid=173671 preprint pp. 44]</ref>.
=See also=
* [[M-2]]
=External Links=
* [http://www.computer-museum.ru/english/m20.htm M-20 Computer] from the [[Russian Virtual Computer Museum]]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M_series_%28computer%29 M series (computer) from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk_family_of_computers Minsk family of computers from Wikipedia]
* [http://www.computer-museum.ru/english/minsk0.htm Minsk Family of Computers] from the [[Russian Virtual Computer Museum]]
* [http://www.computer-museum.ru/english/galglory_en/Myamlin.htm Anatoliy Nikolaevich Myamlin] from the [[Russian Virtual Computer Museum]]
* [http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessplayer?pid=70655 The chess games of M20 (Computer)] from [http://www.chessgames.com/index.html chessgames.com]
* [http://code.google.com/p/m20/ m20 - Emulator of M-20, soviet vacuum tube computer - Google Project Hosting]
: [http://code.google.com/p/m20/wiki/Architecture Architecture - m20 - Emulator of M-20, soviet vacuum tube computer - Google Project Hosting]
* [http://sites.google.com/site/grekochess/ GreKo - Download] has a listing of the [[ITEP Chess Program]] for the [[M-20]] computer, hosted by [[Vladimir Medvedev]]
: [http://greko.110mb.com/index.html GreKo - Download] (c) 2002-2011 [[Vladimir Medvedev]]
* [http://www.eser-ddr.de/InfobulletinNr.2811-2001AssoziationComputergeschichte_de.htm Infobulletin Nr.28 UdSSR - Computer Geschichte (1948-2000)] (German)
=References=
<references />
'''[[Hardware|Up one Level]]'''
[[FILE:m20.jpg|border|right|thumb|link=http://code.google.com/p/m20/| M-20 <ref>[http://code.google.com/p/m20/ m20 - Emulator of M-20, soviet vacuum tube computer - Google Project Hosting]</ref> ]]
'''M-20''', (M20)<br/>
was a Soviet digital general purpose [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainframe_computer mainframe computer] developed at the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebedev_Institute_of_Precision_Mechanics_and_Computer_Engineering Institute of Precise Mechanics and Computer Engineering], and manufactured from 1958 to 1964 at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan Kazan] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_%28disambiguation%29 Plant] of Computing Machines. Chief designer was [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Alexeyevich_Lebedev Sergey Alekseevich Lebedev] <ref>[http://www.computer-museum.ru/english/galglory_en/Lebedev.htm Sergey Alekseevich Lebedev] from the [[Russian Virtual Computer Museum]]</ref>, who already created the first Soviet computer, the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computer_hardware_in_Soviet_Bloc_countries#MESM MESM] in 1950, and further the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BESM#BESM-1 BESM-1 and 2] <ref>[http://dl.acm.org/author_page.cfm?id=81430666284&coll=DL&dl=ACM&trk=0&cfid=243855333&cftoken=87926302 Gregory D. Crowe], [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/pers/hd/g/Goodman:Seymour_E= Seymour E. Goodman] ('''1994'''). ''S.A. Lebedev and the Birth of Soviet Computing''.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Annals_of_the_History_of_Computing IEEE Annals of the History of Computing], Vol. 16, No. 1, [http://devcistp.gatech.edu/sites/devcistp.gatech.edu/files/lebedev_and_the_birth_of_soviet_computing.pdf pdf]
</ref>. Chief developer assistants were M.K. Soulim and [[Mikhail R. Shura-Bura]] <ref>[http://www.computer-museum.ru/english/galglory_en/Shura-Bura.htm Mikhail Romanovich Shura-Bura] from the [[Russian Virtual Computer Museum]]</ref> <ref>The Editorial Board ('''2009'''). ''To the Memory of Mikhail Romanovich Shura-Bura''. [http://www.springer.com/computer/journal/11086 Programming and Computer Software], Vol. 35, No. 4, pp. 181–182. © [http://www.maikonline.com/maik/about.do?tileName=about.copyright Pleiades Publishing, Ltd.], Original Russian Text © Editorial Board, published in [http://www.maik.ru/cgi-perl/journal.pl?name=procom&page=main Programmirovanie], Vol. 35, No. 4, [http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1134%2FS036176880904001X.pdf pdf]</ref> et al. <ref>[http://www.computer-museum.ru/english/m20.htm M-20 Computer] from the [[Russian Virtual Computer Museum]]</ref>.
=Architecture=
The M-20 was a single-processor computer with several original architectural solutions implemented, like overlapping execution aka [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipeline_%28computing%29 pipeline processing], accelerated [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adder_%28electronics%29 addition] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_multiplier multiplying] operations due to improved [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carry_%28arithmetic%29 carry] circuits, introducing the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carry-lookahead_adder "rough" carry chain] in addition to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripple_carry_adder#Ripple-carry_adder fly-through carry], and multiplying a factor by two bits at a time. M-20 used 45-bit binary [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating_point floating point] notation, had a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic-core_memory ferromagnetic core] [[Memory|memory]] of up to 4096 words, and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_memory magnetic drums] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_tape tapes] as peripheral memory. [[Combinatorial Logic|Logical circuits]] used [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode#Semiconductor_diodes semiconductor diodes], registers and latches [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tube electronic tubes]. The computer performed 20 thousand [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instructions_per_second instructions per second]. The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system operating system] IS-2, [[Algol|Algol 60]] and [[Fortran]] compiler were developed by [[Mikhail R. Shura-Bura]] <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M_series_%28computer%29 M series (computer) from Wikipedia]</ref> and [[Mathematician#Ershov|Andrey Ershov]].
=Successors=
Later, M-220 <ref>[http://www.computer-museum.ru/english/m220.htm M-220 Computer] from the [[Russian Virtual Computer Museum]]</ref>, M-222 <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M_series_%28computer%29 M series (computer) from Wikipedia]</ref> and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BESM BESM-4] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor semiconductor] models were developed, which had increased storage volume and were software compatible with the M-20. They were mass-manufactured until 1974 and used in computer centers all over the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union Soviet Union] <ref>[http://code.google.com/p/m20/ m20 - Emulator of M-20, soviet vacuum tube computer - Google Project Hosting]</ref>. BESM-4 was used to create the first ever [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_animation computer animation] in 1968 <ref>[http://www.etudes.ru/ru/etudes/cat/ Кошечка : Математические этюды], [http://translate.google.com/translate?sl=ru&tl=en&js=n&prev=_t&hl=de&ie=UTF-8&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etudes.ru%2Fru%2Fetudes%2Fcat%2F translated] by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Translate Google Translate]</ref> <ref>[http://www.geekosystem.com/kitty-computer-animation-russia-1968-video/ “Kitty”: One of the First-Ever Computer Animations | Geekosystem]</ref>.
=Chess Programs=
==Shura-Bura's Program==
A [[Shura-Bura's Program|chess program]] was already written in 1961 at the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steklov_Institute_of_Mathematics Steklov Institute of Mathematics] under direction of [[Mikhail R. Shura-Bura]] <ref>[[Jaap van den Herik]] ('''1983'''). ''Computerschaak, Schaakwereld en Kunstmatige Intelligentie''. Ph.D. thesis, [[Delft University of Technology]]. Academic Service, The Hague. ISBN 90 62 33 093 2 (Dutch), 2.2.9. Sjoera-Boera</ref> <ref>[http://www.schachcomputer.at/gesch6.htm Schachcomputer - Geschichte - 6] by [[Karsten Bauermeister]] (German)</ref> <ref>[http://www.dsk1931ev.de/Computerschach/computer.htm Computerschach - ein Überblick] von Mathias Grontzki (German)</ref>, presumably running on a M-20.
==ITEP Chess Program==
The [[ITEP Chess Program]], forerunner of [[Kaissa]], developed since 1963 <ref>[http://adamant1.fromru.com/kaissa.html "Каисса" - Историю программы рассказывает один из ее создателей Михаил Донской] (Russian [[Kaissa]] - by [[Mikhail Donskoy]])</ref> at [[Alexander Kronrod|Alexander Kronrod’s]] laboratory at the Moscow [[Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics]] ('''ITEP''') by [[Georgy Adelson-Velsky]], [[Vladimir Arlazarov]], [[Anatoly Uskov]], [[Alexander Zhivotovsky]], A. Leman, M. Rozenfeld and Russian chess master [[Alexander Bitman]] <ref>[[Georgy Adelson-Velsky]], [[Vladimir Arlazarov]], [[Alexander Bitman]], [[Alexander Zhivotovsky]], [[Anatoly Uskov]] ('''1970'''). ''Programming a Computer to Play Chess''. Russian Mathematical Surveys, Vol. 25, pp. 221-262.</ref> is mentioned to ran the [[Stanford-ITEP Match]] on a [[M-2]] computer <ref>[http://www.computer-museum.ru/english/m2.htm The Fast Universal Digital Computer M-2] by the [[Russian Virtual Computer Museum]]</ref>, while it was also ported to run on the [[M-20]] <ref>[http://sites.google.com/site/grekochess/ GreKo - Download] has a listing of the [[ITEP Chess Program]] for the [[M-20]] computer, hosted by [[Vladimir Medvedev]]</ref> <ref>[http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~brudno/ Michael Brudno] ('''2000'''). ''Competitions, Controversies, and Computer Chess'', [http://www.cs.toronto.edu/%7Ebrudno/essays/cchess.pdf pdf]</ref>.
<span id="DonskoyOnM20"></span>
[[Quote Donskoy|Quote]] from [[Mikhail Donskoy|Mikhail Donskoy's]] ''life cycle of a programmer'' <ref>[http://www.polit.ru/article/2008/08/20/programmist/ Михаил Донской: Жизненный цикл программиста - ПОЛИТ.РУ] (Russian) [[Mikhail Donskoy]] - [http://translate.google.com/translate?sl=ru&tl=en&js=n&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polit.ru%2Farticle%2F2008%2F08%2F20%2Fprogrammist%2F The life cycle of a programmer] translated by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Translate Google Translate], [https://www.facebook.com/politru polit.ru] August 20, 2008</ref>:
[[include page="Quote Donskoy"]]
==Butenko's Program==
After [[Mikhail Botvinnik]] introduced his early computer chess ideas concerning [[Attack and Defend Maps|attack maps]] and [[Trajectory|trajectories]] at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_Centres Moscow Central Chess Club] <ref>[http://en.chessbase.com/home/TabId/211/PostId/4007513 The last day of the “Botvinnik Memorial”] by [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Denissowna_Burtassowa Anna Burtasova], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], September 07, 2011</ref> in 1966, with the skeptical [[Georgy Adelson-Velsky]] and others attending, he found [[Vladimir Butenko]] as supporter and collaborator. Butenko first implemented the [[Vector Attacks|15x15 vector attacks]] board representation, [[Distance#15x15|determining trajectories]] on a [[M-20]] computer in a program which apparently was a forerunner of [[Pioneer]], which also evolved to [[Butenko's program]] after he refused further cooperation with Botvinnik in 1970 <ref>[http://atimopheyev.narod.ru/Frame/index.html Лингвистическая Геометрия] Бориса Штильмана, [http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=de&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=ru&tl=en&u=http://atimopheyev.narod.ru/Frame/index.html&usg=ALkJrhjGqyvJey-MTGqcGxzMU53Od0Y7VQ Linguistic Geometry] [[Boris Stilman]] by [[Alexander Timofeev]] ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Translate Google Translate])
[http://atimopheyev.narod.ru/AfterPIONEER/index.html По стопам ПИОНЕРа], [http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=de&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=ru&tl=en&u=http://atimopheyev.narod.ru/AfterPIONEER/index.html&usg=ALkJrhh0I8eGI93tpR27m-YIWUnG3l5SjA In the footsteps of Pioneer]</ref>.
<span id="Bronstein_M20"></span>
=Selected Games=
[[David Bronstein]] - M-20 <ref>[[David Bronstein]] and [[Tom Fürstenberg]] ('''1995'''). ''[[Tom Fürstenberg#TheSorcerersApprentice|The Sorcerer's Apprentice]]''. Cadogan Books, London. ISBN 1-85744-151-6, pp. 278 (26) Bronstein,D - M20 Computer</ref> <ref>[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1238081 David Bronstein vs M20 (Computer) 1963] from [http://www.chessgames.com/index.html chessgames.com]</ref>
<pre>
[Event "Computer Match"]
[Site "Moscow Mathematics Institute"]
[Date "1963.04.04"]
[Round "1"]
[White "David Bronstein"]
[Black "M20 (Computer)"]
[Result "1-0"]
1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 3.Nf3 Nf6 4.e5 Ng4 5.d4 g5 6.Nc3 Ne3 7.Qe2 Nxf1 8.Ne4 Ne3
9.Nf6+ Ke7 10.Bd2 Nxc2+ 11.Kf2 Nxa1 12.Nd5+ Ke6 13.Qc4 b5 14.Nxg5+ Qxg5
15.Nxc7+ Ke7 16.Nd5+ Ke6 17.Nxf4+ Ke7 18.Nd5+ Ke8 19.Qxc8+ Qd8 20.Nc7+ Ke7
21.Bb4+ d6 22.Bxd6+ Qxd6 23.Qe8# 1-0
</pre>
In his [[Advances in Computer Chess 8]] conference paper, Bronstein mentioned he played [[Kaissa]] in 1963 with queen odds <ref>[[David Bronstein]] ('''1997'''). ''My Experiences with Computers.'' [[Advances in Computer Chess 8]]</ref>, so one may assume it was already an early version of the [[ITEP Chess Program]] running on a M-20. However, according to [[Mikhail Donskoy]], the development on ITEP started in 1963 <ref>[http://adamant1.fromru.com/kaissa.html "Каисса" - Историю программы рассказывает один из ее создателей Михаил Донской] (Russian [[Kaissa]] - by [[Mikhail Donskoy]])</ref>. In ''The Early Development of Programming in the USSR'' <ref>[[Mathematician#Ershov|Andrey Ershov]], [[Mikhail R. Shura-Bura]] ('''1980'''). ''[http://ershov.iis.nsk.su/archive/eaindex.asp?lang=2&gid=910 The Early Development of Programming in the USSR]''. in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_C._Metropolis Nicholas C. Metropolis] (ed.) ''[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=578384 A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_Press Academic Press], pp. 137-196</ref>, [[Mathematician#Ershov|Andrey Ershov]] and [[Mikhail R. Shura-Bura]] note that in the end of the 1950's a group of Moscow mathematicians began a study of computerized chess which eventually led to the victory at the [[WCCC 1974]] <ref>[http://ershov.iis.nsk.su/archive/eaimage.asp?did=28792&fileid=173671 preprint pp. 44]</ref>.
=See also=
* [[M-2]]
=External Links=
* [http://www.computer-museum.ru/english/m20.htm M-20 Computer] from the [[Russian Virtual Computer Museum]]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M_series_%28computer%29 M series (computer) from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk_family_of_computers Minsk family of computers from Wikipedia]
* [http://www.computer-museum.ru/english/minsk0.htm Minsk Family of Computers] from the [[Russian Virtual Computer Museum]]
* [http://www.computer-museum.ru/english/galglory_en/Myamlin.htm Anatoliy Nikolaevich Myamlin] from the [[Russian Virtual Computer Museum]]
* [http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessplayer?pid=70655 The chess games of M20 (Computer)] from [http://www.chessgames.com/index.html chessgames.com]
* [http://code.google.com/p/m20/ m20 - Emulator of M-20, soviet vacuum tube computer - Google Project Hosting]
: [http://code.google.com/p/m20/wiki/Architecture Architecture - m20 - Emulator of M-20, soviet vacuum tube computer - Google Project Hosting]
* [http://sites.google.com/site/grekochess/ GreKo - Download] has a listing of the [[ITEP Chess Program]] for the [[M-20]] computer, hosted by [[Vladimir Medvedev]]
: [http://greko.110mb.com/index.html GreKo - Download] (c) 2002-2011 [[Vladimir Medvedev]]
* [http://www.eser-ddr.de/InfobulletinNr.2811-2001AssoziationComputergeschichte_de.htm Infobulletin Nr.28 UdSSR - Computer Geschichte (1948-2000)] (German)
=References=
<references />
'''[[Hardware|Up one Level]]'''
