25,161
edits
Changes
Created page with "'''Home * People * Jack Good''' FILE:JackGood.jpg|border|right|thumb|link=http://imagebase.lib.vt.edu/browse.php?folio_ID=/va/fac/good| I.J. Good <ref>[h..."
'''[[Main Page|Home]] * [[People]] * Jack Good'''
[[FILE:JackGood.jpg|border|right|thumb|link=http://imagebase.lib.vt.edu/browse.php?folio_ID=/va/fac/good| I.J. Good <ref>[http://imagebase.lib.vt.edu/browse.php?folio_ID=/va/fac/good VT Image Base Photographs] Creator: Pat Hill of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omni_%28magazine%29 OMNI Magazine] 1979, January issue</ref> ]]
'''Irving John (Jack) Good''', (December 9, 1916 - April 5, 2009)<br/>
a British statistician and computer pioneer. During [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II World War II], Good worked with [[Alan Turing]] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conel_Hugh_O%27Donel_Alexander Conel Hugh O'Donel Alexander] at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bletchley_Park Bletchley Park], with [[Donald Michie]] and [[Shaun Wylie]] et al. in the section [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newmanry Newmanry] headed by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Newman Max Newman], contributing to crack the German [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenz_SZ_40/42 Lorenz cipher] <ref>[[Jack Good]], [[Donald Michie]], [[Mathematician#GTimms|Geoffrey Timms]] ('''1945'''). ''[http://www.alanturing.net/turing_archive/archive/index/tunnyreportindex.html General Report on Tunny]'' from [http://www.alanturing.net/turing_archive/index.html The Turing Archive for the History of Computing]</ref> <ref>[[The Computer History Museum#Codebreaking|From Codebreaking to Computing - Video]] from [[The Computer History Museum]]</ref>. After the war he worked at the [[University of Manchester]] and [[Atlas Computer Laboratory]], and had a variety of defense, consulting and academic positions, until he came to the United States in 1967, becoming a University Distinguished Professor at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Polytechnic_Institute_and_State_University Virginia Tech]. In 1965 he originated the concept of an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_singularity#Intelligence_explosion intelligence explosion], now known as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_singularity technological singularity] <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singularity_Institute_for_Artificial_Intelligence Singularity Institute for Artificial Intelligence from Wikiepedia]</ref>, which anticipates the eventual advent of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superintelligence superhuman intelligence] <ref>[[Jack Good]] ('''1965'''). ''[http://www.acceleratingfuture.com/pages/ultraintelligentmachine.html Speculations Concerning the First Ultraintelligent Machine]''. [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/journals/ac/ac6.html Advances in Computers, Vol. 6], [http://www.stat.vt.edu/tech_reports/2005/GoodTechReport.pdf pdf], [http://commonsenseatheism.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Good-Speculations-Concerning-the-First-Ultraintelligent-Machine.pdf pdf]</ref>. Jack Good died on April 5, 2009, aged 92 <ref>[http://www.vtnews.vt.edu/story.php?relyear=2009&itemno=276 In Memoriam: I. J. Good, University Distinguished Professor and pioneer of modern statistics], Obituary from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Polytechnic_Institute_and_State_University Virginia Tech]</ref>.
=Photos=
[[FILE:IJGoodCheltenham.jpg|none|border|text-bottom|link=http://imagebase.lib.vt.edu/browse.php?folio_ID=/va/fac/good]]
I. J. Good, nearest to camera - [http://www.cheltenham4u.co.uk/community/familyhistory_newspapers.asp Cheltenham Chronicle]. Final of the <br/>National Chess Club championship, a telephone match. August 20, 1955 <ref>[http://imagebase.lib.vt.edu/browse.php?folio_ID=/va/fac/good VT Image Base Photographs] Creator: Pat Hill of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omni_%28magazine%29 OMNI Magazine] 1979, January issue</ref>
=Five-Year Plan=
Jack Good was a strong chess player, and he published several papers related to computer chess in Michie's ''Machine Intelligence'' series <ref>[http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~shm/MI/mi.html Machine Intelligence series]</ref>, most notably his ''Five-Year Plan for Automatic Chess'' in 1968 <ref>[[Jack Good]] ('''1968'''). ''A Five-Year Plan for Automatic Chess''. [http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~shm/MI/mi2.html Machine Intelligence Vol. 2], [http://aitopics.org/sites/default/files/classic/Machine_Intelligence_2/MI2-Ch7-Good.pdf pdf]</ref>, excerpts reprinted in [[David Levy|David Levy's]] [[Computer Chess Compendium]], covering [[Material]], [[Quiescence Search|Quiescence]], Turbulence, and Agitation <ref>[[David Levy]] ('''1988'''). ''[[Computer Chess Compendium]] - 3.2 A Five-Year Plan for Automatic Chess (excerpt)''.</ref>.
<span id="TheoremProving"></span>
=Theorem-Proving=
Theorem-proving was mentioned in the ''Five-Year Plan for Automatic Chess'' <ref>[[Jack Good]] ('''1968'''). ''A Five-Year Plan for Automatic Chess''. [http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~shm/MI/mi2.html Machine Intelligence Vol. 2], pp. 93</ref>:
Theorem-proving resembles chess Playing in that we have an objective and an analysis tree, or graph, but differs in that a superficial expected pay-off replaces the iterated [[Minimax|minimax]]. The minimax idea can come in if we are trying to prove a theorem and we imagine that we have an opponent who wishes to disprove it. The value of our game is 1 if the theorem is true and — 1 if it is false. In the proof trees described in the paper by Dr D. C. Cooper <ref>David C. Cooper ('''1966'''). ''Mathematical proofs about computer programs''. [http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~shm/MI/mi1.html Machine Intelligence, Vol. 1]</ref> the 'and's correspond to moves of the opponent, since we must allow for both branches, whereas the `or's correspond to our own moves. The minimax (strictly maximin) value of the tree tells us whether the theorem is true, and, if we allow for superficial probabilities at the endpoints of the tree, the minimax value is the superficial probability of the theorem.
=Quotes=
==Jack Good==
by Jack Good, 1998 <ref>[http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/acl/associates/permanent/good.htm Excerpts from Acceptance Speech for the 1998 Computer Pioneers Award from the IEEE - Jack Good] hosted by [[Atlas Computer Laboratory]]</ref>:
In letters to [[Alan Turing|Turing]], on September 16 and October 3, 1948, I mentioned the idea of resonance circuits in the brain; especially as a method for noticing analogies... In the postscript I discussed chess-playing machines, which he and I had discussed in 1941, and gave a reasonable definition of a forced variation. I took for granted the need to distinguish between quiescent and non-quiescent positions. [[Claude Shannon|Shannon's]] paper on chess appeared in 1950.
In a letter to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Calland_Williams F C Williams] in July 1951 I said "A facetious question is whether it is intended to display chess positions on the monitoring tubes". Of course today it is no longer at all facetious.
==David Levy==
[[David Levy]] in ''[[Computer Chess Compendium]]'' <ref>[[David Levy]] ('''1988'''). ''[[Computer Chess Compendium]]'', 3 Position Evaluation pp. 112</ref>:
Perhaps non-linear evaluation functions will become popular at some future date, in which case some of Good's ideas will come into their own.
==The Times==
Excerpt from the Obituary, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times The Times] <ref>[http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/acl/associates/permanent/good.htm Obituary, The Times - Brilliant mathematician and Bletchley Park codebreaker who laid the foundations of modern statistics] hosted by [[Atlas Computer Laboratory]]</ref>
To statisticians, Good is one of the founding fathers of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_statistics Bayesian statistics], an approach to the discipline based on work of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bayes Thomas Bayes] in 1764. In it one forms a view of the phenomenon under study, quantifying one's uncertainty in terms of a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_distribution probability distribution] (the prior distribution). One then draws a sample, obtaining data, and uses the data and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayes%27_theorem Bayes's theorem] to update this prior uncertainty to give a new distribution, the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_distribution posterior distribution]. This approach - the Bayesian paradigm, as it is now called - was little used before Good's work but was given an important boost by his 1950 book and his extensive subsequent writings, and is firmly established today. Good's other interests included [[Artificial Intelligence|artificial intelligence]] - in particular, training computers to play chess and philosophy.
=From Russia with Love=
In 1991, Jack Good analyzed the famous position shown in the film [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_Russia_with_Love_%28film%29 From Russia with Love], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_James_Bond_henchmen_in_From_Russia_with_Love#Kronsteen Kronsteen] vs. MacAdams <ref>[[Jack Good]] ('''1991'''). ''Analysis of the chess position shown in the film From Russia with Love, Kronsteen vs. MacAdams.'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_magazine Chess Monthly], Vol. 56, No. 5</ref>, with the motive of the position was taken from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Spassky Spassky] versus [[David Bronstein|Bronstein]] 1960 <ref>[http://hogranch.com/mayer/chess_frwl.html The Chess Game in the James Bond classic From Russia, With Love] from [http://hogranch.com/mayer/home.html Ernst's Home Page]</ref>. The difference is that MacAdams had 22...Ne6. <ref>[http://www.xs4all.nl/%7Etimkr/chess2/diary_13.htm OPEN CHESS DIARY 241-260], 250. July 6, 2004: ''You are requested to make a blunder'' by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Krabb%C3%A9 Tim Krabbé]</ref><ref>[http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=1882 The name is Spassky – Boris Spassky] from [[ChessBase|ChessBase news]], September 2, 2004</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Kronsteen - MacAdams
| style="text-align:center;" | Spassky - Bronstein
|-
| <fentt border="double" style="font-size:24pt">r3rnk1/ppp1qNp1/7p/4b3/5Q2/1B6/PP4PP/5RK1</fentt>
| <fentt border="double" style="font-size:24pt">r3rnk1/ppp1qNp1/7p/2P1b3/3P1Q2/1B6/PP4PP/5RK1</fentt>
|-
| r3rnk1/ppp1qNp1/7p/4b3/5Q2/1B6/PP4PP/5RK1 w - - 0 1
| r3rnk1/ppp1qNp1/7p/2P1b3/3P1Q2/1B6/PP4PP/5RK1 w - - 0 22
|}
<pre>
[Event "URS-ch"]
[Site "Leningrad"]
[Date "1960.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Boris Spassky"]
[Black "David Bronstein"]
[Result "1-0"]
1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 3.Nf3 d5 4.exd5 Bd6 5.Nc3 Ne7 6.d4 0-0 7.Bd3 Nd7 8.0-0 h6 9.Ne4 Nxd5 10.c4 Ne3
11.Bxe3 fxe3 12.c5 Be7 13.Bc2 Re8 14.Qd3 e2 15.Nd6 Nf8 16.Nxf7 exf1Q+ 17.Rxf1 Bf5 18.Qxf5 Qd7
19.Qf4 Bf6 20.N3e5 Qe7 21.Bb3 Bxe5 22.Nxe5+ Kh7 23.Qe4+ 1-0
</pre>
: [http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desde_Rusia_con_amor_%28pel%C3%ADcula%29 Desde Rusia con Amor], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube YouTube] Video
: {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=csNehCmx2wg|alignment=left|valignment=top}}
=See also=
* [[The Computer History Museum#Codebreaking|From Codebreaking to Computing - Video]] from [[The Computer History Museum]]
* [[Marvin Minsky#HAL9000|HAL 9000]]
* [[Point Value#TheoreticalAttempt|Point Value - Theoretical Attempt]]
* [[Alan Turing#DeathOfAlanTuring|The Strange Life and Death of Dr Turing - Video]]
=Selected Publications=
<ref>[http://ilk.uvt.nl/icga/journal/docs/References.pdf ICGA Reference Database] (pdf)</ref> <ref>[http://www.web-e.stat.vt.edu/holtzman/IJGood/IJGoodsShorterPubList,Aug19,2003.pdf I.J. Good's Shorter Publications List] (pdf) from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Polytechnic_Institute_and_State_University Virginia Tech]</ref>
==1939==
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1939'''). ''Mathematics and chess''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eureka_%28University_of_Cambridge_magazine%29 Eureka I]
==1940 ...==
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1941''') ''Fourier Analysis''. Ph.D. thesis, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge University of Cambridge], advisor [[Mathematician#Hardy|Godfrey Harold Hardy]]
* [[Jack Good]], [[Donald Michie]], [[Mathematician#GTimms|Geoffrey Timms]] ('''1945'''). ''[http://www.alanturing.net/turing_archive/archive/index/tunnyreportindex.html General Report on Tunny]'' from [http://www.alanturing.net/turing_archive/index.html The Turing Archive for the History of Computing]
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1946'''). ''[http://jlms.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/citation/s1-21/3/167 Normal Recurring Decimals]''. [http://www.lms.ac.uk/publications/jlms Journal of the London Mathematical Society] 1946
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1949'''). ''The number of individuals in a casade process''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Proceedings_of_the_Cambridge_Philosophical_Society Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society], Vol. 45
==1950 ...==
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1950'''). ''Probability and the Weighing of Evidence''. Griffin, London
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1952/55'''). ''Notes on Randomised Chess''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_magazine Chess]
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1953'''). ''[http://biomet.oxfordjournals.org/content/40/3-4/237 The population frequencies of species and the estimation of population parameters]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biometrika Biometrika], Vol. 40, Nos. 3-4 <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good%E2%80%93Turing_frequency_estimation Good–Turing frequency estimation]</ref>
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1959'''). ''Could a machine make probability judgments?'' [https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_computersAndAutomation Computers and Automation], Vol. 8
==1960 ...==
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1962'''). ''Botryological speculations''. in
: [[Jack Good]], [http://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/ch.cgi?111409 A. J. Mayne], [[John Maynard Smith]] (eds.) ('''1962'''). ''[http://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/title.cgi?983903 The Scientist Speculates].'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinemann_%28publisher%29 Heinemann]
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1964'''). ''Measurement of decisions''. in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_W._Cooper William W. Cooper], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Leavitt Harold J. Leavitt], [http://satisfactionpsychology.wordpress.com/tag/maynard-shelly/ Maynard W. Shelly] (eds.) ('''1964'''). ''New Perspectives in Organisation Research''. pp. 391-404. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons Wiley]
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1964'''). ''The Human Preserve''. an Invited Contribution to a Symposium on [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life Extraterrestrial Life] held by the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Biology Institute of Biology] and the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Interplanetary_Society British Interplanetary Society], May 1964, [http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/details?uri=C716 Records of Royal Naval Scientific Service]
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1965'''). ''[http://www.acceleratingfuture.com/pages/ultraintelligentmachine.html Speculations Concerning the First Ultraintelligent Machine]''. [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/journals/ac/ac6.html Advances in Computers, Vol. 6], [http://www.stat.vt.edu/tech_reports/2005/GoodTechReport.pdf pdf], [http://commonsenseatheism.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Good-Speculations-Concerning-the-First-Ultraintelligent-Machine.pdf pdf]
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1965'''). ''[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1965PCPS...61..499G The generalization of Lagrange's expansion and the enumeration of trees]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Proceedings_of_the_Cambridge_Philosophical_Society Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society], Vol. 61, No. 2
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1965'''). ''Logic of man and machine''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPC_Media IPC Magazines Limited]
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1965'''). ''[http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/acl/literature/reports/p019.htm The Mystery of Go]''. [http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/acl/literature/reports/overview.htm Literature: Reports] hosted by [[Atlas Computer Laboratory]]
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1966'''). ''The probability of war''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Statistical_Society Journal of the Royal Statistical Society], Series A, Vol. 129
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1967'''). ''Human and machine logic''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Journal_for_the_Philosophy_of_Science British Journal for the Philosophy of Science], Vol. 18
* [[Jack Good]], [http://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=42113 R.F. Churchhouse] ('''1968'''). ''A New Conjecture Related to the Riemann Hypothesis''. in [http://www.worldcat.org/title/some-research-applications-of-the-computer/oclc/271050780 Some Research Applications of the Computer], [[Atlas Computer Laboratory]]
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1968'''). ''A Five-Year Plan for Automatic Chess''. [http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~shm/MI/mi2.html Machine Intelligence Vol. 2], [http://aitopics.org/sites/default/files/classic/Machine_Intelligence_2/MI2-Ch7-Good.pdf pdf] <ref>[[Paul Rushton]], [[Tony Marsland]] ('''1973'''). ''Current Chess Programs: A Summary of their Potential and Limitations''. INFOR Journal of the Canadian Information Processing Society Vol. 11, No. 1, [http://webdocs.cs.ualberta.ca/~tony/OldPapers/Rushton-Marsland-Feb73.pdf pdf]</ref>
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1969'''). ''Analysis of the machine chess game, J. Scott (White), ICL-1900 versus R.D. Greenblatt, PDP-10''. [http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~shm/MI/mi4.html Machine Intelligence Vol. 4] pp. 267-270 » [[John J. Scott]], [[ICL 1900]], [[Richard Greenblatt]], [[PDP-10]]
==1970 ...==
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1977'''). ''Dynamic Probability, Computer Chess, and the Measurement of Knowledge.'' [http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~shm/MI/mi8.html Machine Intelligence Vol. 8] pp. 139-150
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1978'''). ''[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1045416.1045430 Review of "Advances in Computer Chess, Volume 1. by M.R.B. Clarke"; University Press, 1977]''. ACM SIGART Bulletin, Issue 66 » [[Mike Clarke]], [[Advances in Computer Chess 1]]
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1978'''). ''Historical Notes''. [[Personal Computing#2_10|Personal Computing, Vol. 2, No. 10]], pp. 80, October 1978, from [[Jack Good]] ('''1968'''). ''A Five-Year Plan for Automatic Chess''.
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1978'''). ''Historical Notes''. [[Personal Computing#2_11|Personal Computing, Vol. 2, No. 11]], pp. 27, November 1978, cont.
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1979'''). ''On the Grading of Chess Players''. [[Personal Computing#3_3|Personal Computing, Vol. 3, No. 3]], pp. 47
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1979'''). ''Rules for computer chess tournaments: an open letter to the tournament rules and organization committee of the International Computer Chess Association''. [[ICGA Journal#2_2|ICCA Newsletter, Vol. 2, No. 2]]
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1979'''). ''[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2335677 Studies in the history of probability and statistics. XXXVII AM Turing’s statistical work in World War II]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biometrika Biometrika], Vol. 66, No. 2
==1980 ...==
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1982'''). ''When will the rules of chess be changed?'' British Chess Magazine 102, No. 7 (July 1982), 305-306.
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1988'''). ''Some Comments Concerning an Article by De Groot.'' [[ICGA Journal#11_23|ICCA Journal, Vol. 11, No. 2/3]] <ref>[[Adriaan de Groot]] ('''1988'''). ''A Rejoinder to I.J. Good's Comments.'' [[ICGA Journal#11_23|ICCA Journal, Vol. 11, No. 2/3]]</ref>
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1988'''). [http://www.jstor.org/pss/2245388 The Interface Between Statistics and Philosophy of Science]. Statistical Science, Vol. 3, No. 4
==1990 ...==
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1991'''). ''Analysis of the chess position shown in the film From Russia with Love, Kronsteen vs. MacAdams.'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_magazine Chess Monthly], Vol. 56, No. 5
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1998'''). ''The first game of randomized chess played in a regular chess match.'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_magazine Chess Monthly], Vol. 63, No. 5
==2000 ...==
* [[Jack Good]] ('''2000'''). ''[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00949650008812016 Turing’s anticipation of emprical Bayes in connection with the cryptanalysis of the naval enigma]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Statistical_Computation_and_Simulation Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation], Vol. 66, No. 2 <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banburismus Banburismus from Wikipedia]</ref> <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good%E2%80%93Turing_frequency_estimation Good–Turing frequency estimation from Wikipedia]</ref> <ref>[[David McAllester]], [[Robert Schapire]] ('''2000'''). ''On the Convergence Rate of Good-Turing Estimators''. [http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/colt/colt2000.html#McAllesterS00 COLT 2000], [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.41.340 CiteSeerX]</ref>
=External Links=
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._J._Good I.J. Good from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good%E2%80%93Turing_frequency_estimation Good–Turing frequency estimation from Wikipedia]
* [http://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=72215 The Mathematics Genealogy Project - Irving Good]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratio_Club Ratio Club from Wikipedia]
* [http://www.stat.vt.edu/facstaff/ijgood.html I.J. Good - University Distinguished Professor Emeritus], 1967-94 from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Polytechnic_Institute_and_State_University Virginia Tech]
* [http://ei.cs.vt.edu/%7Ehistory/Good.html Irving John (Jack) Good] from [http://ei.cs.vt.edu/%7Ehistory/people.html PEOPLE and PIONEERS] © [http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~janlee/Janlee.html J.A.N. Lee], 1998-2002.
* [http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/acl/associates/permanent/good.htm Professor I J Good] from [[Atlas Computer Laboratory]], hosted by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_Appleton_Laboratory Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL)]
* [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/military-obituaries/special-forces-obituaries/5132599/Professor-Jack-Good.html Professor Jack Good], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph#Website Telegraph], April 09, 2009
* [http://spartacus-educational.com/Jack_Good.htm Spies and Spymasters > Second World War > Jack Good] from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartacus_Educational Spartacus Educational]
* [http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/code.html Chess and the Code-Breakers] by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Winter_%28chess_historian%29 Edward Winter]
=References=
<references />
'''[[People|Up one level]]'''
[[FILE:JackGood.jpg|border|right|thumb|link=http://imagebase.lib.vt.edu/browse.php?folio_ID=/va/fac/good| I.J. Good <ref>[http://imagebase.lib.vt.edu/browse.php?folio_ID=/va/fac/good VT Image Base Photographs] Creator: Pat Hill of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omni_%28magazine%29 OMNI Magazine] 1979, January issue</ref> ]]
'''Irving John (Jack) Good''', (December 9, 1916 - April 5, 2009)<br/>
a British statistician and computer pioneer. During [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II World War II], Good worked with [[Alan Turing]] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conel_Hugh_O%27Donel_Alexander Conel Hugh O'Donel Alexander] at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bletchley_Park Bletchley Park], with [[Donald Michie]] and [[Shaun Wylie]] et al. in the section [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newmanry Newmanry] headed by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Newman Max Newman], contributing to crack the German [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenz_SZ_40/42 Lorenz cipher] <ref>[[Jack Good]], [[Donald Michie]], [[Mathematician#GTimms|Geoffrey Timms]] ('''1945'''). ''[http://www.alanturing.net/turing_archive/archive/index/tunnyreportindex.html General Report on Tunny]'' from [http://www.alanturing.net/turing_archive/index.html The Turing Archive for the History of Computing]</ref> <ref>[[The Computer History Museum#Codebreaking|From Codebreaking to Computing - Video]] from [[The Computer History Museum]]</ref>. After the war he worked at the [[University of Manchester]] and [[Atlas Computer Laboratory]], and had a variety of defense, consulting and academic positions, until he came to the United States in 1967, becoming a University Distinguished Professor at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Polytechnic_Institute_and_State_University Virginia Tech]. In 1965 he originated the concept of an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_singularity#Intelligence_explosion intelligence explosion], now known as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_singularity technological singularity] <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singularity_Institute_for_Artificial_Intelligence Singularity Institute for Artificial Intelligence from Wikiepedia]</ref>, which anticipates the eventual advent of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superintelligence superhuman intelligence] <ref>[[Jack Good]] ('''1965'''). ''[http://www.acceleratingfuture.com/pages/ultraintelligentmachine.html Speculations Concerning the First Ultraintelligent Machine]''. [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/journals/ac/ac6.html Advances in Computers, Vol. 6], [http://www.stat.vt.edu/tech_reports/2005/GoodTechReport.pdf pdf], [http://commonsenseatheism.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Good-Speculations-Concerning-the-First-Ultraintelligent-Machine.pdf pdf]</ref>. Jack Good died on April 5, 2009, aged 92 <ref>[http://www.vtnews.vt.edu/story.php?relyear=2009&itemno=276 In Memoriam: I. J. Good, University Distinguished Professor and pioneer of modern statistics], Obituary from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Polytechnic_Institute_and_State_University Virginia Tech]</ref>.
=Photos=
[[FILE:IJGoodCheltenham.jpg|none|border|text-bottom|link=http://imagebase.lib.vt.edu/browse.php?folio_ID=/va/fac/good]]
I. J. Good, nearest to camera - [http://www.cheltenham4u.co.uk/community/familyhistory_newspapers.asp Cheltenham Chronicle]. Final of the <br/>National Chess Club championship, a telephone match. August 20, 1955 <ref>[http://imagebase.lib.vt.edu/browse.php?folio_ID=/va/fac/good VT Image Base Photographs] Creator: Pat Hill of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omni_%28magazine%29 OMNI Magazine] 1979, January issue</ref>
=Five-Year Plan=
Jack Good was a strong chess player, and he published several papers related to computer chess in Michie's ''Machine Intelligence'' series <ref>[http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~shm/MI/mi.html Machine Intelligence series]</ref>, most notably his ''Five-Year Plan for Automatic Chess'' in 1968 <ref>[[Jack Good]] ('''1968'''). ''A Five-Year Plan for Automatic Chess''. [http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~shm/MI/mi2.html Machine Intelligence Vol. 2], [http://aitopics.org/sites/default/files/classic/Machine_Intelligence_2/MI2-Ch7-Good.pdf pdf]</ref>, excerpts reprinted in [[David Levy|David Levy's]] [[Computer Chess Compendium]], covering [[Material]], [[Quiescence Search|Quiescence]], Turbulence, and Agitation <ref>[[David Levy]] ('''1988'''). ''[[Computer Chess Compendium]] - 3.2 A Five-Year Plan for Automatic Chess (excerpt)''.</ref>.
<span id="TheoremProving"></span>
=Theorem-Proving=
Theorem-proving was mentioned in the ''Five-Year Plan for Automatic Chess'' <ref>[[Jack Good]] ('''1968'''). ''A Five-Year Plan for Automatic Chess''. [http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~shm/MI/mi2.html Machine Intelligence Vol. 2], pp. 93</ref>:
Theorem-proving resembles chess Playing in that we have an objective and an analysis tree, or graph, but differs in that a superficial expected pay-off replaces the iterated [[Minimax|minimax]]. The minimax idea can come in if we are trying to prove a theorem and we imagine that we have an opponent who wishes to disprove it. The value of our game is 1 if the theorem is true and — 1 if it is false. In the proof trees described in the paper by Dr D. C. Cooper <ref>David C. Cooper ('''1966'''). ''Mathematical proofs about computer programs''. [http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~shm/MI/mi1.html Machine Intelligence, Vol. 1]</ref> the 'and's correspond to moves of the opponent, since we must allow for both branches, whereas the `or's correspond to our own moves. The minimax (strictly maximin) value of the tree tells us whether the theorem is true, and, if we allow for superficial probabilities at the endpoints of the tree, the minimax value is the superficial probability of the theorem.
=Quotes=
==Jack Good==
by Jack Good, 1998 <ref>[http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/acl/associates/permanent/good.htm Excerpts from Acceptance Speech for the 1998 Computer Pioneers Award from the IEEE - Jack Good] hosted by [[Atlas Computer Laboratory]]</ref>:
In letters to [[Alan Turing|Turing]], on September 16 and October 3, 1948, I mentioned the idea of resonance circuits in the brain; especially as a method for noticing analogies... In the postscript I discussed chess-playing machines, which he and I had discussed in 1941, and gave a reasonable definition of a forced variation. I took for granted the need to distinguish between quiescent and non-quiescent positions. [[Claude Shannon|Shannon's]] paper on chess appeared in 1950.
In a letter to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Calland_Williams F C Williams] in July 1951 I said "A facetious question is whether it is intended to display chess positions on the monitoring tubes". Of course today it is no longer at all facetious.
==David Levy==
[[David Levy]] in ''[[Computer Chess Compendium]]'' <ref>[[David Levy]] ('''1988'''). ''[[Computer Chess Compendium]]'', 3 Position Evaluation pp. 112</ref>:
Perhaps non-linear evaluation functions will become popular at some future date, in which case some of Good's ideas will come into their own.
==The Times==
Excerpt from the Obituary, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times The Times] <ref>[http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/acl/associates/permanent/good.htm Obituary, The Times - Brilliant mathematician and Bletchley Park codebreaker who laid the foundations of modern statistics] hosted by [[Atlas Computer Laboratory]]</ref>
To statisticians, Good is one of the founding fathers of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_statistics Bayesian statistics], an approach to the discipline based on work of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bayes Thomas Bayes] in 1764. In it one forms a view of the phenomenon under study, quantifying one's uncertainty in terms of a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_distribution probability distribution] (the prior distribution). One then draws a sample, obtaining data, and uses the data and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayes%27_theorem Bayes's theorem] to update this prior uncertainty to give a new distribution, the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_distribution posterior distribution]. This approach - the Bayesian paradigm, as it is now called - was little used before Good's work but was given an important boost by his 1950 book and his extensive subsequent writings, and is firmly established today. Good's other interests included [[Artificial Intelligence|artificial intelligence]] - in particular, training computers to play chess and philosophy.
=From Russia with Love=
In 1991, Jack Good analyzed the famous position shown in the film [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_Russia_with_Love_%28film%29 From Russia with Love], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_James_Bond_henchmen_in_From_Russia_with_Love#Kronsteen Kronsteen] vs. MacAdams <ref>[[Jack Good]] ('''1991'''). ''Analysis of the chess position shown in the film From Russia with Love, Kronsteen vs. MacAdams.'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_magazine Chess Monthly], Vol. 56, No. 5</ref>, with the motive of the position was taken from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Spassky Spassky] versus [[David Bronstein|Bronstein]] 1960 <ref>[http://hogranch.com/mayer/chess_frwl.html The Chess Game in the James Bond classic From Russia, With Love] from [http://hogranch.com/mayer/home.html Ernst's Home Page]</ref>. The difference is that MacAdams had 22...Ne6. <ref>[http://www.xs4all.nl/%7Etimkr/chess2/diary_13.htm OPEN CHESS DIARY 241-260], 250. July 6, 2004: ''You are requested to make a blunder'' by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Krabb%C3%A9 Tim Krabbé]</ref><ref>[http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=1882 The name is Spassky – Boris Spassky] from [[ChessBase|ChessBase news]], September 2, 2004</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Kronsteen - MacAdams
| style="text-align:center;" | Spassky - Bronstein
|-
| <fentt border="double" style="font-size:24pt">r3rnk1/ppp1qNp1/7p/4b3/5Q2/1B6/PP4PP/5RK1</fentt>
| <fentt border="double" style="font-size:24pt">r3rnk1/ppp1qNp1/7p/2P1b3/3P1Q2/1B6/PP4PP/5RK1</fentt>
|-
| r3rnk1/ppp1qNp1/7p/4b3/5Q2/1B6/PP4PP/5RK1 w - - 0 1
| r3rnk1/ppp1qNp1/7p/2P1b3/3P1Q2/1B6/PP4PP/5RK1 w - - 0 22
|}
<pre>
[Event "URS-ch"]
[Site "Leningrad"]
[Date "1960.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Boris Spassky"]
[Black "David Bronstein"]
[Result "1-0"]
1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 3.Nf3 d5 4.exd5 Bd6 5.Nc3 Ne7 6.d4 0-0 7.Bd3 Nd7 8.0-0 h6 9.Ne4 Nxd5 10.c4 Ne3
11.Bxe3 fxe3 12.c5 Be7 13.Bc2 Re8 14.Qd3 e2 15.Nd6 Nf8 16.Nxf7 exf1Q+ 17.Rxf1 Bf5 18.Qxf5 Qd7
19.Qf4 Bf6 20.N3e5 Qe7 21.Bb3 Bxe5 22.Nxe5+ Kh7 23.Qe4+ 1-0
</pre>
: [http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desde_Rusia_con_amor_%28pel%C3%ADcula%29 Desde Rusia con Amor], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube YouTube] Video
: {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=csNehCmx2wg|alignment=left|valignment=top}}
=See also=
* [[The Computer History Museum#Codebreaking|From Codebreaking to Computing - Video]] from [[The Computer History Museum]]
* [[Marvin Minsky#HAL9000|HAL 9000]]
* [[Point Value#TheoreticalAttempt|Point Value - Theoretical Attempt]]
* [[Alan Turing#DeathOfAlanTuring|The Strange Life and Death of Dr Turing - Video]]
=Selected Publications=
<ref>[http://ilk.uvt.nl/icga/journal/docs/References.pdf ICGA Reference Database] (pdf)</ref> <ref>[http://www.web-e.stat.vt.edu/holtzman/IJGood/IJGoodsShorterPubList,Aug19,2003.pdf I.J. Good's Shorter Publications List] (pdf) from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Polytechnic_Institute_and_State_University Virginia Tech]</ref>
==1939==
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1939'''). ''Mathematics and chess''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eureka_%28University_of_Cambridge_magazine%29 Eureka I]
==1940 ...==
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1941''') ''Fourier Analysis''. Ph.D. thesis, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge University of Cambridge], advisor [[Mathematician#Hardy|Godfrey Harold Hardy]]
* [[Jack Good]], [[Donald Michie]], [[Mathematician#GTimms|Geoffrey Timms]] ('''1945'''). ''[http://www.alanturing.net/turing_archive/archive/index/tunnyreportindex.html General Report on Tunny]'' from [http://www.alanturing.net/turing_archive/index.html The Turing Archive for the History of Computing]
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1946'''). ''[http://jlms.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/citation/s1-21/3/167 Normal Recurring Decimals]''. [http://www.lms.ac.uk/publications/jlms Journal of the London Mathematical Society] 1946
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1949'''). ''The number of individuals in a casade process''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Proceedings_of_the_Cambridge_Philosophical_Society Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society], Vol. 45
==1950 ...==
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1950'''). ''Probability and the Weighing of Evidence''. Griffin, London
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1952/55'''). ''Notes on Randomised Chess''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_magazine Chess]
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1953'''). ''[http://biomet.oxfordjournals.org/content/40/3-4/237 The population frequencies of species and the estimation of population parameters]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biometrika Biometrika], Vol. 40, Nos. 3-4 <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good%E2%80%93Turing_frequency_estimation Good–Turing frequency estimation]</ref>
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1959'''). ''Could a machine make probability judgments?'' [https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_computersAndAutomation Computers and Automation], Vol. 8
==1960 ...==
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1962'''). ''Botryological speculations''. in
: [[Jack Good]], [http://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/ch.cgi?111409 A. J. Mayne], [[John Maynard Smith]] (eds.) ('''1962'''). ''[http://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/title.cgi?983903 The Scientist Speculates].'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinemann_%28publisher%29 Heinemann]
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1964'''). ''Measurement of decisions''. in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_W._Cooper William W. Cooper], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Leavitt Harold J. Leavitt], [http://satisfactionpsychology.wordpress.com/tag/maynard-shelly/ Maynard W. Shelly] (eds.) ('''1964'''). ''New Perspectives in Organisation Research''. pp. 391-404. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons Wiley]
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1964'''). ''The Human Preserve''. an Invited Contribution to a Symposium on [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life Extraterrestrial Life] held by the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Biology Institute of Biology] and the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Interplanetary_Society British Interplanetary Society], May 1964, [http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/details?uri=C716 Records of Royal Naval Scientific Service]
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1965'''). ''[http://www.acceleratingfuture.com/pages/ultraintelligentmachine.html Speculations Concerning the First Ultraintelligent Machine]''. [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/journals/ac/ac6.html Advances in Computers, Vol. 6], [http://www.stat.vt.edu/tech_reports/2005/GoodTechReport.pdf pdf], [http://commonsenseatheism.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Good-Speculations-Concerning-the-First-Ultraintelligent-Machine.pdf pdf]
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1965'''). ''[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1965PCPS...61..499G The generalization of Lagrange's expansion and the enumeration of trees]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Proceedings_of_the_Cambridge_Philosophical_Society Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society], Vol. 61, No. 2
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1965'''). ''Logic of man and machine''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPC_Media IPC Magazines Limited]
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1965'''). ''[http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/acl/literature/reports/p019.htm The Mystery of Go]''. [http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/acl/literature/reports/overview.htm Literature: Reports] hosted by [[Atlas Computer Laboratory]]
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1966'''). ''The probability of war''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Statistical_Society Journal of the Royal Statistical Society], Series A, Vol. 129
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1967'''). ''Human and machine logic''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Journal_for_the_Philosophy_of_Science British Journal for the Philosophy of Science], Vol. 18
* [[Jack Good]], [http://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=42113 R.F. Churchhouse] ('''1968'''). ''A New Conjecture Related to the Riemann Hypothesis''. in [http://www.worldcat.org/title/some-research-applications-of-the-computer/oclc/271050780 Some Research Applications of the Computer], [[Atlas Computer Laboratory]]
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1968'''). ''A Five-Year Plan for Automatic Chess''. [http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~shm/MI/mi2.html Machine Intelligence Vol. 2], [http://aitopics.org/sites/default/files/classic/Machine_Intelligence_2/MI2-Ch7-Good.pdf pdf] <ref>[[Paul Rushton]], [[Tony Marsland]] ('''1973'''). ''Current Chess Programs: A Summary of their Potential and Limitations''. INFOR Journal of the Canadian Information Processing Society Vol. 11, No. 1, [http://webdocs.cs.ualberta.ca/~tony/OldPapers/Rushton-Marsland-Feb73.pdf pdf]</ref>
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1969'''). ''Analysis of the machine chess game, J. Scott (White), ICL-1900 versus R.D. Greenblatt, PDP-10''. [http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~shm/MI/mi4.html Machine Intelligence Vol. 4] pp. 267-270 » [[John J. Scott]], [[ICL 1900]], [[Richard Greenblatt]], [[PDP-10]]
==1970 ...==
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1977'''). ''Dynamic Probability, Computer Chess, and the Measurement of Knowledge.'' [http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~shm/MI/mi8.html Machine Intelligence Vol. 8] pp. 139-150
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1978'''). ''[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1045416.1045430 Review of "Advances in Computer Chess, Volume 1. by M.R.B. Clarke"; University Press, 1977]''. ACM SIGART Bulletin, Issue 66 » [[Mike Clarke]], [[Advances in Computer Chess 1]]
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1978'''). ''Historical Notes''. [[Personal Computing#2_10|Personal Computing, Vol. 2, No. 10]], pp. 80, October 1978, from [[Jack Good]] ('''1968'''). ''A Five-Year Plan for Automatic Chess''.
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1978'''). ''Historical Notes''. [[Personal Computing#2_11|Personal Computing, Vol. 2, No. 11]], pp. 27, November 1978, cont.
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1979'''). ''On the Grading of Chess Players''. [[Personal Computing#3_3|Personal Computing, Vol. 3, No. 3]], pp. 47
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1979'''). ''Rules for computer chess tournaments: an open letter to the tournament rules and organization committee of the International Computer Chess Association''. [[ICGA Journal#2_2|ICCA Newsletter, Vol. 2, No. 2]]
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1979'''). ''[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2335677 Studies in the history of probability and statistics. XXXVII AM Turing’s statistical work in World War II]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biometrika Biometrika], Vol. 66, No. 2
==1980 ...==
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1982'''). ''When will the rules of chess be changed?'' British Chess Magazine 102, No. 7 (July 1982), 305-306.
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1988'''). ''Some Comments Concerning an Article by De Groot.'' [[ICGA Journal#11_23|ICCA Journal, Vol. 11, No. 2/3]] <ref>[[Adriaan de Groot]] ('''1988'''). ''A Rejoinder to I.J. Good's Comments.'' [[ICGA Journal#11_23|ICCA Journal, Vol. 11, No. 2/3]]</ref>
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1988'''). [http://www.jstor.org/pss/2245388 The Interface Between Statistics and Philosophy of Science]. Statistical Science, Vol. 3, No. 4
==1990 ...==
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1991'''). ''Analysis of the chess position shown in the film From Russia with Love, Kronsteen vs. MacAdams.'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_magazine Chess Monthly], Vol. 56, No. 5
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1998'''). ''The first game of randomized chess played in a regular chess match.'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_magazine Chess Monthly], Vol. 63, No. 5
==2000 ...==
* [[Jack Good]] ('''2000'''). ''[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00949650008812016 Turing’s anticipation of emprical Bayes in connection with the cryptanalysis of the naval enigma]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Statistical_Computation_and_Simulation Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation], Vol. 66, No. 2 <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banburismus Banburismus from Wikipedia]</ref> <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good%E2%80%93Turing_frequency_estimation Good–Turing frequency estimation from Wikipedia]</ref> <ref>[[David McAllester]], [[Robert Schapire]] ('''2000'''). ''On the Convergence Rate of Good-Turing Estimators''. [http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/colt/colt2000.html#McAllesterS00 COLT 2000], [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.41.340 CiteSeerX]</ref>
=External Links=
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._J._Good I.J. Good from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good%E2%80%93Turing_frequency_estimation Good–Turing frequency estimation from Wikipedia]
* [http://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=72215 The Mathematics Genealogy Project - Irving Good]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratio_Club Ratio Club from Wikipedia]
* [http://www.stat.vt.edu/facstaff/ijgood.html I.J. Good - University Distinguished Professor Emeritus], 1967-94 from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Polytechnic_Institute_and_State_University Virginia Tech]
* [http://ei.cs.vt.edu/%7Ehistory/Good.html Irving John (Jack) Good] from [http://ei.cs.vt.edu/%7Ehistory/people.html PEOPLE and PIONEERS] © [http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~janlee/Janlee.html J.A.N. Lee], 1998-2002.
* [http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/acl/associates/permanent/good.htm Professor I J Good] from [[Atlas Computer Laboratory]], hosted by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_Appleton_Laboratory Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL)]
* [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/military-obituaries/special-forces-obituaries/5132599/Professor-Jack-Good.html Professor Jack Good], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph#Website Telegraph], April 09, 2009
* [http://spartacus-educational.com/Jack_Good.htm Spies and Spymasters > Second World War > Jack Good] from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartacus_Educational Spartacus Educational]
* [http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/code.html Chess and the Code-Breakers] by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Winter_%28chess_historian%29 Edward Winter]
=References=
<references />
'''[[People|Up one level]]'''
