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Quote by [[Maarten van Emden]] in ''I remember [[Donald Michie]]'' <ref>[http://vanemden.wordpress.com/2009/06/12/i-remember-donald-michie-1923-2007/ I remember Donald Michie (1923 – 2007) « A Programmers Place] by [[Maarten van Emden]], June 12, 2009</ref>:
In 1980 I spent another summer in Edinburgh as a guest of [[Donald Michie]]. Since the low point of 1975, thanks to assiduous and inventive joint pursuit of funding possibilities by Donald and [[Jean Hayes Michie|Jean]], the Machine Intelligence Research Unit was alive with work focused on [[Endgame|chess endgames]]. There were students, including [[Tim Niblett]] and [[Alen Shapiro]]. [[Danny Kopec]] was there, perhaps formally as a student, but de facto as the resident chess consultant. [[Ivan Bratko]] visited frequently. Alen was the administrator of the dream computing environment of that time: a small [[PDP-11]] running [[Unix]].
==AI as Sport==
Quote by [[John McCarthy]] from ''AI as Sport'' <ref>[[John McCarthy]] ('''1997'''). ''AI as Sport''. Science, Vol. 276, June 6, pp. 1518-1519.</ref><ref>[http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/newborn/newborn.html AI as Sport] by [[John McCarthy]]</ref>:
Besides AI work aimed at tournament play, particular aspects of the game have illuminated the intellectual mechanisms involved. [[Barbara Liskov]] demonstrated that what chess books teach about how to win certain [[Endgame|endgames]] is not a program but more like a predicate comparing two positions to see if one is an improvement on the other. Such qualitative comparisons are an important feature of human intelligence and are needed for AI. [[Donald Michie]], [[Ivan Bratko]], [[Alen Shapiro]], [[David Wilkins]], and others have also used chess as a Drosophila to study intelligence. [[Monroe Newborn|Newborn]] ignores this work, because it is not oriented to tournament play.
=CLESS=
=Selected Publications=
<ref>[http://ilk.uvt.nl/icga/journal/docs/References.pdf [ICGA Journal#RefDB|ICGA Reference Database] (pdf)]</ref> <ref>[http://dblp.uni-trier.de/pers/hd/b/Bratko:Ivan dblp: Ivan Bratko]</ref>
==1978 ...==
* [[Ivan Bratko]] ('''1978'''). ''Proving Correctness of Strategies in the AL1 Assertional Language''. Information Processing Letters, Vol. 7, No. 5, pp. 223-230. <ref>[[Donald Michie]] ('''1976'''). ''[http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1045272 AL1: a package for generating strategies from tables]''. ACM SIGART Bulletin, Issue 59</ref>
* [[Mitja Luštrek]], [[Matjaž Gams]], [[Ivan Bratko]] ('''2003'''). ''A Program for Playing Tarok'', [[ICGA Journal#26_3|ICGA Journal, Vol. 26, No. 3]]
* [[Aleksander Sadikov]], [[Ivan Bratko]], [[Igor Kononenko]] ('''2003'''). ''Search versus Knowledge: An Empirical Study of Minimax on KRK''. [[Advances in Computer Games 10]], [http://www.ailab.si/sasha/acg2003.pdf pdf]
* [[Ivan Bratko]], [[Martin Možina]] ('''2004'''). ''Argumentation and machine learning''. Deliverable 2.1 for the ASPIC project
==2005 ...==
* [[Mitja Luštrek]], [[Matjaž Gams]], [[Ivan Bratko]] ('''2005'''). ''[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1642327 Why Minimax Works: An Alternative Explanation]''. [http[Conferences#IJCAI2005|IJCAI 2005]], [https://www.informatikijcai.uni-trier.deorg/~leyProceedings/db05/conf/ijcaiPapers/ijcai20051223.html#LustrekGB05 IJCAI 2005pdf pdf]
* [[Aleksander Sadikov]], [[Ivan Bratko]], [[Igor Kononenko]] ('''2005'''). ''[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V1G-4HCN79X-1&_user=10&_coverDate=12%2F14%2F2005&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=79f966215bea9b7461b6877c9373b0bf Bias and pathology in minimax search]''. Theoretical Computer Science, Vol. 349, 2, [http://lkm.fri.uni-lj.si/xaigor/slo/clanki/Sadikov_final.pdf pdf]
* [[Matej Guid]], [[Ivan Bratko]] ('''2006'''). ''Computer Analysis of World Chess Champions''. [[ICGA Journal#29_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 29, No. 2]], [http://www.ailab.si/matej/doc/Computer_Analysis_of_World_Chess_Champions.pdf pdf] <ref>[http://en.chessbase.com/post/computers-choose-who-was-the-strongest-player- Computers choose: who was the strongest player?], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], October 30, 2006</ref><ref>[http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=3465 Computer analysis of world champions] by [[Søren Riis]], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], November 02, 2006</ref>
* [[Mitja Luštrek]], [[Matjaž Gams]], [[Ivan Bratko]] ('''2006'''). ''Is Real-Valued Minimax Pathological''? [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_%28journal%29 Artificial Intelligence ], Vol. 170. , [httphttps://dis.ijs.si/MitjaL/documents/Is_Real-Valued_Minimax_Pathological-AIJ-06.pdf pdf]* [[Matej Guid]], [[Ivan Bratko]] ('''2006'''). ''[httphttps://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-540-75538-8_1 Computer Analysis of Chess Champions]''. [[CG 2006]]
* [[Aleksander Sadikov]], [[Martin Možina]], [[Matej Guid]], [[Jana Krivec]], [[Ivan Bratko]] ('''2006'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-540-75538-8_2 Automated Chess Tutor]''. [[CG 2006]]
* [[Aleksander Sadikov]], [[Ivan Bratko]] ('''2006'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-540-75538-8_15 Search Versus Knowledge Revisited Again]''. [[CG 2006]]
* [[Martin Možina]], [https://dblp.uni-trier.de/pers/hd/z/Zabkar:Jure Jure Žabkar], [[Ivan Bratko]] ('''2007'''). ''Argument Based Machine Learning''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_(journal) Artificial Intelligence], Vol. 171, Nos. 10-15, [https://ailab.si/martin/abml/ABCN2aij_final.pdf pdf preprint]
* [[Matej Guid]], [[Ivan Bratko]] ('''2007'''). ''Factors affecting diminishing returns for searching deeper''. [[CGW 2007]] » [[Crafty]], [[Rybka]], [[Shredder]], [[Depth#DiminishingReturns|Diminishing Returns]]
* [[Matej Guid]], [[Ivan Bratko]] ('''2007'''). ''Factors affecting diminishing returns for searching deeper''. [[ICGA Journal#30_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 30, No. 2]], [http://www.ailab.si/matej/doc/Factors_Affecting_Diminishing_Returns.pdf pdf]
==2010 ...==
* [[Matej Guid]], [[Martin Možina]], [[Aleksander Sadikov]], [[Ivan Bratko]] ('''2010'''). ''[http://www.springerlink.com/content/um0l155681087p7h Deriving Concepts and Strategies from Chess Tablebases]''. [[Advances in Computer Games 12]], [http://www.ailab.si/matej/doc/Deriving_Concepts_and_Strategies_from_Chess_Tablebases.pdf pdf]
* [[Dana Nau|Dana S. Nau]], [[Mitja Luštrek]], [[Austin Parker]], [[Ivan Bratko]], [[Matjaž Gams]] ('''2010'''). ''[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0004370210001402 When is it better not to look ahead?]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_%28journal%29 Artificial Intelligence], Vol. 174, No. 16–17, [http://dis.ijs.si/mitjal/documents/Nau-When_is_it_better_not_to_look_ahead-AIJ-10.pdf preprint as pdf]* [[Martin Možina]], [[Matej Guid]], [[Jana Krivec]], [[Aleksander Sadikov]], [[Ivan Bratko]] ('''2010'''). ''Learning to Explain with ABML''. [https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/exact/exact2010.html ExaCt 2010], [http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-650/0037.pdf pdf]
* [[Matej Guid]], [[Ivan Bratko]] ('''2011'''). ''Using Heuristic-Search Based Engines for Estimating Human Skill at Chess''. [[ICGA Journal#34_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 34, No. 2]]
* [[Mitja Luštrek]], [[Ivan Bratko]], [[Matjaž Gams]] ('''2011'''). ''[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304397511009522 Independent-valued minimax : Pathological or beneficial?]'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_Computer_Science_%28journal%29 Theoretical Computer Science], Vol. 422, [http://dis.ijs.si/MitjaL/documents/Independent-valued_minimax-Pathological_or_beneficial-TCS-12.pdf pdf]
* [[Matej Guid]], [[Ivan Bratko]] ('''2012'''). ''Detecting Fortresses in Chess''. [http://ev.fe.uni-lj.si/ Elektrotehniški vestnik], Vol. 79, Nos. 1-2, [https://ailab.si/matej/doc/Detecting_Fortresses_in_Chess.pdf pdf] » [[Rybka]], [[Houdini]] <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=64306&start=27 Re: Tony's positional test suite] by [[Louis Zulli]], [[CCC]], August 01, 2017</ref>
* [[Stephen Muggleton]], [[Mathematician#LDRaedt|Luc De Raedt]], [[Mathematician#DPoole|David Poole]], [[Ivan Bratko]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Flach Peter A. Flach], [http://research.nii.ac.jp/~inoue/official/content_e.html Katsumi Inoue], [[Ashwin Srinivasan]] ('''2012'''). ''[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10994-011-5259-2 ILP turns 20 - Biography and future challenges]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_Learning_(journal) Machine Learning], Vol. 86, No. 1
* [[Matej Guid]], [[Ivan Bratko]] ('''2013'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-39112-5_131 Search-Based Estimation of Problem Difficulty for Humans]''. [http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/aied/aied2013.html#GuidB13 AIED 2013], [https://ailab.si/matej/doc/Search-Based_Estimation_of_Problem_Difficulty.pdf pdf]
* [[Matej Guid]], [[Martin Možina]], [[Ciril Bohak]], [[Aleksander Sadikov]], [[Ivan Bratko]] ('''2013'''). ''Building an Intelligent Tutoring System for Chess Endgames''. [http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/csedu/csedu2013.html#GuidMBSB13 CSEDU 2013]
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