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'''[[Main Page|Home]] * [[Hardware]] * IBM 360'''
[[FILE:WatsonAnnounce360.jpg|border|right|thumb|link=http://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/mainframe-computers/7/161/576|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Watson,_Jr. Watson] announcing the 360 <ref>[http://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/mainframe-computers/7/161/576 Watson announcing the IBM System/360] from [[The Computer History Museum]], Courtesy of the IBM Corporate Archive, IBM claimed that the April 7, 1964 System/360 announcement was made to more than 100,000 people gathered in 165 cities</ref> ]]
'''IBM System/360''',<br/>
a 32-bit [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainframe_computer mainframe computer] system family announced by [[IBM|IBM's]] 2nd president, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Watson,_Jr. Thomas Watson, Jr.] on April 7, 1964, and delivered between 1965 and 1978. The chief architect of System/360 was [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Amdahl Gene Amdahl], the project was managed by [[Mathematician#FBrooks|Fred Brooks]].
=Technology=
Early 360 models used [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Solid_Logic_Technology Solid Logic Technology]. The '''360/195''' (1971) had [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emitter-coupled_logic ECL] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit integrated circuits] for the arithmetic and logic operations in the central processor combined with the 32 KiB high speed buffer memory. Each silicon memory chip was about 0.125 inches square and consisted of 664 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor transistors] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode diodes] etc. Each memory chip stored 64 bits of data. Two memory chips were mounted on a 0.5 inch ceramic substrate <ref>[http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/ca/technology/s360_195/p002.htm System/360 Model 195 - Circuit Technology] from [[Atlas Computer Laboratory]]</ref>. A typical 360/195 configuration would be a single CPU with 2 MiB [[Memory|core memory]], an operator's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_console console] with a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray_tube cathode-ray tube] (CRT) display for diagnostics and operator control <ref>[http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/ca/technology/s360_195/p005.htm System/360 Model 195 - Configuration] from [[Atlas Computer Laboratory]]</ref>.
=Architecture=
The System/360 had a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipeline_%28computing%29 pipelined] architecture with 16 32-bit general-purpose registers, four 64-bit floating-point registers, and 24-bit (16 MiB) byte-addressable interleaved [[Memory|memory]] of [[Big-endian]] byte/word order. Most models used [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcode microcode] to implement the instruction set. Machine instructions had operators with operands, which could contain register numbers or memory addresses. Binary arithmetic and logical operations are performed as register-to-register and as memory-to-register/register-to-memory as a standard feature, and had 4-bit [[Nibble|nibble]] , 8-bit [[Byte|byte]], 16-bit halfword, 32-bit word , 64-bit double word or 128-bit quad word memory operands, or even 2048 byte storage blocks <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_System/360_architecture#Memory IBM System/360 architecture - Memory - Wikipedia]</ref>. Five separate units allowed the '''360/195''' to overlap and process up to seven different operations at the same time. The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating-point_unit floating-point] unit could handle up to two additions and a multiplication at one time.
=Photos=
[[FILE:IBM360-67AtUmichWithMikeAlexander.jpg|none|border|text-bottom|640px|link=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IBM360-67AtUmichWithMikeAlexander.jpg]]
[[Mike Alexander]] at the console of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_System/360_Model_67 IBM S/360 Model 67] ca 1969 <ref>Computing Center staff member [[Mike Alexander]] sitting at the console of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_System/360_Model_67 IBM S/360 Model 67] Duplex mainframe computer at the North University Building on the main campus of the [[University of Michigan]] in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan], sometime between 1968 and 1971, by Dave Mills, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Terminal_System Michigan Terminal System from Wikipedia], source [http://www.eecis.udel.edu/~mills/gallery/gallery8.html Michigan Terminal System]</ref>
[[FILE:IBM360-91Install.jpg|none|border|text-bottom|640px|link=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/computinghistory/36091.html]]
Installation of the IBM 360/91 at [[Columbia University]] in 1969<br/>The machine ran [[J. Biit]] at [[ACM 1970]], and [[CCCP (US)|CCCP]] at [[ACM 1971]] <ref>Installation of the IBM 360/91 in the Columbia Computer Center machine room in February or March 1969. Photo: AIS archive, [http://www.columbia.edu/cu/computinghistory/36091.html The IBM 360/91] - [[Columbia University]]</ref> <ref> [http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/mainframe/mainframe_PP2091.html IBM Archives: System/360 Model 91]</ref>
[[FILE:MasterTeam.JPG|none|border|text-bottom|640px|link=http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/gallery/ral/slide28.htm]]
[[Master]] on the [[IBM 360|360/195]]. [[Alex Bell]], Geoff Lambert, [[Peter Kent]], [[John Birmingham]] and [[John Waldron]] <ref>[http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/gallery/ral/slide28.htm Slide 28: 23.08.74 to 01.11.74] from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_Appleton_Laboratory Rutherford's] Photographic Section for the [[Atlas Computer Laboratory]]</ref>
=Chess Programs=
* [[CCCP (US)|CCCP]]
* [[Coko|COKO III]]
* [[Fischer-Schneider]]
* [[J. Biit]]
* [[Kaissa]] ([[ICL 4-70|ICL 4/70]])
* [[Master]]
* [[Schach (US)|Schach]]
=See also=
* [[IBM 370]]
* [[ICL 4-70]]
=Selected Publications=
* [http://awards.acm.org/award_winners/gifford_1281641.cfm David K. Gifford], [http://research.google.com/pubs/AlfredSpector.html Alfred Z. Spector] ('''1987'''). ''Case Study: IBM’S System/360-370 Architecture''. [[ACM#Communications|Communications of the ACM]], Vol. 30, No. 4, [http://www.cs.tufts.edu/~nr/cs257/archive/alfred-spector/spector87ibm.pdf pdf]
* [https://mitpress.mit.edu/authors/emerson-w-pugh Emerson W. Pugh], [https://mitpress.mit.edu/authors/lyle-r-johnson Lyle R. Johnson], [https://mitpress.mit.edu/authors/john-h-palmer John H. Palmer] ('''1991'''). ''[https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/ibms-360-and-early-370-systems IBM's 360 and Early 370 Systems]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press The MIT Press]
=External Links=
==IBM System/360==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_System/360 IBM System/360 from Wikipedia]
: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#1960.E2.80.931968:_The_System.2F360_era History of IBM - 1960–1968: The System/360 era]
: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_System/360_architecture IBM System/360 architecture]
: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_System/360_Model_67 IBM System/360 Model 67]
* [http://www.beagle-ears.com/lars/engineer/comphist/model360.htm Computer History: IBM 360/370/3090/390 Model Numbers]
* [http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/mainframe/mainframe_PR360.html IBM Archives: System/360 Announcement]
: [http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/mainframe/mainframe_intro2.html IBM Archives: Mainframes introduction 2]
: [http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/mainframe/mainframe_PP2091.html IBM Archives: System/360 Model 91]
* [http://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/mainframe-computers/7/161 IBM System/360] from [[The Computer History Museum]]
: [http://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/mainframe-computers/7/164 Inside System/360] from [[The Computer History Museum]]
* [http://www.columbia.edu/cu/computinghistory/36091.html The IBM 360/91] - [[Columbia University]]
* [http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/ca/technology/s360_195/p001.htm System/360 Model 195 from Chilton Computing], [[Atlas Computer Laboratory]]
* [http://www.theregister.co.uk/2014/04/07/ibm_s_360_50_anniversary/ Why won't you DIE? IBM's S/360 and its legacy at 50] by [http://www.theregister.co.uk/Author/2458/ Gavin Clarke], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Register The Register], April 07, 2014
==Peripheral==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_2250 IBM 2250 Graphics Display Unit from Wikipedia]
==Operating Systems==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BOS/360 BOS/360 from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS/360_and_successors DOS/360 and successors - Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/360_and_successors OS/360 and successors - Wikipedia]
==Assembly==
* [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/360_Assembly 360 Assembly - Wikibooks]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Basic_assembly_language_and_successors IBM Basic assembly language and successors - Wikipedia]
==Misc==
* [http://starringthecomputer.com/computer.html?c=111 Starring the Computer - IBM System/360]
=References=
<references />
'''[[Hardware|Up one Level]]'''
[[FILE:WatsonAnnounce360.jpg|border|right|thumb|link=http://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/mainframe-computers/7/161/576|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Watson,_Jr. Watson] announcing the 360 <ref>[http://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/mainframe-computers/7/161/576 Watson announcing the IBM System/360] from [[The Computer History Museum]], Courtesy of the IBM Corporate Archive, IBM claimed that the April 7, 1964 System/360 announcement was made to more than 100,000 people gathered in 165 cities</ref> ]]
'''IBM System/360''',<br/>
a 32-bit [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainframe_computer mainframe computer] system family announced by [[IBM|IBM's]] 2nd president, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Watson,_Jr. Thomas Watson, Jr.] on April 7, 1964, and delivered between 1965 and 1978. The chief architect of System/360 was [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Amdahl Gene Amdahl], the project was managed by [[Mathematician#FBrooks|Fred Brooks]].
=Technology=
Early 360 models used [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Solid_Logic_Technology Solid Logic Technology]. The '''360/195''' (1971) had [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emitter-coupled_logic ECL] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit integrated circuits] for the arithmetic and logic operations in the central processor combined with the 32 KiB high speed buffer memory. Each silicon memory chip was about 0.125 inches square and consisted of 664 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor transistors] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode diodes] etc. Each memory chip stored 64 bits of data. Two memory chips were mounted on a 0.5 inch ceramic substrate <ref>[http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/ca/technology/s360_195/p002.htm System/360 Model 195 - Circuit Technology] from [[Atlas Computer Laboratory]]</ref>. A typical 360/195 configuration would be a single CPU with 2 MiB [[Memory|core memory]], an operator's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_console console] with a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray_tube cathode-ray tube] (CRT) display for diagnostics and operator control <ref>[http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/ca/technology/s360_195/p005.htm System/360 Model 195 - Configuration] from [[Atlas Computer Laboratory]]</ref>.
=Architecture=
The System/360 had a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipeline_%28computing%29 pipelined] architecture with 16 32-bit general-purpose registers, four 64-bit floating-point registers, and 24-bit (16 MiB) byte-addressable interleaved [[Memory|memory]] of [[Big-endian]] byte/word order. Most models used [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcode microcode] to implement the instruction set. Machine instructions had operators with operands, which could contain register numbers or memory addresses. Binary arithmetic and logical operations are performed as register-to-register and as memory-to-register/register-to-memory as a standard feature, and had 4-bit [[Nibble|nibble]] , 8-bit [[Byte|byte]], 16-bit halfword, 32-bit word , 64-bit double word or 128-bit quad word memory operands, or even 2048 byte storage blocks <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_System/360_architecture#Memory IBM System/360 architecture - Memory - Wikipedia]</ref>. Five separate units allowed the '''360/195''' to overlap and process up to seven different operations at the same time. The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating-point_unit floating-point] unit could handle up to two additions and a multiplication at one time.
=Photos=
[[FILE:IBM360-67AtUmichWithMikeAlexander.jpg|none|border|text-bottom|640px|link=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IBM360-67AtUmichWithMikeAlexander.jpg]]
[[Mike Alexander]] at the console of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_System/360_Model_67 IBM S/360 Model 67] ca 1969 <ref>Computing Center staff member [[Mike Alexander]] sitting at the console of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_System/360_Model_67 IBM S/360 Model 67] Duplex mainframe computer at the North University Building on the main campus of the [[University of Michigan]] in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan], sometime between 1968 and 1971, by Dave Mills, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Terminal_System Michigan Terminal System from Wikipedia], source [http://www.eecis.udel.edu/~mills/gallery/gallery8.html Michigan Terminal System]</ref>
[[FILE:IBM360-91Install.jpg|none|border|text-bottom|640px|link=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/computinghistory/36091.html]]
Installation of the IBM 360/91 at [[Columbia University]] in 1969<br/>The machine ran [[J. Biit]] at [[ACM 1970]], and [[CCCP (US)|CCCP]] at [[ACM 1971]] <ref>Installation of the IBM 360/91 in the Columbia Computer Center machine room in February or March 1969. Photo: AIS archive, [http://www.columbia.edu/cu/computinghistory/36091.html The IBM 360/91] - [[Columbia University]]</ref> <ref> [http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/mainframe/mainframe_PP2091.html IBM Archives: System/360 Model 91]</ref>
[[FILE:MasterTeam.JPG|none|border|text-bottom|640px|link=http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/gallery/ral/slide28.htm]]
[[Master]] on the [[IBM 360|360/195]]. [[Alex Bell]], Geoff Lambert, [[Peter Kent]], [[John Birmingham]] and [[John Waldron]] <ref>[http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/gallery/ral/slide28.htm Slide 28: 23.08.74 to 01.11.74] from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_Appleton_Laboratory Rutherford's] Photographic Section for the [[Atlas Computer Laboratory]]</ref>
=Chess Programs=
* [[CCCP (US)|CCCP]]
* [[Coko|COKO III]]
* [[Fischer-Schneider]]
* [[J. Biit]]
* [[Kaissa]] ([[ICL 4-70|ICL 4/70]])
* [[Master]]
* [[Schach (US)|Schach]]
=See also=
* [[IBM 370]]
* [[ICL 4-70]]
=Selected Publications=
* [http://awards.acm.org/award_winners/gifford_1281641.cfm David K. Gifford], [http://research.google.com/pubs/AlfredSpector.html Alfred Z. Spector] ('''1987'''). ''Case Study: IBM’S System/360-370 Architecture''. [[ACM#Communications|Communications of the ACM]], Vol. 30, No. 4, [http://www.cs.tufts.edu/~nr/cs257/archive/alfred-spector/spector87ibm.pdf pdf]
* [https://mitpress.mit.edu/authors/emerson-w-pugh Emerson W. Pugh], [https://mitpress.mit.edu/authors/lyle-r-johnson Lyle R. Johnson], [https://mitpress.mit.edu/authors/john-h-palmer John H. Palmer] ('''1991'''). ''[https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/ibms-360-and-early-370-systems IBM's 360 and Early 370 Systems]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press The MIT Press]
=External Links=
==IBM System/360==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_System/360 IBM System/360 from Wikipedia]
: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#1960.E2.80.931968:_The_System.2F360_era History of IBM - 1960–1968: The System/360 era]
: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_System/360_architecture IBM System/360 architecture]
: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_System/360_Model_67 IBM System/360 Model 67]
* [http://www.beagle-ears.com/lars/engineer/comphist/model360.htm Computer History: IBM 360/370/3090/390 Model Numbers]
* [http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/mainframe/mainframe_PR360.html IBM Archives: System/360 Announcement]
: [http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/mainframe/mainframe_intro2.html IBM Archives: Mainframes introduction 2]
: [http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/mainframe/mainframe_PP2091.html IBM Archives: System/360 Model 91]
* [http://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/mainframe-computers/7/161 IBM System/360] from [[The Computer History Museum]]
: [http://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/mainframe-computers/7/164 Inside System/360] from [[The Computer History Museum]]
* [http://www.columbia.edu/cu/computinghistory/36091.html The IBM 360/91] - [[Columbia University]]
* [http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/ca/technology/s360_195/p001.htm System/360 Model 195 from Chilton Computing], [[Atlas Computer Laboratory]]
* [http://www.theregister.co.uk/2014/04/07/ibm_s_360_50_anniversary/ Why won't you DIE? IBM's S/360 and its legacy at 50] by [http://www.theregister.co.uk/Author/2458/ Gavin Clarke], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Register The Register], April 07, 2014
==Peripheral==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_2250 IBM 2250 Graphics Display Unit from Wikipedia]
==Operating Systems==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BOS/360 BOS/360 from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS/360_and_successors DOS/360 and successors - Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/360_and_successors OS/360 and successors - Wikipedia]
==Assembly==
* [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/360_Assembly 360 Assembly - Wikibooks]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Basic_assembly_language_and_successors IBM Basic assembly language and successors - Wikipedia]
==Misc==
* [http://starringthecomputer.com/computer.html?c=111 Starring the Computer - IBM System/360]
=References=
<references />
'''[[Hardware|Up one Level]]'''
