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'''[[Main Page|Home]] * [[Hardware]] * Ferranti Mark 1'''
'''Ferranti Mark 1''',<br/>
the world's first commercially available general-purpose electronic computer, produced by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferranti Ferranti] <ref>[http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/acl/technology/atlas/p001.htm Ferranti: the Company] from [[Atlas Computer Laboratory]]</ref>. The first machine was delivered to the [[University of Manchester]] in February 1951 <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferranti_Mark_1#History_and_specifications Ferranti Mark 1 - History and specifications, from Wikipedia]</ref>. Ferranti Mark 1 was a tidied up and commercialized version of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Mark_1 Manchester Mark 1] developed in 1948-1949 at the University of Manchester, which was a further development of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Small-Scale_Experimental_Machine Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine] (SSEM, nicked Baby) by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Calland_Williams Frederic C. Williams], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Kilburn Tom Kilburn] and Geoff Tootill <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Small-Scale_Experimental_Machine Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine from Wikipedia]</ref>. During the 1940s, [[Alan Turing]] and others such as [[Konrad Zuse]] developed the idea of using the computer's own [[Memory|memory]] to hold both the [[Program|program]] and [[Data|data]]. It was [[John von Neumann]] who became widely credited with defining that [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stored-program_computer stored-program computer] architecture, on which the Mark 1 was based <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Mark_1#Background Manchester Mark 1 - Background]</ref> <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Neumann_architecture Von Neumann architecture from Wikipedia]</ref>.
=Memory=
The Mark 1 used a 20-[[Bit|bit]] word stored as a single line of dots on a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_tube Williams-Kilburn tube], each tube storing 64 lines. Instructions were stored in a single word, while numbers were stored in two words (40 bits). The [[Memory|main memory]] had eight tubes, each storing one page of 64 words. Other tubes stored the single 80-bit accumulator (A), the 40-bit multiplicand/quotient register (MQ) and eight B-lines, or index registers, used to modify instructions. An extra 20-bit word per tube stored an offset value into the secondary storage, a 512-page [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_drum magnetic drum].
[[FILE:Williams-tube.jpg|none|border|text-bottom]]
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_tube Williams-Kilburn tube] <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_tube Williams tube from Wikipedia]</ref>
<span id="Instructions"></span>
=Instructions=
The 20 bit instructions had an address and an operator part. The coding of instructions was: bits 0-8 the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray_tube CRT] address, bits 10-12 the B-line address and bits 13-19 the function code. Writing of programs was based on a numerical system to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base32 base 32] <ref>[http://www.computer50.org/mark1/program.html Programming the Mark 1]</ref>. Integer numbers were usually treated as 40 bit double words, negative numbers already represented as [[General Setwise Operations#TheTwosComplement|Two's complement]]. The Mark 1 had an instruction to find the position of the most significant digit <ref>[[Alan Turing]] ('''1949'''). ''[http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=doc-431614f45472f Alan Turing's Manual for the Ferranti Mk. I]''. transcribed in 2000 by [http://www.panix.com/~rst/ Robert Thau], [http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/text/2-1.Ferranti_Mark_1_manual.Turing-Alan/2-1.Ferranti_Mark_1_manual.Turing-Alan.1951.UNIVERSITY_OF_MANCHESTER.062303005.pdf pdf] from [[The Computer History Museum]], 9.4 The position of the most significant digit</ref> aka [[Bitscan#Bitscanreverse|Bitscan reverse]] or [[Bitscan#LeadingZeroCount|Leading Zero Count]] for the purpose to convert integers to normalized [[Float|floating point numbers]], as well as a [[Population Count]] instruction for [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptography Cryptography] purposes <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptography Cryptography] is also a significant application of the /R function symbol, which counts the number of one bits in a word; Turing refers to this as the "sideways adder" in his quick-reference summary. from [[Alan Turing]] ('''1949'''). ''[http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=doc-431614f45472f Alan Turing's Manual for the Ferranti Mk. I]''. transcribed in 2000 by [http://www.panix.com/~rst/ Robert Thau], [http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/text/2-1.Ferranti_Mark_1_manual.Turing-Alan/2-1.Ferranti_Mark_1_manual.Turing-Alan.1951.UNIVERSITY_OF_MANCHESTER.062303005.pdf pdf] from [[The Computer History Museum]], 9.4 The position of the most significant digit</ref>. Arithmetical and logical instructions other than multiplication took 1.2 milliseconds (5 x 240 microseconds beats ), 40*40=80 bit multiplication 2.16 milliseconds (9 beats) <ref>[http://www.computer50.org/mark1/FM1.html#specification Ferranti Mark 1 - Specification] from [http://www.computer50.org/ Computer 50 - The University of Manchester Celebrates the Birth of the Modern Computer]</ref> <ref>[http://www.computer50.org/kgill/mark1/progman.html#s11 11. The time occupied by various operations] from [[Alan Turing]] ('''1951'''). ''[http://www.alanturing.net/turing_archive/archive/m/m01/M01-001.html Programmers' Handbook for the Manchester Electronic Computer Mark II]''. 1st edition</ref>.
=Console=
[[FILE:mark1controls.gif|none|border|text-bottom|640px|link=http://curation.cs.manchester.ac.uk/computer50/www.computer50.org/mark1/ip-fm1.controls.html]]
The two larger CRT displays could be switched to show the current contents of any of the 8 pages. The four smaller displays (presumably) permanently showed the current contents of the four auxiliary tubes, A (80-bit Accumulator), B (8 20-bit B-lines), C (Control Address and Present Instruction) and D (current multiplicand value). See the next picture and comment for the Input/Output equipment. <ref>[http://curation.cs.manchester.ac.uk/computer50/www.computer50.org/mark1/ip-fm1.controls.html The Ferranti Mark 1] from [http://curation.cs.manchester.ac.uk/computer50/www.computer50.org/mark1/photogallery.html#fm1 Mark 1 Photo Gallery], The two larger [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray_tube CRT] displays could be switched to show the current contents of any of the 8 pages. The four smaller displays (presumably) permanently showed the current contents of the four auxiliary tubes, A (80-bit Accumulator), B (8 20-bit B-lines), C (Control Address and Present Instruction) and D (current multiplicand value). Copyright [[University of Manchester|The University of Manchester]] 1998, 1999</ref>
=Checkers=
The first successful [[Artificial Intelligence|AI]] program was written in 1950/1951 by [[Christopher Strachey]], initially for the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_ACE Pilot ACE] at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory,_UK National Physical Laboratory], exhaustings its memory <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Strachey Christopher Strachey from Wikipedia]</ref>. Strachey’s [[Checkers|checkers]] (draughts) program was soon ported and ran on the Mark I computer at the [[University of Manchester]], and by the summer of 1952 the program could play a complete game of checkers at a reasonable speed <ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/37146/artificial-intelligence-AI/219091/Early-milestones-in-AI?anchor=ref739464 artificial intelligence (AI) :: Early milestones in AI] from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica Britannica Online Encyclopedia]</ref> <ref>[http://www.macalester.edu/psychology/whathap/ubnrp/intelligence05/MMhistory.html The “Modern” History of Artificial Intelligence and Programs] from [http://www.macalester.edu/academics/psychology/whathap/ubnrp/intelligence05/index.html Neuroscience Of Intelligence]</ref>, and already featured [[Bitboards]] for White, Black and Kings to [[Board Representation|represent the board]] <ref>On [[Bitboards]] for White, Black and Kings to [[Board Representation|represent the checkers board]], see [[Ferranti Mark 1#DavidLinkVideo|David Link Video]] at 1:04:02</ref>.
=Chess=
[[Alan Turing]], while affiliated with the [[University of Manchester]] began "porting" his pen and paper program [[Turochamp]] to run on a Mark 1, as well started with [[Donald Michie|Michie's]] and [[Shaun Wylie|Wylie's]] program [[Machiavelli]], but could not complete them <ref>[http://www.fbi.fh-darmstadt.de/fileadmin/vmi/chronologie/index.htm Chronology of Computing] compiled by [[Mathematician#DSingmaster|David Singmaster]]</ref>. Influenced by Turing's ideas, [[Dietrich Prinz]] developed the first limited chess program for the Ferranti Mark 1 in 1951, dubbed [[Mate-in-two]] <ref>[[Dietrich Prinz]] ('''1952'''). ''Robot Chess''. Research, Vol. 6, reprinted 1988 in [[Computer Chess Compendium]]</ref> <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_video_game#1947.E2.80.931958:_Chess First video game - 1947–1958: Chess, from Wikipedia]</ref>.
=Quotes=
by [[Jack Good]], 1998 <ref>[http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/acl/associates/permanent/good.htm Excerpts from Acceptance Speech for the 1998 Computer Pioneers Award from the IEEE - Jack Good] hosted by [[Atlas Computer Laboratory]]</ref>:
In a letter to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Calland_Williams F C Williams] in July 1951 I said "A facetious question is whether it is intended to display chess positions on the monitoring tubes". Of course today it is no longer at all facetious.
=See also=
* [[Alan Turing]]
* [[Christopher Strachey]]
* [[Dietrich Prinz]]
* [[Mate-in-two]]
* [[University of Manchester]]
=Selected Publications=
<ref>[http://www.computer50.org/kgill/mark1/mark1book.html Mark 1 Documents] from [http://www.computer50.org/ Computer 50 - The University of Manchester Celebrates the Birth of the Modern Computer]</ref>
* [[Alan Turing]] ('''1949'''). ''[http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=doc-431614f45472f Alan Turing's Manual for the Ferranti Mk. I]''. transcribed in 2000 by [http://www.panix.com/%7Erst/ Robert Thau], [http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/text/2-1.Ferranti_Mark_1_manual.Turing-Alan/2-1.Ferranti_Mark_1_manual.Turing-Alan.1951.UNIVERSITY_OF_MANCHESTER.062303005.pdf pdf] from [[The Computer History Museum]]
* [[Dietrich Prinz]] ('''1951'''). ''Introduction to Programming on the Manchester Electronic Digital Computer''. <ref>[http://archives.li.man.ac.uk/ead/html/gb133nahc-pri-p1.shtml Papers of Dr Dietrich G. Prinz - ELGAR: Electronic Gateway to Archives at Rylands] [http://www.library.manchester.ac.uk/ The John Rylands University Library] [[University of Manchester|The University of Manchester]]</ref> <ref>[http://www.chstm.manchester.ac.uk/downloads/media,38917,en.pdf UK National Archive for the History of Computing - Draft Catalogue Version 1.0], August 15, 2005 (pdf)</ref>
* [[Alan Turing]] ('''1951'''). ''[http://www.alanturing.net/turing_archive/archive/m/m01/M01-001.html Programmers' Handbook for the Manchester Electronic Computer Mark II]''. 1st edition
* [[Alan Turing]] ('''1952'''). ''[http://www.computer50.org/kgill/mark1/progman.html Programmers' Handbook for the Manchester Electronic Computer Mark II]''. 2nd edition, revised by [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/indices/a-tree/b/Brooker:R=_A=.html R.A. Brooker]
=External Links=
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferranti_Mark_1 Ferranti Mark 1 from Wikipedia]
: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Mark_1 Manchester Mark 1 from Wikipedia]
* [http://www.digital60.org/birth/manchestercomputers/mark1/ferranti.html The Ferranti Mark 1 (Digital 60)]
* [http://www.computer50.org/mark1/FM1.html Ferranti Mark 1] from [http://www.computer50.org/ Computer 50 - The University of Manchester Celebrates the Birth of the Modern Computer]
* [http://www.mosi.org.uk/media/34368825/ferranti%20mark%20i%20computer.pdf The Ferranti Mark I computer] pdf from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Science_and_Industry_%28Manchester%29 Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester]
* [http://www.macalester.edu/psychology/whathap/ubnrp/intelligence05/MMhistory.html The “Modern” History of Artificial Intelligence and Programs] from [http://www.macalester.edu/academics/psychology/whathap/ubnrp/intelligence05/index.html Neuroscience Of Intelligence]
* <span id="DavidLinkVideo"></span>[http://www.alpha60.de/art/love_letters/ LoveLetters_1.0, 2009—...:] by [http://www.alpha60.de/ David Link] » [[Christopher Strachey|Christopher Strachey's]] love letters
=References=
<references />
'''[[Hardware|Up one Level]]'''
'''Ferranti Mark 1''',<br/>
the world's first commercially available general-purpose electronic computer, produced by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferranti Ferranti] <ref>[http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/acl/technology/atlas/p001.htm Ferranti: the Company] from [[Atlas Computer Laboratory]]</ref>. The first machine was delivered to the [[University of Manchester]] in February 1951 <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferranti_Mark_1#History_and_specifications Ferranti Mark 1 - History and specifications, from Wikipedia]</ref>. Ferranti Mark 1 was a tidied up and commercialized version of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Mark_1 Manchester Mark 1] developed in 1948-1949 at the University of Manchester, which was a further development of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Small-Scale_Experimental_Machine Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine] (SSEM, nicked Baby) by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Calland_Williams Frederic C. Williams], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Kilburn Tom Kilburn] and Geoff Tootill <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Small-Scale_Experimental_Machine Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine from Wikipedia]</ref>. During the 1940s, [[Alan Turing]] and others such as [[Konrad Zuse]] developed the idea of using the computer's own [[Memory|memory]] to hold both the [[Program|program]] and [[Data|data]]. It was [[John von Neumann]] who became widely credited with defining that [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stored-program_computer stored-program computer] architecture, on which the Mark 1 was based <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Mark_1#Background Manchester Mark 1 - Background]</ref> <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Neumann_architecture Von Neumann architecture from Wikipedia]</ref>.
=Memory=
The Mark 1 used a 20-[[Bit|bit]] word stored as a single line of dots on a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_tube Williams-Kilburn tube], each tube storing 64 lines. Instructions were stored in a single word, while numbers were stored in two words (40 bits). The [[Memory|main memory]] had eight tubes, each storing one page of 64 words. Other tubes stored the single 80-bit accumulator (A), the 40-bit multiplicand/quotient register (MQ) and eight B-lines, or index registers, used to modify instructions. An extra 20-bit word per tube stored an offset value into the secondary storage, a 512-page [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_drum magnetic drum].
[[FILE:Williams-tube.jpg|none|border|text-bottom]]
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_tube Williams-Kilburn tube] <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_tube Williams tube from Wikipedia]</ref>
<span id="Instructions"></span>
=Instructions=
The 20 bit instructions had an address and an operator part. The coding of instructions was: bits 0-8 the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray_tube CRT] address, bits 10-12 the B-line address and bits 13-19 the function code. Writing of programs was based on a numerical system to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base32 base 32] <ref>[http://www.computer50.org/mark1/program.html Programming the Mark 1]</ref>. Integer numbers were usually treated as 40 bit double words, negative numbers already represented as [[General Setwise Operations#TheTwosComplement|Two's complement]]. The Mark 1 had an instruction to find the position of the most significant digit <ref>[[Alan Turing]] ('''1949'''). ''[http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=doc-431614f45472f Alan Turing's Manual for the Ferranti Mk. I]''. transcribed in 2000 by [http://www.panix.com/~rst/ Robert Thau], [http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/text/2-1.Ferranti_Mark_1_manual.Turing-Alan/2-1.Ferranti_Mark_1_manual.Turing-Alan.1951.UNIVERSITY_OF_MANCHESTER.062303005.pdf pdf] from [[The Computer History Museum]], 9.4 The position of the most significant digit</ref> aka [[Bitscan#Bitscanreverse|Bitscan reverse]] or [[Bitscan#LeadingZeroCount|Leading Zero Count]] for the purpose to convert integers to normalized [[Float|floating point numbers]], as well as a [[Population Count]] instruction for [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptography Cryptography] purposes <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptography Cryptography] is also a significant application of the /R function symbol, which counts the number of one bits in a word; Turing refers to this as the "sideways adder" in his quick-reference summary. from [[Alan Turing]] ('''1949'''). ''[http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=doc-431614f45472f Alan Turing's Manual for the Ferranti Mk. I]''. transcribed in 2000 by [http://www.panix.com/~rst/ Robert Thau], [http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/text/2-1.Ferranti_Mark_1_manual.Turing-Alan/2-1.Ferranti_Mark_1_manual.Turing-Alan.1951.UNIVERSITY_OF_MANCHESTER.062303005.pdf pdf] from [[The Computer History Museum]], 9.4 The position of the most significant digit</ref>. Arithmetical and logical instructions other than multiplication took 1.2 milliseconds (5 x 240 microseconds beats ), 40*40=80 bit multiplication 2.16 milliseconds (9 beats) <ref>[http://www.computer50.org/mark1/FM1.html#specification Ferranti Mark 1 - Specification] from [http://www.computer50.org/ Computer 50 - The University of Manchester Celebrates the Birth of the Modern Computer]</ref> <ref>[http://www.computer50.org/kgill/mark1/progman.html#s11 11. The time occupied by various operations] from [[Alan Turing]] ('''1951'''). ''[http://www.alanturing.net/turing_archive/archive/m/m01/M01-001.html Programmers' Handbook for the Manchester Electronic Computer Mark II]''. 1st edition</ref>.
=Console=
[[FILE:mark1controls.gif|none|border|text-bottom|640px|link=http://curation.cs.manchester.ac.uk/computer50/www.computer50.org/mark1/ip-fm1.controls.html]]
The two larger CRT displays could be switched to show the current contents of any of the 8 pages. The four smaller displays (presumably) permanently showed the current contents of the four auxiliary tubes, A (80-bit Accumulator), B (8 20-bit B-lines), C (Control Address and Present Instruction) and D (current multiplicand value). See the next picture and comment for the Input/Output equipment. <ref>[http://curation.cs.manchester.ac.uk/computer50/www.computer50.org/mark1/ip-fm1.controls.html The Ferranti Mark 1] from [http://curation.cs.manchester.ac.uk/computer50/www.computer50.org/mark1/photogallery.html#fm1 Mark 1 Photo Gallery], The two larger [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray_tube CRT] displays could be switched to show the current contents of any of the 8 pages. The four smaller displays (presumably) permanently showed the current contents of the four auxiliary tubes, A (80-bit Accumulator), B (8 20-bit B-lines), C (Control Address and Present Instruction) and D (current multiplicand value). Copyright [[University of Manchester|The University of Manchester]] 1998, 1999</ref>
=Checkers=
The first successful [[Artificial Intelligence|AI]] program was written in 1950/1951 by [[Christopher Strachey]], initially for the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_ACE Pilot ACE] at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory,_UK National Physical Laboratory], exhaustings its memory <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Strachey Christopher Strachey from Wikipedia]</ref>. Strachey’s [[Checkers|checkers]] (draughts) program was soon ported and ran on the Mark I computer at the [[University of Manchester]], and by the summer of 1952 the program could play a complete game of checkers at a reasonable speed <ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/37146/artificial-intelligence-AI/219091/Early-milestones-in-AI?anchor=ref739464 artificial intelligence (AI) :: Early milestones in AI] from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica Britannica Online Encyclopedia]</ref> <ref>[http://www.macalester.edu/psychology/whathap/ubnrp/intelligence05/MMhistory.html The “Modern” History of Artificial Intelligence and Programs] from [http://www.macalester.edu/academics/psychology/whathap/ubnrp/intelligence05/index.html Neuroscience Of Intelligence]</ref>, and already featured [[Bitboards]] for White, Black and Kings to [[Board Representation|represent the board]] <ref>On [[Bitboards]] for White, Black and Kings to [[Board Representation|represent the checkers board]], see [[Ferranti Mark 1#DavidLinkVideo|David Link Video]] at 1:04:02</ref>.
=Chess=
[[Alan Turing]], while affiliated with the [[University of Manchester]] began "porting" his pen and paper program [[Turochamp]] to run on a Mark 1, as well started with [[Donald Michie|Michie's]] and [[Shaun Wylie|Wylie's]] program [[Machiavelli]], but could not complete them <ref>[http://www.fbi.fh-darmstadt.de/fileadmin/vmi/chronologie/index.htm Chronology of Computing] compiled by [[Mathematician#DSingmaster|David Singmaster]]</ref>. Influenced by Turing's ideas, [[Dietrich Prinz]] developed the first limited chess program for the Ferranti Mark 1 in 1951, dubbed [[Mate-in-two]] <ref>[[Dietrich Prinz]] ('''1952'''). ''Robot Chess''. Research, Vol. 6, reprinted 1988 in [[Computer Chess Compendium]]</ref> <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_video_game#1947.E2.80.931958:_Chess First video game - 1947–1958: Chess, from Wikipedia]</ref>.
=Quotes=
by [[Jack Good]], 1998 <ref>[http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/acl/associates/permanent/good.htm Excerpts from Acceptance Speech for the 1998 Computer Pioneers Award from the IEEE - Jack Good] hosted by [[Atlas Computer Laboratory]]</ref>:
In a letter to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Calland_Williams F C Williams] in July 1951 I said "A facetious question is whether it is intended to display chess positions on the monitoring tubes". Of course today it is no longer at all facetious.
=See also=
* [[Alan Turing]]
* [[Christopher Strachey]]
* [[Dietrich Prinz]]
* [[Mate-in-two]]
* [[University of Manchester]]
=Selected Publications=
<ref>[http://www.computer50.org/kgill/mark1/mark1book.html Mark 1 Documents] from [http://www.computer50.org/ Computer 50 - The University of Manchester Celebrates the Birth of the Modern Computer]</ref>
* [[Alan Turing]] ('''1949'''). ''[http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=doc-431614f45472f Alan Turing's Manual for the Ferranti Mk. I]''. transcribed in 2000 by [http://www.panix.com/%7Erst/ Robert Thau], [http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/text/2-1.Ferranti_Mark_1_manual.Turing-Alan/2-1.Ferranti_Mark_1_manual.Turing-Alan.1951.UNIVERSITY_OF_MANCHESTER.062303005.pdf pdf] from [[The Computer History Museum]]
* [[Dietrich Prinz]] ('''1951'''). ''Introduction to Programming on the Manchester Electronic Digital Computer''. <ref>[http://archives.li.man.ac.uk/ead/html/gb133nahc-pri-p1.shtml Papers of Dr Dietrich G. Prinz - ELGAR: Electronic Gateway to Archives at Rylands] [http://www.library.manchester.ac.uk/ The John Rylands University Library] [[University of Manchester|The University of Manchester]]</ref> <ref>[http://www.chstm.manchester.ac.uk/downloads/media,38917,en.pdf UK National Archive for the History of Computing - Draft Catalogue Version 1.0], August 15, 2005 (pdf)</ref>
* [[Alan Turing]] ('''1951'''). ''[http://www.alanturing.net/turing_archive/archive/m/m01/M01-001.html Programmers' Handbook for the Manchester Electronic Computer Mark II]''. 1st edition
* [[Alan Turing]] ('''1952'''). ''[http://www.computer50.org/kgill/mark1/progman.html Programmers' Handbook for the Manchester Electronic Computer Mark II]''. 2nd edition, revised by [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/indices/a-tree/b/Brooker:R=_A=.html R.A. Brooker]
=External Links=
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferranti_Mark_1 Ferranti Mark 1 from Wikipedia]
: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Mark_1 Manchester Mark 1 from Wikipedia]
* [http://www.digital60.org/birth/manchestercomputers/mark1/ferranti.html The Ferranti Mark 1 (Digital 60)]
* [http://www.computer50.org/mark1/FM1.html Ferranti Mark 1] from [http://www.computer50.org/ Computer 50 - The University of Manchester Celebrates the Birth of the Modern Computer]
* [http://www.mosi.org.uk/media/34368825/ferranti%20mark%20i%20computer.pdf The Ferranti Mark I computer] pdf from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Science_and_Industry_%28Manchester%29 Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester]
* [http://www.macalester.edu/psychology/whathap/ubnrp/intelligence05/MMhistory.html The “Modern” History of Artificial Intelligence and Programs] from [http://www.macalester.edu/academics/psychology/whathap/ubnrp/intelligence05/index.html Neuroscience Of Intelligence]
* <span id="DavidLinkVideo"></span>[http://www.alpha60.de/art/love_letters/ LoveLetters_1.0, 2009—...:] by [http://www.alpha60.de/ David Link] » [[Christopher Strachey|Christopher Strachey's]] love letters
=References=
<references />
'''[[Hardware|Up one Level]]'''
