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'''[[Main Page|Home]] * [[Evaluation]] * [[Pawn Structure]] * Doubled Pawn'''
A [[Pawn]] is '''doubled''' (or, sad to say, tripled) if there are more pawns of the same [[Color|color]] on a given [[Files|file]]. Early programs and papers advocated evaluation it as half a pawn, today the penalty uses to be less severe.
It might be argued that, given a perfect pawn structure evaluation, a term such as doubled pawns would not be needed, since they usually introduce another [[Pawn Structure|pawn structure]] weaknesses: some kind of [[Backward Pawn|backwardness]], lack of a [[Candidate Passed Pawn|candidate passer]] that otherwise would be there etc. However, most [[Evaluation Function|evaluation functions]] do not go into such details as to justify removing this term.
=Types of Doubled Pawns=
{|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| rowspan="2" | [[Hans Berliner]] characterizes doubled pawns by their exchange potential against opponent pawns on adjacent files <ref>[[Hans Berliner]] ('''1999'''). ''The System: A World Champion's Approach to Chess'', [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambit_Publications Gambit Publications], ISBN 1-901983-10-2</ref><ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubled_pawns#Types_of_doubled_pawns Types of doubled pawns from Wikipedia]</ref>:
The doubled pawns on the b-file are the best situation, the f-file pawns are next. The h-file pawns are the worst situation because two pawns are held back by one opposing pawn, so the second pawn has little value.
| <fentt border="double" style="font-size:24pt">8/1p6/p3pp1p/8/8/1PP2P1P/1P3P1P/8</fentt>
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| 8/1p6/p3pp1p/8/8/1PP2P1P/1P3P1P/8 w - -
|}
<span id="CrippledMajority"></span>
=Crippled Majority=
{|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| rowspan="2" | A doubled pawn of a so called "crippled" [[Pawn Majority|majority]] devalue that majority. [[Hans Berliner]] on following position in ''Some Innovations Introduced by [[HiTech|Hitech]]'' <ref>[[Hans Berliner]] ('''1987'''). ''Some Innovations Introduced by Hitech''. [[ICGA Journal|ICCA Journal]], Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 111-117</ref>:
Our pawn-structure algorithm is quite simple, detecting only isolated and multiple Pawns, and the effect of multiple Pawns on viable pawn majorities. For instance, in Diagram 1 the value of White's doubled Pawn is negligible, while Black's is almost full-valued. This distinction, an innovation, was first introduced in [[Patsoc]] <ref>[[Hans Berliner]] ('''1985'''). ''Computer Chess at [[Carnegie Mellon University]]''. [[Advances in Computer Chess 4]]</ref>, and we were able to adapt the code to make up tables to be loaded into six identical hardware units computing pawn structure in parallel.
| <fentt border="double" style="font-size:24pt">8/1pp2ppp/1p6/8/8/5P2/PPP2PPP/8</fentt>
|-
| 8/1pp2ppp/1p6/8/8/5P2/PPP2PPP/8 w - -
|}
=All About Doubled Pawns=
The vast amount of detailed knowledge about doubled pawns, which rarely gets implemented, can be found in the article ''All About Doubled Pawns'' by [[Larry Kaufman]] <ref>[[Larry Kaufman]] ('''2005'''). ''[http://danheisman.com.temp.realssl.com/Articles/doubled_pawns.htm All About Doubled Pawns]''. (first published in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_Life Chess Life], May 2005, p.22)</ref>.
=See also=
* [[Double and Triple (Bitboards)]]
* [[Isolated Pawn]]
* [[Pawn Islands]]
* [[Pawn Majority]]
=Publications=
* [[Larry Kaufman]] ('''2005'''). ''[https://de.scribd.com/document/10151669/All-About-Doubled-Pawns All About Doubled Pawns]''. (first published in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_Life Chess Life], May 2005, p.22)
=Forum Posts=
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=29689 Doubled and Backward Pawn Engine "Definitions"] by [[Brian Richardson]], [[CCC]], September 07, 2009
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=56682 passed but doubled pawns] by [[Jon Dart]], [[CCC]], June 15, 2015 » [[Passed Pawn]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=60133 Doubled pawns] by [[Stefano Gemma]], [[CCC]], May 11, 2016
=External Links=
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubled_pawns Doubled Pawn from Wikipedia]
* [https://de.scribd.com/document/10151669/All-About-Doubled-Pawns All About Doubled Pawns] by IM [[Larry Kaufman]]
=References=
<references />
'''[[Pawn Structure|Up one Level]]'''
A [[Pawn]] is '''doubled''' (or, sad to say, tripled) if there are more pawns of the same [[Color|color]] on a given [[Files|file]]. Early programs and papers advocated evaluation it as half a pawn, today the penalty uses to be less severe.
It might be argued that, given a perfect pawn structure evaluation, a term such as doubled pawns would not be needed, since they usually introduce another [[Pawn Structure|pawn structure]] weaknesses: some kind of [[Backward Pawn|backwardness]], lack of a [[Candidate Passed Pawn|candidate passer]] that otherwise would be there etc. However, most [[Evaluation Function|evaluation functions]] do not go into such details as to justify removing this term.
=Types of Doubled Pawns=
{|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| rowspan="2" | [[Hans Berliner]] characterizes doubled pawns by their exchange potential against opponent pawns on adjacent files <ref>[[Hans Berliner]] ('''1999'''). ''The System: A World Champion's Approach to Chess'', [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambit_Publications Gambit Publications], ISBN 1-901983-10-2</ref><ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubled_pawns#Types_of_doubled_pawns Types of doubled pawns from Wikipedia]</ref>:
The doubled pawns on the b-file are the best situation, the f-file pawns are next. The h-file pawns are the worst situation because two pawns are held back by one opposing pawn, so the second pawn has little value.
| <fentt border="double" style="font-size:24pt">8/1p6/p3pp1p/8/8/1PP2P1P/1P3P1P/8</fentt>
|-
| 8/1p6/p3pp1p/8/8/1PP2P1P/1P3P1P/8 w - -
|}
<span id="CrippledMajority"></span>
=Crippled Majority=
{|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| rowspan="2" | A doubled pawn of a so called "crippled" [[Pawn Majority|majority]] devalue that majority. [[Hans Berliner]] on following position in ''Some Innovations Introduced by [[HiTech|Hitech]]'' <ref>[[Hans Berliner]] ('''1987'''). ''Some Innovations Introduced by Hitech''. [[ICGA Journal|ICCA Journal]], Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 111-117</ref>:
Our pawn-structure algorithm is quite simple, detecting only isolated and multiple Pawns, and the effect of multiple Pawns on viable pawn majorities. For instance, in Diagram 1 the value of White's doubled Pawn is negligible, while Black's is almost full-valued. This distinction, an innovation, was first introduced in [[Patsoc]] <ref>[[Hans Berliner]] ('''1985'''). ''Computer Chess at [[Carnegie Mellon University]]''. [[Advances in Computer Chess 4]]</ref>, and we were able to adapt the code to make up tables to be loaded into six identical hardware units computing pawn structure in parallel.
| <fentt border="double" style="font-size:24pt">8/1pp2ppp/1p6/8/8/5P2/PPP2PPP/8</fentt>
|-
| 8/1pp2ppp/1p6/8/8/5P2/PPP2PPP/8 w - -
|}
=All About Doubled Pawns=
The vast amount of detailed knowledge about doubled pawns, which rarely gets implemented, can be found in the article ''All About Doubled Pawns'' by [[Larry Kaufman]] <ref>[[Larry Kaufman]] ('''2005'''). ''[http://danheisman.com.temp.realssl.com/Articles/doubled_pawns.htm All About Doubled Pawns]''. (first published in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_Life Chess Life], May 2005, p.22)</ref>.
=See also=
* [[Double and Triple (Bitboards)]]
* [[Isolated Pawn]]
* [[Pawn Islands]]
* [[Pawn Majority]]
=Publications=
* [[Larry Kaufman]] ('''2005'''). ''[https://de.scribd.com/document/10151669/All-About-Doubled-Pawns All About Doubled Pawns]''. (first published in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_Life Chess Life], May 2005, p.22)
=Forum Posts=
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=29689 Doubled and Backward Pawn Engine "Definitions"] by [[Brian Richardson]], [[CCC]], September 07, 2009
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=56682 passed but doubled pawns] by [[Jon Dart]], [[CCC]], June 15, 2015 » [[Passed Pawn]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=60133 Doubled pawns] by [[Stefano Gemma]], [[CCC]], May 11, 2016
=External Links=
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubled_pawns Doubled Pawn from Wikipedia]
* [https://de.scribd.com/document/10151669/All-About-Doubled-Pawns All About Doubled Pawns] by IM [[Larry Kaufman]]
=References=
<references />
'''[[Pawn Structure|Up one Level]]'''
