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Created page with "'''Home * Engines * Chess Champion MK I''' FILE:NovCCM1.jpg|border|right|thumb|340px|link=http://www.xs4all.nl/%7Etluif/chescom/EngNovCCM1.html| Chess Cha..."
'''[[Main Page|Home]] * [[Engines]] * Chess Champion MK I'''
[[FILE:NovCCM1.jpg|border|right|thumb|340px|link=http://www.xs4all.nl/%7Etluif/chescom/EngNovCCM1.html| Chess Champion MK I <ref>[http://www.xs4all.nl/%7Etluif/chescom/EngNovCCM1.html Chess Champion Mk 1] by [http://www.xs4all.nl/%7Etluif/ Tom Luif]</ref> ]]
The '''Chess Champion MK I''' was [[Novag|Novag's]] first [[Dedicated Chess Computers|dedicated chess computer]] released in September 1978. It had a [[Fairchild F8]] 8-Bit processor running at 1.78 MHz, with 2 KiB [[Memory#ROM|ROM]] and 256 byte [[Memory#RAM|RAM]].
=A Clone=
The program was a [[Clones|clone]] of the ''Data Cash Systems Inc.'' [[CompuChess]] program, which was developed by [[David B. Goodrich]] & Associates <ref>[http://www.schach-computer.info/wiki/index.php/CompuChess CompuChess] from [http://www.schach-computer.info/wiki/index.php/Hauptseite_En Schachcomputer.info - Wiki]</ref> , while other sources assume [[David Levy]] was involved in the development <ref>[http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/html/scisys_and_novag___the_early_y.html Scisys and Novag : The Early Years] from [http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/index.html Chess Computer UK] by [[Mike Watters]]</ref> <ref>[http://www.xs4all.nl/%7Etluif/chescom/EngNovCCM1.html Chess Champion Mk 1] by [http://www.xs4all.nl/%7Etluif/ Tom Luif]</ref> .
Since the cloned software was already more than a year old, it was a weak program even for that early time. Additionally the program could only play with Black, accepted illegal moves, and could even play without Kings. With its strongest level 6, it usually replied not until several days with a move found <ref>[http://www.schaakcomputers.nl/hein_veldhuis/database/files/09-1978%20%5BC-4626%5D%20Novag%20-%20Chess%20Champion%20MK%20I%20%28A%29%20%28with%20Karpov%20packing%29.pdf Novag - Chess Champion MK I] by [[Hein Veldhuis]], Dutch and German pdf</ref>. It was marketed in the US by [[Joseph Sugarman|JS&A]], and in Germany by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horten_AG Horten] <ref>[http://www.computerwoche.de/heftarchiv/1978/42/1197195/ Horten macht's möglich: Schach-Computer für 250 Mark], October 13, 1978 [[Computerworld#Woche|Computerwoche]] 42/1978 (German)</ref> and [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quelle_GmbH Quelle] in different outward variations <ref>[http://www.schach-computer.info/wiki/index.php/Novag_Chess_Champion_MK_I Novag Chess Champion MK I] from [http://www.schach-computer.info/wiki/index.php/Hauptseite_En Schachcomputer.info - Wiki] (German)</ref>.
<span id="KarpovChallenge"></span>
=Karpov Challenge=
The MK I was sold in the USA by [[Joseph Sugarman|Joseph Sugarman's]] company as ''JS&A Chess computer''. They challenged [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship World Champion] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoly_Karpov Anatoly Karpov] and offered him $50,000 and a percentage of each unit sold. Karpov first rejected, and later accepted to endorse the game, but offered to let ''JS&A'' spend the money on advertisement to spread the word <ref>[http://books.google.de/books?id=fgEAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA21&lpg=PA21&source=bl&ots=eaMgfAOx-j&sig=RtU-YrzsPWpN_-C_YkWrcIv3vy4&hl=en&ei=nhgeTZy5EsjEswalyIj7DQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false Karpov Accepts - Popular Science March 1979 - Google Books]</ref> <ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=p_d3HYsgR8wC&pg=PA73&lpg=PA73&dq=Karpov+%22JS%26A%22&source=bl&ots=jUvejvOnXG&sig=dYZwxXmNWq7usu-35GqQlm0Os7U&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#v=onepage&q=Karpov%20%22JS%26A%22&f=false The Adweek copywriting handbook: the ultimate guide to writing powerful ... - Google Books] by [[Joseph Sugarman]]</ref> .
<span id="DataCashSystemsvsJS&A"></span>
=Legal Actions=
==Data Cash Systems vs JS&A==
In 1979 ''Data Cash Systems'' took legal action against ''JS&A'' for breach of copyright <ref>[http://www2.newpaltz.edu/%7Ezuckerpr/cases/data-chs.htm DATA CASH Systems, Inc. v. JS&A Group, Inc., et al. ]</ref> , which failed because it transpired that the copyright had not been adequately protected in terms of USA law <ref>[http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/html/scisys_and_novag___the_early_y.html Scisys and Novag : The Early Years] from [http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/index.html Chess Computer UK] by [[Mike Watters]]</ref> <ref>[http://itlaw.wikia.com/wiki/Data_Cash_Systems_v._JS%26A_Group Data Cash Systems v. JS&A Group - The IT Law Wiki]</ref> <ref>[http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=2740925334562415320 Data Cash Systems, Inc. v. JS&A GROUP, INC., 480 F. Supp. 1063 - Dist. Court, ND Illinois 1979 - Google Scholar]</ref> <ref>[http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=6047525544656937218 Data Cash Systems, Inc. v. JS&A GROUP, INC., 628 F. 2d 1038 - Court of Appeals, 7th Circuit 1980 - Google Scholar]</ref>.
<span id="KarpovsAdvertisement"></span>
==Karpov's Endorsement==
In the meantime [[Peter Auge]] had made his own arrangements with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoly_Karpov Anatoly Karpov], presumably with connections to [[FIDE]] president [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florencio_Campomanes Florencio Campomanes] and [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Kinzel Alfred Kinzel], president of the [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Schachbund German Chess Federation] <ref>[http://www.chessbase.de/events/events.asp?pid=273 125 Jahre Deutscher Schachbund], May 11, 2002, [[ChessBase|ChessBase Events]] (German)</ref> <ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-13516468.html Risse im Netz], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel Der Spiegel] 44/1985, October 28, 1985, (German)</ref>, who was also involved the weak computer was distinguished in Germany with a "King's Diplom" <ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-39867523.html Schachcomputer: Markt und Müll], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel Der Spiegel] 49/1979, December 03, 1979, (German)</ref>. Karpov appeared as advisor on the original Novag MK I boxes <ref>[http://www.schachcomputer.at/mk1.htm Novag Chess Champion MK 1] from [http://www.schachcomputer.at/index.htm Kurt´s Schachcomputer Homepage] by [[Kurt Kispert]] (German)</ref> <ref>[http://www.schaakcomputers.nl/hein_veldhuis/database/files/09-1978%20%5BC-4626%5D%20Novag%20-%20Chess%20Champion%20MK%20I%20%28A%29%20%28with%20Karpov%20packing%29.pdf Novag - Chess Champion MK I] by [[Hein Veldhuis]], Dutch and German pdf</ref>. The internals of Karpov's Novag advertisement salaries, not only for the MK I, but also subsequently the [[Chess Champion MK II]] <ref>[http://electronicchess.free.fr/images/mk2.jpg CHESS CHAMPION MK II] with Karpov on the box, from [http://electronicchess.free.fr/prehistory.html My Chess Computers - Prehistory]</ref>, and [[Chess Champion Super System III]] <ref>[http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/html/scisys_and_novag___the_early_y.html Scisys and Novag : The Early Years] from [http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/index.html Chess Computer UK] by [[Mike Watters]]</ref>, went public during the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1985 World Chess Championship 1985] when a first [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel Spiegel] article appeared in September 30, 1985, which according to Karpov was discrediting him, and the disturbance of the [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schachweltmeisterschaft_1985#Der_Fall_Jungwirth Jungwirth case] <ref>[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schachweltmeisterschaft_1985#Der_Fall_Jungwirth Der Fall Jungwirth - Schachweltmeisterschaft 1985 from Wikipedia.de] (German)</ref><ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-13532173.html Die Affäre kostete mich den Titel], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel Der Spiegel] 52/1988, December 26, 1988, (German)</ref> was allegedly one reason he lost the title to [[Garry Kasparov|Kasparov]], losing three of nine games short after in October 1985. Karpov's former German representative Helmut Jungwirth <ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-41252029.html Weißer Bauer zieht], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel Der Spiegel] 19/1976, May 03, 1976, (German)</ref> was impeached of misappropriation of Karpov's salary afterwards <ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-13523099.html Anatolij Karpow], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel Der Spiegel] 1/1987, December 29, 1986, (German)</ref>. Accordant to a further Spiegel article <ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-13530454.html Toljas teure Sprüche], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel Der Spiegel] 33/1988, August 15, 1988, (German)</ref>, Peter Auge had transcribed 22 checks to Jungwirth, in total $446,177.50 from December 8, 1978 to January 17, 1981. Jungwirth claimed he paid Karpov partly cash and was also endowed for other services, which Karpov categorical denied at a hearing of witnesses in Berlin.
[[FILE:CCmk1.jpg|none|border|text-bottom|link=http://www.schachcomputer.at/mk1.htm]]
Novag Chess Champion MK 1, German Edition, Box with Karpov Endorsement<br/>and "King's Diplom" from the [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Schachbund German Chess Federation] <ref>[http://www.schachcomputer.at/mk1.htm Novag Chess Champion MK 1] from [http://www.schachcomputer.at/index.htm Kurt´s Schachcomputer Homepage] by [[Kurt Kispert]] (German)</ref>
=See also=
* [[Chess Champion MK II]]
* [[Chess Champion Super System III]]
* [[CompuChess]]
* [[Joseph Sugarman|JS&A Chess Computer]]
=Publications=
* [http://www.schaakcomputers.nl/hein_veldhuis/database/files/09-1978%20%5BC-1001%5D%20Novag%20-%20Chess%20Champion%20MK%20I%20%28A%29%20%28with%20Spassky%20packaging%29.pdf Novag - Chess Champion MK I (with Spassky packaging)] pdf by [[Hein Veldhuis]]
* [http://www.schaakcomputers.nl/hein_veldhuis/database/files/09-1978%20%5BC-4626%5D%20Novag%20-%20Chess%20Champion%20MK%20I%20%28A%29%20%28with%20Karpov%20packaging%29.pdf Novag - Chess Champion MK I (A) (with Karpov packaging)] pdf by [[Hein Veldhuis]]
* [http://alain.zanchetta.free.fr/docs/NovagMKIDE.pdf Betriebsanleitung Schach Computer Chess Champion MK I]
* [http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-40605713.html Partner für einsame Anfänger], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel Der Spiegel] 40/1978, October 02, 1978 (German)
* [http://www.computerwoche.de/heftarchiv/1978/42/1197195/ Horten macht's möglich: Schach-Computer für 250 Mark], October 13, 1978 [[Computerworld#Woche|Computerwoche]] 42/1978 (German)
* [http://www.computerwoche.de/heftarchiv/1978/44/1197290/ Boris Spassky testete den "Chess-Champion MK 1 " von Horten: Der kleine Großmeister in der Aktentasche] October 27, 1978 [[Computerworld#Woche|Computerwoche]] 44/1978 (German)
* [http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-39867523.html Schachcomputer: Markt und Müll], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel Der Spiegel] 49/1979, December 03, 1979, (German)
* [http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-13523099.html Anatolij Karpow], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel Der Spiegel] 1/1987, December 29, 1986, (German)
* [http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-13530454.html Toljas teure Sprüche], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel Der Spiegel] 33/1988, August 15, 1988, (German)
* [http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-13532173.html Die Affäre kostete mich den Titel], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel Der Spiegel] 52/1988, December 26, 1988, (German)
=External Links=
* [http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/html/scisys_and_novag___the_early_y.html Scisys and Novag : The Early Years] from [http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/index.html Chess Computer UK] by [[Mike Watters]]
* [http://www.schaakcomputers.nl/schaakcomputers/Novag/chess2.php?item=1&merk=Novag Novag MK 1] by [[Hein Veldhuis]]
* [http://www.schaakcomputers.nl/schaakcomputers/Novag/chess1.php?item=29&merk=Novag Novag MK 1 Folder] by [[Hein Veldhuis]]
* [http://www.xs4all.nl/%7Etluif/chescom/EngNovCCM1.html Chess Champion Mk 1] by [http://www.xs4all.nl/%7Etluif/ Tom Luif]
* [http://www.schach-computer.info/wiki/index.php/Novag_Chess_Champion_MK_I Novag Chess Champion MK I] from [http://www.schach-computer.info/wiki/index.php/Hauptseite_En Schachcomputer.info - Wiki] (German)
* [http://www.schachcomputer.at/mk1.htm Novag Chess Champion MK 1] from [http://www.schachcomputer.at/index.htm Kurt´s Schachcomputer Homepage] by [[Kurt Kispert]] (German)
* [http://www.meca-web.es/museo/novagmk1/novagmk1.htm NOVAG MK 1] from [http://www.meca-web.es/museo.htm Museo Computadoras] (Spanish)
* [http://electronicchess.free.fr/images/chesschampion-mk1.jpg CHESS CHAMPION MK1] first German release with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Spassky Boris Spassky] as advisor, from [http://electronicchess.free.fr/prehistory.html My Chess Computers - Prehistory]
* [http://electronicchess.free.fr/images/chesschampion-mk1f.jpg CHESS CHAMPION MK1] French release with Karpov on the box, from [http://electronicchess.free.fr/prehistory.html My Chess Computers - Prehistory]
=References=
<references />
'''[[Engines|Up one level]]'''
[[FILE:NovCCM1.jpg|border|right|thumb|340px|link=http://www.xs4all.nl/%7Etluif/chescom/EngNovCCM1.html| Chess Champion MK I <ref>[http://www.xs4all.nl/%7Etluif/chescom/EngNovCCM1.html Chess Champion Mk 1] by [http://www.xs4all.nl/%7Etluif/ Tom Luif]</ref> ]]
The '''Chess Champion MK I''' was [[Novag|Novag's]] first [[Dedicated Chess Computers|dedicated chess computer]] released in September 1978. It had a [[Fairchild F8]] 8-Bit processor running at 1.78 MHz, with 2 KiB [[Memory#ROM|ROM]] and 256 byte [[Memory#RAM|RAM]].
=A Clone=
The program was a [[Clones|clone]] of the ''Data Cash Systems Inc.'' [[CompuChess]] program, which was developed by [[David B. Goodrich]] & Associates <ref>[http://www.schach-computer.info/wiki/index.php/CompuChess CompuChess] from [http://www.schach-computer.info/wiki/index.php/Hauptseite_En Schachcomputer.info - Wiki]</ref> , while other sources assume [[David Levy]] was involved in the development <ref>[http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/html/scisys_and_novag___the_early_y.html Scisys and Novag : The Early Years] from [http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/index.html Chess Computer UK] by [[Mike Watters]]</ref> <ref>[http://www.xs4all.nl/%7Etluif/chescom/EngNovCCM1.html Chess Champion Mk 1] by [http://www.xs4all.nl/%7Etluif/ Tom Luif]</ref> .
Since the cloned software was already more than a year old, it was a weak program even for that early time. Additionally the program could only play with Black, accepted illegal moves, and could even play without Kings. With its strongest level 6, it usually replied not until several days with a move found <ref>[http://www.schaakcomputers.nl/hein_veldhuis/database/files/09-1978%20%5BC-4626%5D%20Novag%20-%20Chess%20Champion%20MK%20I%20%28A%29%20%28with%20Karpov%20packing%29.pdf Novag - Chess Champion MK I] by [[Hein Veldhuis]], Dutch and German pdf</ref>. It was marketed in the US by [[Joseph Sugarman|JS&A]], and in Germany by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horten_AG Horten] <ref>[http://www.computerwoche.de/heftarchiv/1978/42/1197195/ Horten macht's möglich: Schach-Computer für 250 Mark], October 13, 1978 [[Computerworld#Woche|Computerwoche]] 42/1978 (German)</ref> and [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quelle_GmbH Quelle] in different outward variations <ref>[http://www.schach-computer.info/wiki/index.php/Novag_Chess_Champion_MK_I Novag Chess Champion MK I] from [http://www.schach-computer.info/wiki/index.php/Hauptseite_En Schachcomputer.info - Wiki] (German)</ref>.
<span id="KarpovChallenge"></span>
=Karpov Challenge=
The MK I was sold in the USA by [[Joseph Sugarman|Joseph Sugarman's]] company as ''JS&A Chess computer''. They challenged [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship World Champion] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoly_Karpov Anatoly Karpov] and offered him $50,000 and a percentage of each unit sold. Karpov first rejected, and later accepted to endorse the game, but offered to let ''JS&A'' spend the money on advertisement to spread the word <ref>[http://books.google.de/books?id=fgEAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA21&lpg=PA21&source=bl&ots=eaMgfAOx-j&sig=RtU-YrzsPWpN_-C_YkWrcIv3vy4&hl=en&ei=nhgeTZy5EsjEswalyIj7DQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false Karpov Accepts - Popular Science March 1979 - Google Books]</ref> <ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=p_d3HYsgR8wC&pg=PA73&lpg=PA73&dq=Karpov+%22JS%26A%22&source=bl&ots=jUvejvOnXG&sig=dYZwxXmNWq7usu-35GqQlm0Os7U&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#v=onepage&q=Karpov%20%22JS%26A%22&f=false The Adweek copywriting handbook: the ultimate guide to writing powerful ... - Google Books] by [[Joseph Sugarman]]</ref> .
<span id="DataCashSystemsvsJS&A"></span>
=Legal Actions=
==Data Cash Systems vs JS&A==
In 1979 ''Data Cash Systems'' took legal action against ''JS&A'' for breach of copyright <ref>[http://www2.newpaltz.edu/%7Ezuckerpr/cases/data-chs.htm DATA CASH Systems, Inc. v. JS&A Group, Inc., et al. ]</ref> , which failed because it transpired that the copyright had not been adequately protected in terms of USA law <ref>[http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/html/scisys_and_novag___the_early_y.html Scisys and Novag : The Early Years] from [http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/index.html Chess Computer UK] by [[Mike Watters]]</ref> <ref>[http://itlaw.wikia.com/wiki/Data_Cash_Systems_v._JS%26A_Group Data Cash Systems v. JS&A Group - The IT Law Wiki]</ref> <ref>[http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=2740925334562415320 Data Cash Systems, Inc. v. JS&A GROUP, INC., 480 F. Supp. 1063 - Dist. Court, ND Illinois 1979 - Google Scholar]</ref> <ref>[http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=6047525544656937218 Data Cash Systems, Inc. v. JS&A GROUP, INC., 628 F. 2d 1038 - Court of Appeals, 7th Circuit 1980 - Google Scholar]</ref>.
<span id="KarpovsAdvertisement"></span>
==Karpov's Endorsement==
In the meantime [[Peter Auge]] had made his own arrangements with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoly_Karpov Anatoly Karpov], presumably with connections to [[FIDE]] president [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florencio_Campomanes Florencio Campomanes] and [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Kinzel Alfred Kinzel], president of the [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Schachbund German Chess Federation] <ref>[http://www.chessbase.de/events/events.asp?pid=273 125 Jahre Deutscher Schachbund], May 11, 2002, [[ChessBase|ChessBase Events]] (German)</ref> <ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-13516468.html Risse im Netz], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel Der Spiegel] 44/1985, October 28, 1985, (German)</ref>, who was also involved the weak computer was distinguished in Germany with a "King's Diplom" <ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-39867523.html Schachcomputer: Markt und Müll], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel Der Spiegel] 49/1979, December 03, 1979, (German)</ref>. Karpov appeared as advisor on the original Novag MK I boxes <ref>[http://www.schachcomputer.at/mk1.htm Novag Chess Champion MK 1] from [http://www.schachcomputer.at/index.htm Kurt´s Schachcomputer Homepage] by [[Kurt Kispert]] (German)</ref> <ref>[http://www.schaakcomputers.nl/hein_veldhuis/database/files/09-1978%20%5BC-4626%5D%20Novag%20-%20Chess%20Champion%20MK%20I%20%28A%29%20%28with%20Karpov%20packing%29.pdf Novag - Chess Champion MK I] by [[Hein Veldhuis]], Dutch and German pdf</ref>. The internals of Karpov's Novag advertisement salaries, not only for the MK I, but also subsequently the [[Chess Champion MK II]] <ref>[http://electronicchess.free.fr/images/mk2.jpg CHESS CHAMPION MK II] with Karpov on the box, from [http://electronicchess.free.fr/prehistory.html My Chess Computers - Prehistory]</ref>, and [[Chess Champion Super System III]] <ref>[http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/html/scisys_and_novag___the_early_y.html Scisys and Novag : The Early Years] from [http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/index.html Chess Computer UK] by [[Mike Watters]]</ref>, went public during the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1985 World Chess Championship 1985] when a first [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel Spiegel] article appeared in September 30, 1985, which according to Karpov was discrediting him, and the disturbance of the [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schachweltmeisterschaft_1985#Der_Fall_Jungwirth Jungwirth case] <ref>[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schachweltmeisterschaft_1985#Der_Fall_Jungwirth Der Fall Jungwirth - Schachweltmeisterschaft 1985 from Wikipedia.de] (German)</ref><ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-13532173.html Die Affäre kostete mich den Titel], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel Der Spiegel] 52/1988, December 26, 1988, (German)</ref> was allegedly one reason he lost the title to [[Garry Kasparov|Kasparov]], losing three of nine games short after in October 1985. Karpov's former German representative Helmut Jungwirth <ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-41252029.html Weißer Bauer zieht], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel Der Spiegel] 19/1976, May 03, 1976, (German)</ref> was impeached of misappropriation of Karpov's salary afterwards <ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-13523099.html Anatolij Karpow], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel Der Spiegel] 1/1987, December 29, 1986, (German)</ref>. Accordant to a further Spiegel article <ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-13530454.html Toljas teure Sprüche], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel Der Spiegel] 33/1988, August 15, 1988, (German)</ref>, Peter Auge had transcribed 22 checks to Jungwirth, in total $446,177.50 from December 8, 1978 to January 17, 1981. Jungwirth claimed he paid Karpov partly cash and was also endowed for other services, which Karpov categorical denied at a hearing of witnesses in Berlin.
[[FILE:CCmk1.jpg|none|border|text-bottom|link=http://www.schachcomputer.at/mk1.htm]]
Novag Chess Champion MK 1, German Edition, Box with Karpov Endorsement<br/>and "King's Diplom" from the [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Schachbund German Chess Federation] <ref>[http://www.schachcomputer.at/mk1.htm Novag Chess Champion MK 1] from [http://www.schachcomputer.at/index.htm Kurt´s Schachcomputer Homepage] by [[Kurt Kispert]] (German)</ref>
=See also=
* [[Chess Champion MK II]]
* [[Chess Champion Super System III]]
* [[CompuChess]]
* [[Joseph Sugarman|JS&A Chess Computer]]
=Publications=
* [http://www.schaakcomputers.nl/hein_veldhuis/database/files/09-1978%20%5BC-1001%5D%20Novag%20-%20Chess%20Champion%20MK%20I%20%28A%29%20%28with%20Spassky%20packaging%29.pdf Novag - Chess Champion MK I (with Spassky packaging)] pdf by [[Hein Veldhuis]]
* [http://www.schaakcomputers.nl/hein_veldhuis/database/files/09-1978%20%5BC-4626%5D%20Novag%20-%20Chess%20Champion%20MK%20I%20%28A%29%20%28with%20Karpov%20packaging%29.pdf Novag - Chess Champion MK I (A) (with Karpov packaging)] pdf by [[Hein Veldhuis]]
* [http://alain.zanchetta.free.fr/docs/NovagMKIDE.pdf Betriebsanleitung Schach Computer Chess Champion MK I]
* [http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-40605713.html Partner für einsame Anfänger], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel Der Spiegel] 40/1978, October 02, 1978 (German)
* [http://www.computerwoche.de/heftarchiv/1978/42/1197195/ Horten macht's möglich: Schach-Computer für 250 Mark], October 13, 1978 [[Computerworld#Woche|Computerwoche]] 42/1978 (German)
* [http://www.computerwoche.de/heftarchiv/1978/44/1197290/ Boris Spassky testete den "Chess-Champion MK 1 " von Horten: Der kleine Großmeister in der Aktentasche] October 27, 1978 [[Computerworld#Woche|Computerwoche]] 44/1978 (German)
* [http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-39867523.html Schachcomputer: Markt und Müll], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel Der Spiegel] 49/1979, December 03, 1979, (German)
* [http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-13523099.html Anatolij Karpow], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel Der Spiegel] 1/1987, December 29, 1986, (German)
* [http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-13530454.html Toljas teure Sprüche], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel Der Spiegel] 33/1988, August 15, 1988, (German)
* [http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-13532173.html Die Affäre kostete mich den Titel], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel Der Spiegel] 52/1988, December 26, 1988, (German)
=External Links=
* [http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/html/scisys_and_novag___the_early_y.html Scisys and Novag : The Early Years] from [http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/index.html Chess Computer UK] by [[Mike Watters]]
* [http://www.schaakcomputers.nl/schaakcomputers/Novag/chess2.php?item=1&merk=Novag Novag MK 1] by [[Hein Veldhuis]]
* [http://www.schaakcomputers.nl/schaakcomputers/Novag/chess1.php?item=29&merk=Novag Novag MK 1 Folder] by [[Hein Veldhuis]]
* [http://www.xs4all.nl/%7Etluif/chescom/EngNovCCM1.html Chess Champion Mk 1] by [http://www.xs4all.nl/%7Etluif/ Tom Luif]
* [http://www.schach-computer.info/wiki/index.php/Novag_Chess_Champion_MK_I Novag Chess Champion MK I] from [http://www.schach-computer.info/wiki/index.php/Hauptseite_En Schachcomputer.info - Wiki] (German)
* [http://www.schachcomputer.at/mk1.htm Novag Chess Champion MK 1] from [http://www.schachcomputer.at/index.htm Kurt´s Schachcomputer Homepage] by [[Kurt Kispert]] (German)
* [http://www.meca-web.es/museo/novagmk1/novagmk1.htm NOVAG MK 1] from [http://www.meca-web.es/museo.htm Museo Computadoras] (Spanish)
* [http://electronicchess.free.fr/images/chesschampion-mk1.jpg CHESS CHAMPION MK1] first German release with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Spassky Boris Spassky] as advisor, from [http://electronicchess.free.fr/prehistory.html My Chess Computers - Prehistory]
* [http://electronicchess.free.fr/images/chesschampion-mk1f.jpg CHESS CHAMPION MK1] French release with Karpov on the box, from [http://electronicchess.free.fr/prehistory.html My Chess Computers - Prehistory]
=References=
<references />
'''[[Engines|Up one level]]'''
