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Created page with "'''Home * Hardware * Analog Evaluation''' FILE:Op-Amp Summing Amplifier.svg|border|right|thumb| Summing amplifier <ref>A [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci..."
'''[[Main Page|Home]] * [[Hardware]] * Analog Evaluation'''
[[FILE:Op-Amp Summing Amplifier.svg|border|right|thumb| Summing amplifier <ref>A [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_diagram circuit diagram] of a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_amplifier_applications#Summing_amplifier Summing amplifier] made using an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_amplifier operational amplifier], made by [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Inductiveload Inductiveload], January 26 2009, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons Wikimedia Commons]</ref> ]]
'''Analog Evaluation''', (Analogue Evaluation)<br/>
a hypothetical dedicated special purpose hardware to [[Evaluation|evaluate]] a [[Chess Position|chess position]] using [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analogue_electronics analog circuits] such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_network resistive networks], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_amplifier operational amplifier] (op-amps), and in particular the analogous [[FPGA]] counterparts [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field-programmable_analog_array FPAA], to map digital or discrete input signals, [[Board Representation|representing the board]] or aspects of the board, to an analog output representing an evaluation [[Score|score]] along with some [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_(electronics) noise] as input of an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter analog-to-digital converter]. [[Jonathan Allen]], [[Edward Hamilton]], and [[Robert Levinson]] mentioned a method to convert a chess [[Mobility|mobility]] graph to a resistive network which could be computed using the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residual-resistance_ratio residual resistance] property of interconnected chips within their [[Morph|Morph III]] project <ref>[[Jonathan Allen]], [[Edward Hamilton]], [[Robert Levinson]] ('''1997'''). ''New Advances in Adaptive Pattern-Oriented Chess''. [[Advances in Computer Chess 8]]</ref>. Using [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memristor memristors], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memistor memistors], or even a kind of motorized [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potentiometer potentiometers] <ref>[http://www.onlinecontrols.com/mpots.htm Motorized potentiometers for high precision proportional controls]</ref> as used in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_theory closed loop control] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servomechanism servomechanisms], would allow the implementation of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_neural_network physical] [[Neural Networks|neural networks]] as analog evaluation device with [[Learning|machine learning]] features <ref>[http://www.scidacreview.org/0804/html/hardware.html SciDAC Review - HARDWARE: Cortical Computing with Memristive Nanodevices]</ref>.
=Summing Amplifier=
A [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_amplifier_applications#Summing_amplifier summing amplifier] using an operational amplifier with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feedback#Negative_feedback feedback] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistor resistor] R<span style="vertical-align: sub;font-size: 80%;">f</span> sums several (weighted by input resistors 1..n) voltages to an negated output ...
[[FILE:OpAmpFormula.jpg|none|border|text-bottom]]
... and may be used to implement a classical [[Evaluation Function|evaluation function]] as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_combination linear combination] of independent features (F) and associated weights (W):
[[FILE:EvalLinearFormula1.jpg|none|border|text-bottom]]
=See also=
* [[Arduino]]
* [[Evaluation]]
* [[FPGA]]
* [[Neural Networks]]
* [[Pattern Recognition]]
* [[PIC Microcontroller]]
* [[Tapered Eval]]
=Publications=
* [[Jonathan Allen]], [[Edward Hamilton]], [[Robert Levinson]] ('''1997'''). ''New Advances in Adaptive Pattern-Oriented Chess''. [[Advances in Computer Chess 8]]
* [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=_WlPFxIAAAAJ&hl=en Amir Yazdanbakhsh], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/stamant Renée St. Amant], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/bthwaites Bradley Thwaites], [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=4Fw2ma4AAAAJ&hl=en Jongse Park], [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=LnB5_AcAAAAJ&hl=en Hadi Esmaeilzadeh], [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=NSbws80AAAAJ&hl=en Arjang Hassibi], [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=KzESVKwAAAAJ&hl=en Luis Ceze], [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=5JtQbw0AAAAJ Doug Burger] ('''2014'''). ''[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2665746 Toward General-Purpose Code Acceleration with Analog Computation]''. [[ACM#SIGARCH|ACM SIGARCH Computer Architecture News]] - [http://cag.engr.uconn.edu/isca2014/ ISCA '14], Vol. 42, No. 3, [http://www.cc.gatech.edu/~hadi/doc/paper/2014-wacas-anpu.pdf pdf]
=Forum Posts=
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=20841 Discussion of Special Purpose hardware for chess search] by Rick Fadden, [[CCC]], April 25, 2008
: [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=20841&start=1 Re: Discussion of Special Purpose hardware for chess search] by [[Gerd Isenberg]], [[CCC]], April 25, 2008
* [https://www.reddit.com/r/AskElectronics/comments/217j2u/how_can_you_create_an_analog_sigmoid_voltage/ How can you create an analog sigmoid voltage transfer function (from simple parts)?], [https://www.reddit.com/r/AskElectronics/ AskElektonics], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit Reddit], March 24, 2014
=External Links=
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_computer Analog computer from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analogue_electronics Analogue electronics from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter Analog-to-digital converter from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital-to-analog_converter Digital-to-analog converter from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field-programmable_analog_array Field-programmable analog array from Wikipedia]
* [http://opencircuitdesign.com/~tim/research/fpaa/fpaa.html Field-Programmable Analog Array]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromorphic_engineering Neuromorphic engineering from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_amplifier Operational amplifier from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_amplifier_applications Operational amplifier applications from Wikipedia]
* [http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/category/opamp Operational Amplifiers] from [http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/ Basic Electronics Tutorials and Revision] by [http://www.aspencore.com/ AspenCore, Inc]
: [http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/opamp/opamp_4.html Summing Amplifier is an Op-amp Voltage Adder]
: [http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/opamp/opamp_8.html Operational Amplifier Summary, Op-amp basics]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_neural_network Physical neural network from Wikipedia]
* [http://www.scidacreview.org/0804/html/hardware.html SciDAC Review - HARDWARE: Cortical Computing with Memristive Nanodevices]
* [[Videos#AchimZepezauer|Achim Zepezauer]] - Rätsel <ref>[https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A4tsel Rätsel - Wiikipedia.de] (German) » [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riddle Riddle from Wikipedia]</ref>, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube YouTube] Video
: {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o7N8S5YqG6o|alignment=left|valignment=top}}
=References=
<references />
'''[[Hardware|Up one Level]]'''
[[FILE:Op-Amp Summing Amplifier.svg|border|right|thumb| Summing amplifier <ref>A [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_diagram circuit diagram] of a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_amplifier_applications#Summing_amplifier Summing amplifier] made using an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_amplifier operational amplifier], made by [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Inductiveload Inductiveload], January 26 2009, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons Wikimedia Commons]</ref> ]]
'''Analog Evaluation''', (Analogue Evaluation)<br/>
a hypothetical dedicated special purpose hardware to [[Evaluation|evaluate]] a [[Chess Position|chess position]] using [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analogue_electronics analog circuits] such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_network resistive networks], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_amplifier operational amplifier] (op-amps), and in particular the analogous [[FPGA]] counterparts [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field-programmable_analog_array FPAA], to map digital or discrete input signals, [[Board Representation|representing the board]] or aspects of the board, to an analog output representing an evaluation [[Score|score]] along with some [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_(electronics) noise] as input of an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter analog-to-digital converter]. [[Jonathan Allen]], [[Edward Hamilton]], and [[Robert Levinson]] mentioned a method to convert a chess [[Mobility|mobility]] graph to a resistive network which could be computed using the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residual-resistance_ratio residual resistance] property of interconnected chips within their [[Morph|Morph III]] project <ref>[[Jonathan Allen]], [[Edward Hamilton]], [[Robert Levinson]] ('''1997'''). ''New Advances in Adaptive Pattern-Oriented Chess''. [[Advances in Computer Chess 8]]</ref>. Using [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memristor memristors], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memistor memistors], or even a kind of motorized [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potentiometer potentiometers] <ref>[http://www.onlinecontrols.com/mpots.htm Motorized potentiometers for high precision proportional controls]</ref> as used in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_theory closed loop control] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servomechanism servomechanisms], would allow the implementation of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_neural_network physical] [[Neural Networks|neural networks]] as analog evaluation device with [[Learning|machine learning]] features <ref>[http://www.scidacreview.org/0804/html/hardware.html SciDAC Review - HARDWARE: Cortical Computing with Memristive Nanodevices]</ref>.
=Summing Amplifier=
A [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_amplifier_applications#Summing_amplifier summing amplifier] using an operational amplifier with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feedback#Negative_feedback feedback] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistor resistor] R<span style="vertical-align: sub;font-size: 80%;">f</span> sums several (weighted by input resistors 1..n) voltages to an negated output ...
[[FILE:OpAmpFormula.jpg|none|border|text-bottom]]
... and may be used to implement a classical [[Evaluation Function|evaluation function]] as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_combination linear combination] of independent features (F) and associated weights (W):
[[FILE:EvalLinearFormula1.jpg|none|border|text-bottom]]
=See also=
* [[Arduino]]
* [[Evaluation]]
* [[FPGA]]
* [[Neural Networks]]
* [[Pattern Recognition]]
* [[PIC Microcontroller]]
* [[Tapered Eval]]
=Publications=
* [[Jonathan Allen]], [[Edward Hamilton]], [[Robert Levinson]] ('''1997'''). ''New Advances in Adaptive Pattern-Oriented Chess''. [[Advances in Computer Chess 8]]
* [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=_WlPFxIAAAAJ&hl=en Amir Yazdanbakhsh], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/stamant Renée St. Amant], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/bthwaites Bradley Thwaites], [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=4Fw2ma4AAAAJ&hl=en Jongse Park], [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=LnB5_AcAAAAJ&hl=en Hadi Esmaeilzadeh], [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=NSbws80AAAAJ&hl=en Arjang Hassibi], [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=KzESVKwAAAAJ&hl=en Luis Ceze], [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=5JtQbw0AAAAJ Doug Burger] ('''2014'''). ''[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2665746 Toward General-Purpose Code Acceleration with Analog Computation]''. [[ACM#SIGARCH|ACM SIGARCH Computer Architecture News]] - [http://cag.engr.uconn.edu/isca2014/ ISCA '14], Vol. 42, No. 3, [http://www.cc.gatech.edu/~hadi/doc/paper/2014-wacas-anpu.pdf pdf]
=Forum Posts=
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=20841 Discussion of Special Purpose hardware for chess search] by Rick Fadden, [[CCC]], April 25, 2008
: [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=20841&start=1 Re: Discussion of Special Purpose hardware for chess search] by [[Gerd Isenberg]], [[CCC]], April 25, 2008
* [https://www.reddit.com/r/AskElectronics/comments/217j2u/how_can_you_create_an_analog_sigmoid_voltage/ How can you create an analog sigmoid voltage transfer function (from simple parts)?], [https://www.reddit.com/r/AskElectronics/ AskElektonics], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit Reddit], March 24, 2014
=External Links=
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_computer Analog computer from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analogue_electronics Analogue electronics from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter Analog-to-digital converter from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital-to-analog_converter Digital-to-analog converter from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field-programmable_analog_array Field-programmable analog array from Wikipedia]
* [http://opencircuitdesign.com/~tim/research/fpaa/fpaa.html Field-Programmable Analog Array]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromorphic_engineering Neuromorphic engineering from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_amplifier Operational amplifier from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_amplifier_applications Operational amplifier applications from Wikipedia]
* [http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/category/opamp Operational Amplifiers] from [http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/ Basic Electronics Tutorials and Revision] by [http://www.aspencore.com/ AspenCore, Inc]
: [http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/opamp/opamp_4.html Summing Amplifier is an Op-amp Voltage Adder]
: [http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/opamp/opamp_8.html Operational Amplifier Summary, Op-amp basics]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_neural_network Physical neural network from Wikipedia]
* [http://www.scidacreview.org/0804/html/hardware.html SciDAC Review - HARDWARE: Cortical Computing with Memristive Nanodevices]
* [[Videos#AchimZepezauer|Achim Zepezauer]] - Rätsel <ref>[https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A4tsel Rätsel - Wiikipedia.de] (German) » [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riddle Riddle from Wikipedia]</ref>, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube YouTube] Video
: {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o7N8S5YqG6o|alignment=left|valignment=top}}
=References=
<references />
'''[[Hardware|Up one Level]]'''
