25,161
edits
Changes
m
Heiner Marxen's Busy Beaver link
<span id="TuringMachine"></span>
=Turing Machine=
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_machine Turing machines] are abstract symbol-manipulating devices which can be adapted to simulate the logic of any computer algorithm, described in 1936 by Alan Turing <ref>[[Alan Turing]] ('''1936'''). ''On computable numbers, with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem''.</ref> , as thought experiment about the limits of mechanical computation. An example of a concrete Turing machine is the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busy_beaver Busy beaver] <ref>[http://www.drb.inselturbotm.de/%7Eheiner~heiner/BB/index.html Busy Beaver] by [[Heiner Marxen]]</ref> .
The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Turing_machine Universal Turing machine] can simulate an arbitrary Turing machine on arbitrary input, and can be considered as the origin of the [[John von Neumann]] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Neumann_architecture architecture]. A universal Turing machine can calculate any [[Recursion|recursive]] function, decide any [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursive_language recursive language], and accept any [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursively_enumerable_language recursively enumerable language]. According to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church-Turing_thesis Church-Turing thesis], the problems solvable by a universal Turing machine are exactly those problems solvable by an algorithm or an effective method of computation, for any reasonable definition of those terms. For these reasons a system that can simulate a universal Turing machine is called [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_completeness Turing complete].
==Andrew Hodges==
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Hodges [Mathematician#APHodges|Andrew Hodges]] in the ''Alan Turing Scrapbook - the Origins of Artificial Intelligence'' <ref>[http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/scrapbook/ai.html Alan Turing Scrapbook - the Origins of Artificial Intelligence] by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Hodges [Mathematician#APHodges|Andrew Hodges]]</ref> :
Alan Turing talked at Bletchley Park with his younger colleague [[Jack Good]] about what we would now call chess-playing programs. They got the idea of searching decision trees for the best move.
* [[Mathematician#CHPapadimitriou|Christos H. Papadimitriou]], [[Mathematician#LAdleman|Leonard Adleman]], [[Richard Karp]], [[Donald Knuth]], [[Mathematician#RETarjan|Robert E. Tarjan]], [[Mathematician#LValiant|Leslie Valiant]] ('''2012'''). ''[https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2322189 An Algorithmic View of the Universe]''. [[Algorithms#ACM-Turing|ACM-Turing 2012]]
* [[Guy Haworth|Guy McCrossan Haworth]] ('''2013'''). ''Turing, Kasparov and the Future''. [[ICGA Journal#36_1|ICGA Journal, Vol. 36, No. 1]] » [[Turochamp]]
* [[Mathematician#SBCooper|S. Barry Cooper]], [[Mathematician#JvLeeuwen|Jan van Leeuwen]] ('''2013'''). ''[https://www.elsevier.com/books/alan-turing-his-work-and-impact/cooper/978-0-12-386980-7 Alan Turing: His Work and Impact]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier Elsevier Science]
: [[David Levy]] ('''2013'''). ''Alan Turing on Computer Chess''. pp. 644-650
* [[Mathematician#APHodges|Andrew Hodges]] ('''2014'''). ''[https://www.turing.org.uk/book/ Alan Turing: The Enigma]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vintage_Books Vintage Random House], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Press Princeton University Press]
* [[Kieran Greer]] ('''2014'''). ''Turing: Then, Now and Still Key''. [http://arxiv.org/abs/1403.2541 arXiv:1403.2541]
* [[Stephen Muggleton]] ('''2014'''). ''Alan Turing and the development of Artificial Intelligence''. [https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/journals/aicom/aicom27.html AI Communications, Vol. 27], No. 1, [http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~shm/Papers/TuringAI_1.pdf pdf]
=Forum Posts=
* [http://www.spiegel.de/netzwelt/gadgets/computer-und-schach-die-goldene-gans-die-niemals-schnattert-a-273665.html Computer und Schach: "Die goldene Gans, die niemals schnattert"] by [http://andreschulz.com/index.htm André Schulz], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiegel_Online Spiegel Online], November 12, 2003 (German) <ref>[https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=326962 New Chessbase Engine called "Turing"] by [[Ingo Bauer]], [[CCC]], November 12, 2003</ref>
* [http://www.chessbase.de/nachrichten.asp?newsid=3245 Alan Turing] by [http://andreschulz.com/index.htm André Schulz], June 07, 2004, [[ChessBase|ChessBase Nachrichten]] (German)
* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/the-northerner/2012/may/14/alan-turing-gary-kasparov-computer#start-of-comments Alan Turing: "I am building a brain." Half a century later, its successor beat Kasparov] by [http://www1.maths.leeds.ac.uk/~pmt6sbc/ Professor [Mathematician#SBCooper|S. Barry Cooper]], [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/the-northerner The Northerner | UK news], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian guardian.co.uk]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-17662585 Alan Turing: why the tech world's hero should be a household name] by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vint_Cerf Vint Cerf], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News BBC News], June 18, 2012
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-18561092 Alan Turing: Inquest's suicide verdict 'not supportable'] by [http://journalisted.com/roland-pease Roland Pease], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News BBC News], June 23, 2012
==Andrew Hodges==
* [http://www.turing.org.uk/sources/index.html Alan Turing: Primary Sources], notes by [http://www.synth.co.uk/ [Mathematician#APHodges|Andrew Hodges]], author of [http://www.turing.org.uk/book/ Alan Turing: the Enigma]* [http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/ Alan Turing - Home Page] maintained by [http://www.synth.co.uk/ [Mathematician#APHodges|Andrew Hodges]], author of [http://www.turing.org.uk/book/ Alan Turing: the Enigma]* [http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/scrapbook/index.html The Alan Turing Internet Scrapbook] maintained by [http://www.synth.co.uk/ [Mathematician#APHodges|Andrew Hodges]], author of [http://www.turing.org.uk/book/ Alan Turing: the Enigma]
==Literature==
* [http://www.amazon.com/s/?ie=UTF8&keywords=alan+turing&tag=googhydr08-21&index=aps&hvadid=2767015801&ref=pd_sl_9ertbs23zd_e Books on Alan Turing] from [http://www.amazon.com/ amazon.com]
* [http://www.synth.co.uk/ [Mathematician#APHodges|Andrew Hodges]], [http://www.turing.org.uk/book/ Alan Turing: the Enigma]
* [http://www.teuscher.ch/christof/ext/ Christof Teuscher] - [http://www.teuscher.ch/turing/index.html My Books on Alan Turing]
==Movies==
* <span id="DeathOfAlanTuring"></span>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1043774/ The Strange Life and Death of Dr Turing], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC BBC] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizon_%28BBC_TV_series%29 TV science series Horizon] (1992), [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube YouTube] Videos <ref>[http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/accession/102639717 The Strange Life and Death of Dr Turing] from [[The Computer History Museum]]</ref>Video : featuring [[Marvin Minsky]], [http://www.synth.co.uk/ [Mathematician#APHodges|Andrew Hodges]], [httphttps://www-historyen.mcswikipedia.st-andrews.ac.ukorg/Biographieswiki/Routledge.html Norman_Routledge Norman Routledge] <ref>[http://www.scientificcomputing.com/news/2012/07/mathematician-norman-routledge-alan-turing Mathematician Norman Routledge on Alan Turing], [http://www.scientificcomputing.com/ Scientific Computing], July 09, 2012</ref>, [[Jack Good]], [[Shaun Wylie]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Clarke Joan Clarke], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Gandy Robin Gandy] et al.: {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gyusnGbBSHE|alignment=left|valignment=top}}: {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5LHFzNMgWzwZ-sTs2o0VuY|alignment=left|valignment=top}}
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaking_the_Code Breaking the Code (1996)] (TV)
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codebreaker_%28film%29 Codebreaker (2011)] - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_4 Channel 4], [http://www.turingfilm.com/ Official Site]
[[Category:Mathematician|Turing]]
[[Category:Pioneer|Turing]]
[[Category:Quotes|Turing]]
[[Category:Good Quotes|Turing]]
[[Category:Turing Quotes|Turing]]
[[Category:Film|Turing]]
