25,161
edits
Changes
Created page with "'''Home * Hardware * Cray-1''' FILE:Cray1Seymour.jpg|border|right|thumb|255px|link=http://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/supercomputers/10/7/3|[https:..."
'''[[Main Page|Home]] * [[Hardware]] * Cray-1'''
[[FILE:Cray1Seymour.jpg|border|right|thumb|255px|link=http://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/supercomputers/10/7/3|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seymour_Cray Seymour Cray] in front of his Cray-1 <ref>[http://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/supercomputers/10/7/3 Supercomputer designer Seymour Cray in front of his Cray-1 computer - CHM Revolution] from [[The Computer History Museum]], 1976 ca., Courtesy of [http://www.cray.com/ Cray Research, Inc.]</ref> ]]
'''Cray-1''',<br/>
a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercomputer supercomputer] designed, manufactured and marketed by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cray#Cray_Research_Inc._and_Cray_Computer_Corporation:_1972_to_1996 Cray Research Inc.] since 1972. The first Cray-1 system was installed at [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] in 1976 and it went on to become one of the best known and most successful supercomputers in history, it reigned as the world’s fastest from 1976 to 1982 <ref>[http://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/supercomputers/10/7 The Cray-1 Supercomputer - CHM Revolution] from [[The Computer History Museum]]</ref>. Cray Research was founded by former [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_Data_Corporation Control Data Corporation] chief designer [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seymour_Cray Seymour Cray] <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cray-1 Cray-1 from Wikipedia]</ref>, after CDC neglected to invest in Seymour Cray's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDC_8600 CDC 8600] design.
=Architecture=
The Cray-1 is a large-scale, general-purpose digital computer featuring scalar as well as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_processor vector processing], a 12.5 nanosecond clock period, and a 50 nanosecond memory cycle time. The basic configuration of the Cray-1 consists of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit central processor unit] (CPU), one or more minicomputer [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_console consoles], and a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_storage mass storage] (disk) subsystem.
==CPU==
The CPU holds the [[Combinatorial Logic#ALU|ALU]], [[Memory|memory]], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input/output I/O sections] of the computer. It is constructed from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit#LSI LSI chips] of high-speed [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emitter-coupled_logic ECL] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_junction_transistor bipolar junction transistors]. Memory is build from 1024-bit LSI chips of up to one [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_prefix mebi] 72-bit words, arranged in 16 banks. A [[Word|word]] consists of 64 data bits and 8 check bits which allows [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamming_code single-error correction double-error detection] (SECDED).
==Registers==
Three primary [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processor_register register] sets consists of eight 24-bit [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_address address] registers (also loop counter, shift counts), eight 64-bit scalar registers, and eight vector registers, where one vector register is actually a set of 64 64-bit registers, called elements. Associated with the vector registers are a 7-bit vector length register and a 64-bit vector mask register to allow operations to be performed on individual vector elements.
[[FILE:cray_architecture.gif|none|border|text-bottom|link=http://www.chrisfenton.com/homebrew-cray-1a/]]
Register and ALU Block Diagram <ref>[http://www.chrisfenton.com/homebrew-cray-1a/ Homebrew Cray-1A] by [http://www.chrisfenton.com/ Chris Fenton]</ref>
==Instructions==
The Cray-1 executes 128 operation codes as either 16-bit (register reference) or 32-bit (memory reference) scalar or [[SIMD and SWAR Techniques|SIMD]] instructions. An integer multiply operation produces a 24-bit result, additions and subtractions either 24-bit or 64-bit results. Integer divide is not provided. The instruction set includes boolean operations for [[Combinatorial Logic#OR|OR]], [[Combinatorial Logic#AND|AND]], and [[Combinatorial Logic#XOR|exclusive OR]] and for a mask-controlled merge operation. Shift operations allow the manipulation of 64- or 128-bit operands to produce a 64-bit result. Instructions for scalar [[Population Count|population]] and [[BitScan#LeadingZeroCount|leading zero]] counts return bit counts based on scalar register contents to an address register.
The Cray design used [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipeline_%28computing%29 pipeline parallelism] to implement vector instructions rather than multiple [[Combinatorial Logic#ALU|ALUs]] . In addition the design had completely separate pipelines for different instructions, for example, addition/subtraction was implemented in different hardware than multiplication. This allowed a batch of vector instructions themselves to be pipelined, a technique called vector chaining. The Cray-1 normally had a performance of about 80 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS MFLOPS], but with up to three chains running it could peak at 240 MFLOPS <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_processor Vector processor from Wikipedia]</ref> .
=Chess Programs=
* [[Cray Blitz]]
* [[Cube]]
* [[Nuchess]]
=See also=
* [[CDC 6600]]
* [[CDC Cyber]]
* [[Cray X-MP]]
* [[Cray T3D]]
* [[Cray T3E]]
=Manuals=
* [http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Cray/Cray.Cray1.1977.102638650.pdf The CRAY-1 Computer System] (pdf)
* [http://bitsavers.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/pdf/cray/CAL/2240000B_Prelim_CAL_RefMan_Dec75.pdf CAL Assembly Reference Manual] (pdf)
=Publications=
* [[Robert Hyatt]] ('''1981'''). ''The Cray-1 Plays Chess (Part 1)''. [[Personal Computing#5_1|Personal Computing, Vol. 5, No. 1]], pp. 83
* [[Robert Hyatt]] ('''1981'''). ''The Cray-1 Plays Chess (Part 2)''. [[Personal Computing#5_2|Personal Computing, Vol. 5, No. 2]], pp. 95 » [[Cray Blitz]]
* [[Robert Hyatt]] ('''1981'''). ''[http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=doc-431614f6d2f73 Checkmate: The Cray-1 Plays Chess. Part 1]''. [http://www.0x07bell.net/WWWMASTER/CrayWWWStuff/Cfaqccframeset.html Cray Channels], Vol. 3, No. 1. [http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/text/3-2%20and%203-3.Cray_Channels_Vol-3_No-1.Checkmate_The_Cray-1_Plays_Chess.Hyatt.1980/Cray_Channels_Vol-3_No-1.Checkmate_The_Cray-1_Plays_Chess.Hyatt.1980.062303023.sm.pdf pdf] from [[The Computer History Museum]]
* [[Robert Hyatt]] ('''1981'''). ''[http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=doc-431614f6d1070 Checkmate: The Cray-1 Plays Chess. Part 2]''. [http://www.0x07bell.net/WWWMASTER/CrayWWWStuff/Cfaqccframeset.html Cray Channels], Vol. 3, No. 2. [http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/text/3-1%20and%203-2.Cray_Channels_Vol-3_No-2.Checkmate.Cray_Blitz.Hyatt.1981/Cray_Channels_Vol-3_No-2.Checkmate.Cray_Blitz.Hyatt.1981.062303019.sm.pdf pdf] from [[The Computer History Museum]]
* [[Robert Hyatt]] ('''1983'''). [[Cray Blitz]] - ''A Computer Chess Playing Program''. Master's Thesis, [[University of Southern Mississippi]]
* [[Harry Nelson]] ('''1984'''). ''How We Won The Computer Chess World's Championship''. Excerpt from a talk given at he DAS Computer Science Colloquium, [http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/text/3-1%20and%203-2.Nelson-Harry.Cray-Blitz.How_we_won.Jan-1984/Nelson-Harry.Cray-Blitz.How_we_won.Jan-1984.062303020.pdf pdf] from [[The Computer History Museum]] » [[WCCC 1983]]
=Forum Posts=
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=55521 hardware of Cray Blitz] by [[Leonid Liberman|Leonid]], [[CCC]], June 13, 1999 » [[WCCC 1983]]
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=113318 Cray Blity 1981?] by Joshua Lee, [[CCC]], June 02, 2000 » [[ACM 1981]]
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=449945 Cray and supercomputers (kinda long)] by [[Joshua Shriver]], [[CCC]], September 16, 2005
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=35947 Homebrew Cray-1A] by Max May, [[CCC]], September 01, 2010
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=36228 FPGA Cray-1] by [[Dan Andersson]], [[CCC]], September 30, 2010
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=43524 You'll need one of these to resurrect Cray Blitz] by [[Steven Edwards]], [[CCC]], May 01, 2012
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?topic_view=threads&p=216685&t=23616 Cray Blitz source (Carey)] by [[Robert Hyatt]], [[CCC]], September 10, 2008
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=61504 How fast was the Cray?] by Sean Evans, [[CCC]], September 23, 2016
=External Links=
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cray-1 Cray-1 from Wikipedia]
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cray-1 Category: Cray-1 - Wikimedia Commons]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cray Cray (brand) from Wikipedia]
* [http://www.cray.com/ Cray, the Supercomputer Company | Cray"]
: [http://www.cray.com/company/history Company History | Cray]
* [http://www.craysupercomputers.com/cray1.htm Cray Super Computers - Cray-1]
* [http://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/supercomputers/10/7 The Cray-1 Supercomputer - CHM Revolution] from [[The Computer History Museum]]
* [https://www.cisl.ucar.edu/computers/gallery/cray/cray1.jsp CRAY 1-A] from [https://www.cisl.ucar.edu/computers/gallery/index.jsp SCD Supercomputer Gallery]
* [http://www.chrisfenton.com/homebrew-cray-1a/ Homebrew Cray-1A] by [http://www.chrisfenton.com/ Chris Fenton] <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=35947 Homebrew Cray-1A] by Max May, [[CCC]], September 01, 2010</ref>
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cray_Operating_System Cray Operating System from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cray_Time_Sharing_System Cray Time Sharing System from Wikipedia]
* [http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/cgi/rni/comp-arch.pl?Vect/cray1.html,Vect/cray1-cpu.gif,Vect/menu-cr1.html High Performance Computer Architectures: A Historical Perspective - The CRAY-1]
* [http://www.bernd-leitenberger.de/cray-1.shtml Die Cray 1 - Architektur eines Supercomputers] by [http://www.bernd-leitenberger.de/ Bernd Leitenberger] (German)
* [https://en.chessbase.com/post/how-fast-was-the-cray Cray-1 – the eight million dollar super-computer] by [[Frederic Friedel]], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], September 23, 2016 » [[Cray Blitz]] <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=61504 How fast was the Cray?] by Sean Evans, [[CCC]], September 23, 2016</ref>
=References=
<references />
'''[[Hardware|Up one Level]]'''
[[FILE:Cray1Seymour.jpg|border|right|thumb|255px|link=http://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/supercomputers/10/7/3|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seymour_Cray Seymour Cray] in front of his Cray-1 <ref>[http://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/supercomputers/10/7/3 Supercomputer designer Seymour Cray in front of his Cray-1 computer - CHM Revolution] from [[The Computer History Museum]], 1976 ca., Courtesy of [http://www.cray.com/ Cray Research, Inc.]</ref> ]]
'''Cray-1''',<br/>
a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercomputer supercomputer] designed, manufactured and marketed by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cray#Cray_Research_Inc._and_Cray_Computer_Corporation:_1972_to_1996 Cray Research Inc.] since 1972. The first Cray-1 system was installed at [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] in 1976 and it went on to become one of the best known and most successful supercomputers in history, it reigned as the world’s fastest from 1976 to 1982 <ref>[http://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/supercomputers/10/7 The Cray-1 Supercomputer - CHM Revolution] from [[The Computer History Museum]]</ref>. Cray Research was founded by former [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_Data_Corporation Control Data Corporation] chief designer [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seymour_Cray Seymour Cray] <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cray-1 Cray-1 from Wikipedia]</ref>, after CDC neglected to invest in Seymour Cray's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDC_8600 CDC 8600] design.
=Architecture=
The Cray-1 is a large-scale, general-purpose digital computer featuring scalar as well as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_processor vector processing], a 12.5 nanosecond clock period, and a 50 nanosecond memory cycle time. The basic configuration of the Cray-1 consists of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit central processor unit] (CPU), one or more minicomputer [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_console consoles], and a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_storage mass storage] (disk) subsystem.
==CPU==
The CPU holds the [[Combinatorial Logic#ALU|ALU]], [[Memory|memory]], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input/output I/O sections] of the computer. It is constructed from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit#LSI LSI chips] of high-speed [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emitter-coupled_logic ECL] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_junction_transistor bipolar junction transistors]. Memory is build from 1024-bit LSI chips of up to one [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_prefix mebi] 72-bit words, arranged in 16 banks. A [[Word|word]] consists of 64 data bits and 8 check bits which allows [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamming_code single-error correction double-error detection] (SECDED).
==Registers==
Three primary [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processor_register register] sets consists of eight 24-bit [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_address address] registers (also loop counter, shift counts), eight 64-bit scalar registers, and eight vector registers, where one vector register is actually a set of 64 64-bit registers, called elements. Associated with the vector registers are a 7-bit vector length register and a 64-bit vector mask register to allow operations to be performed on individual vector elements.
[[FILE:cray_architecture.gif|none|border|text-bottom|link=http://www.chrisfenton.com/homebrew-cray-1a/]]
Register and ALU Block Diagram <ref>[http://www.chrisfenton.com/homebrew-cray-1a/ Homebrew Cray-1A] by [http://www.chrisfenton.com/ Chris Fenton]</ref>
==Instructions==
The Cray-1 executes 128 operation codes as either 16-bit (register reference) or 32-bit (memory reference) scalar or [[SIMD and SWAR Techniques|SIMD]] instructions. An integer multiply operation produces a 24-bit result, additions and subtractions either 24-bit or 64-bit results. Integer divide is not provided. The instruction set includes boolean operations for [[Combinatorial Logic#OR|OR]], [[Combinatorial Logic#AND|AND]], and [[Combinatorial Logic#XOR|exclusive OR]] and for a mask-controlled merge operation. Shift operations allow the manipulation of 64- or 128-bit operands to produce a 64-bit result. Instructions for scalar [[Population Count|population]] and [[BitScan#LeadingZeroCount|leading zero]] counts return bit counts based on scalar register contents to an address register.
The Cray design used [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipeline_%28computing%29 pipeline parallelism] to implement vector instructions rather than multiple [[Combinatorial Logic#ALU|ALUs]] . In addition the design had completely separate pipelines for different instructions, for example, addition/subtraction was implemented in different hardware than multiplication. This allowed a batch of vector instructions themselves to be pipelined, a technique called vector chaining. The Cray-1 normally had a performance of about 80 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS MFLOPS], but with up to three chains running it could peak at 240 MFLOPS <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_processor Vector processor from Wikipedia]</ref> .
=Chess Programs=
* [[Cray Blitz]]
* [[Cube]]
* [[Nuchess]]
=See also=
* [[CDC 6600]]
* [[CDC Cyber]]
* [[Cray X-MP]]
* [[Cray T3D]]
* [[Cray T3E]]
=Manuals=
* [http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Cray/Cray.Cray1.1977.102638650.pdf The CRAY-1 Computer System] (pdf)
* [http://bitsavers.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/pdf/cray/CAL/2240000B_Prelim_CAL_RefMan_Dec75.pdf CAL Assembly Reference Manual] (pdf)
=Publications=
* [[Robert Hyatt]] ('''1981'''). ''The Cray-1 Plays Chess (Part 1)''. [[Personal Computing#5_1|Personal Computing, Vol. 5, No. 1]], pp. 83
* [[Robert Hyatt]] ('''1981'''). ''The Cray-1 Plays Chess (Part 2)''. [[Personal Computing#5_2|Personal Computing, Vol. 5, No. 2]], pp. 95 » [[Cray Blitz]]
* [[Robert Hyatt]] ('''1981'''). ''[http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=doc-431614f6d2f73 Checkmate: The Cray-1 Plays Chess. Part 1]''. [http://www.0x07bell.net/WWWMASTER/CrayWWWStuff/Cfaqccframeset.html Cray Channels], Vol. 3, No. 1. [http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/text/3-2%20and%203-3.Cray_Channels_Vol-3_No-1.Checkmate_The_Cray-1_Plays_Chess.Hyatt.1980/Cray_Channels_Vol-3_No-1.Checkmate_The_Cray-1_Plays_Chess.Hyatt.1980.062303023.sm.pdf pdf] from [[The Computer History Museum]]
* [[Robert Hyatt]] ('''1981'''). ''[http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=doc-431614f6d1070 Checkmate: The Cray-1 Plays Chess. Part 2]''. [http://www.0x07bell.net/WWWMASTER/CrayWWWStuff/Cfaqccframeset.html Cray Channels], Vol. 3, No. 2. [http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/text/3-1%20and%203-2.Cray_Channels_Vol-3_No-2.Checkmate.Cray_Blitz.Hyatt.1981/Cray_Channels_Vol-3_No-2.Checkmate.Cray_Blitz.Hyatt.1981.062303019.sm.pdf pdf] from [[The Computer History Museum]]
* [[Robert Hyatt]] ('''1983'''). [[Cray Blitz]] - ''A Computer Chess Playing Program''. Master's Thesis, [[University of Southern Mississippi]]
* [[Harry Nelson]] ('''1984'''). ''How We Won The Computer Chess World's Championship''. Excerpt from a talk given at he DAS Computer Science Colloquium, [http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/text/3-1%20and%203-2.Nelson-Harry.Cray-Blitz.How_we_won.Jan-1984/Nelson-Harry.Cray-Blitz.How_we_won.Jan-1984.062303020.pdf pdf] from [[The Computer History Museum]] » [[WCCC 1983]]
=Forum Posts=
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=55521 hardware of Cray Blitz] by [[Leonid Liberman|Leonid]], [[CCC]], June 13, 1999 » [[WCCC 1983]]
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=113318 Cray Blity 1981?] by Joshua Lee, [[CCC]], June 02, 2000 » [[ACM 1981]]
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=449945 Cray and supercomputers (kinda long)] by [[Joshua Shriver]], [[CCC]], September 16, 2005
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=35947 Homebrew Cray-1A] by Max May, [[CCC]], September 01, 2010
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=36228 FPGA Cray-1] by [[Dan Andersson]], [[CCC]], September 30, 2010
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=43524 You'll need one of these to resurrect Cray Blitz] by [[Steven Edwards]], [[CCC]], May 01, 2012
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?topic_view=threads&p=216685&t=23616 Cray Blitz source (Carey)] by [[Robert Hyatt]], [[CCC]], September 10, 2008
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=61504 How fast was the Cray?] by Sean Evans, [[CCC]], September 23, 2016
=External Links=
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cray-1 Cray-1 from Wikipedia]
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cray-1 Category: Cray-1 - Wikimedia Commons]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cray Cray (brand) from Wikipedia]
* [http://www.cray.com/ Cray, the Supercomputer Company | Cray"]
: [http://www.cray.com/company/history Company History | Cray]
* [http://www.craysupercomputers.com/cray1.htm Cray Super Computers - Cray-1]
* [http://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/supercomputers/10/7 The Cray-1 Supercomputer - CHM Revolution] from [[The Computer History Museum]]
* [https://www.cisl.ucar.edu/computers/gallery/cray/cray1.jsp CRAY 1-A] from [https://www.cisl.ucar.edu/computers/gallery/index.jsp SCD Supercomputer Gallery]
* [http://www.chrisfenton.com/homebrew-cray-1a/ Homebrew Cray-1A] by [http://www.chrisfenton.com/ Chris Fenton] <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=35947 Homebrew Cray-1A] by Max May, [[CCC]], September 01, 2010</ref>
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cray_Operating_System Cray Operating System from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cray_Time_Sharing_System Cray Time Sharing System from Wikipedia]
* [http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/cgi/rni/comp-arch.pl?Vect/cray1.html,Vect/cray1-cpu.gif,Vect/menu-cr1.html High Performance Computer Architectures: A Historical Perspective - The CRAY-1]
* [http://www.bernd-leitenberger.de/cray-1.shtml Die Cray 1 - Architektur eines Supercomputers] by [http://www.bernd-leitenberger.de/ Bernd Leitenberger] (German)
* [https://en.chessbase.com/post/how-fast-was-the-cray Cray-1 – the eight million dollar super-computer] by [[Frederic Friedel]], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], September 23, 2016 » [[Cray Blitz]] <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=61504 How fast was the Cray?] by Sean Evans, [[CCC]], September 23, 2016</ref>
=References=
<references />
'''[[Hardware|Up one Level]]'''
