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'''[[Main Page|Home]] * [[People]] * Alex Bell'''
[[FILE:AlexBell.jpg|border|right|thumb|link=http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/acl/associates/permanent/bell.htm| Alex Bell 1965 <ref>Image clipped from [http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/acl/associates/permanent/bell.htm Alex Bell] from [[Atlas Computer Laboratory]], hosted by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_Appleton_Laboratory Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL)]</ref> ]]
'''Alex G. Bell''',<br/>
a British computer scientist and early computer chess and [[Games|game]] programmer from [[University of Manchester|Manchester University]] and [[Atlas Computer Laboratory]]. Bell started chess and games programming in the early 60s, initially working for [[Nils Barricelli]] and his chess program for [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_algorithm symbio-organisms] research. He also wrote his own programs for [[Kalah]] and Chess, which was called [[Atlas]]. Alex Bell published various papers about those topics, his 1972 book ''Games Playing with Computers'' is a real quarry and covers a broad range of basic AI-algorithms and games. Fortunately, thanks to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_Appleton_Laboratory Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL)] archive, it is available online <ref>[http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/acl/literature/books/gamesplaying/overview.htm Games Playing with Computers]</ref>, as well as other valuable resources quoted here in the chess programming wiki. In the 70s Atlas evolved to [[Master]] in collaboration with [[Peter Kent]], [[John Birmingham]] and chess expert [[John Waldron]]. Alex Bell was further involved to establish [[Conferences|computer chess conferences]] .
=Photos=
[[FILE:MasterTeam.JPG|none|border|text-bottom|link=http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/gallery/ral/slide28.htm]]
[[Master|Chess]] on the [[IBM 360|360/195]]. Alex Bell, Geoff Lambert, [[Peter Kent]], [[John Birmingham]] and [[John Waldron]] <ref>[http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/gallery/ral/slide28.htm Slide 28: 23.08.74 to 01.11.74] from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_Appleton_Laboratory Rutherford's] Photographic Section for the [[Atlas Computer Laboratory]]</ref>
=Atlas=
In 1962, when Bell was at [[University of Manchester|Manchester University]], [[Nils Barricelli]] arrived there with the intention to write a chess program for the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_Computer_%28Manchester%29 Atlas Computer], which would be used to study certain theories of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution evolution]. Alex Bell was hired by [[Atlas Computer Laboratory]] at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilton,_Oxfordshire Chilton site, Oxfordshire] for the purpose to write a list legal moves generator for Barricelli's project. Bell later reproduced the Barricelli chess program in [[Algol]] with quite a good user interface.
=Master=
When Alex Bell left Atlas Laboratory in 1969, his fellow [[Peter Kent]] took over his code. In 1973 after Alex' return, he joined forces with Peter and [[John Birmingham]] from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Research_Establishment Harwell] to work on the chess playing program [[Master]] ('''M'''inimax '''a'''lgorithm Te'''ster'''), which competed at the [[WCCC 1974|First World Computer Chess Championship 1974]] in Stockholm <ref>[[Alex Bell]] ('''1978'''). ''[http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/acl/applications/cocoa/p008.htm MASTER at IFIPS]''. from [[Atlas Computer Laboratory]], hosted by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_Appleton_Laboratory Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL)], excerpt from Alex Bell ('''1978'''). ''The Machine Plays Chess''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergamon_Press Pergamon Press], from [http://www.amazon.com/Machine-Plays-Chess-Pergamon/dp/0080212220 amazon]</ref>. Alex left Chilton a second time and moved to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSIRO CSIRO] in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra Canberra] in 1975, and [[Master]] played the following [[World Computer Chess Championship|World Computer Chess Championships]], [[WCCC 1977]] and [[WCCC 1980]] with Peter Kent and John Birmingham as sole authors <ref>[https://www.game-ai-forum.org/icga-tournaments/program.php?id=46 Master's ICGA Tournaments]</ref>.
=Computer Chess Conferences=
Alex Bell was initiator and co-organizer of the two first computer chess conferences in 1973 and 1975, while the latter became the [[Advances in Computer Chess 1]] conference <ref>[http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/acl/literature/news/1975.htm 1975 Press Releases - Techniques for playing the end game] from [[Atlas Computer Laboratory]], hosted by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_Appleton_Laboratory Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL)]</ref>.
=Selected Publications=
<ref>[http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/acl/literature/books/gamesplaying/references.htm Games Playing with Computers - References]</ref>
* [[Alex Bell]] ('''1968'''). ''[http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/acl/literature/reports/p003.htm Kalah on Atlas]''. [http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/acl/literature/reports/overview.htm Literature: Reports] hosted by [[Atlas Computer Laboratory]]
* [[Alex Bell]] ('''1970'''). ''How to program a computer to play legal chess'', [http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/ The Computer Journal], May 1970
* [[Alex Bell]] ('''1970'''). ''[http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/content/13/3/278.abstract Partitioning Integers in N dimensions]'', [http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/content/13/3.toc The Computer Journal, Vol. 13, No. 3], pp. 278-83
* [[Alex Bell]] ('''1972'''). ''[http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/acl/literature/books/gamesplaying/overview.htm Games Playing with Computers]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_%26_Unwin Allen & Unwin], [http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/acl/literature/books/gamesplaying/index.htm index]
* [[Alex Bell]] ('''1973'''). ''[http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/acl/literature/reports/p010.htm Himmelbett]''. [http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/content/16/3.toc The Computer Journal, Vol. 16, No. 3], [http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/acl/literature/reports/overview.htm Literature: Reports] hosted by [[Atlas Computer Laboratory]]
* [[Alex Bell]] (ed.) ('''1973'''). ''Computer Chess''. Proceedings [[Advances in Computer Chess 1|May 1973 Meeting on chess playing by computer]]. Science Research Council, [[Atlas Computer Laboratory]]
* [[Alex Bell]] ('''1978'''). ''The Machine Plays Chess''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergamon_Press Pergamon Press], from [http://www.amazon.com/Machine-Plays-Chess-Pergamon/dp/0080212220 amazon]
[[FILE:TheMachinePlaysChess.jpg|none|border|text-bottom|link=http://www.amazon.com/Machine-Plays-Chess-Pergamon/dp/0080212220]]
* [[Alex Bell]], N. Jacobi ('''1979'''). ''[http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/content/22/1/71.abstract How to read, make and store chess moves]''. [http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/content/22/1.toc The Computer Journal Vol. 22, No. 1], 71-75
* [[Alex Bell]] ('''1983'''). ''[http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/themicrouser/issues/01-10/chess.htm Chess for three gives the White Knight a winning gambit]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Micro_User The Micro User Magazine], December 1983 » [[White Knight]]
=External Links=
* [http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/acl/associates/permanent/bell.htm Alex Bell] from [[Atlas Computer Laboratory]], hosted by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_Appleton_Laboratory Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL)]
=References=
<references />
'''[[People|Up one level]]'''
[[FILE:AlexBell.jpg|border|right|thumb|link=http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/acl/associates/permanent/bell.htm| Alex Bell 1965 <ref>Image clipped from [http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/acl/associates/permanent/bell.htm Alex Bell] from [[Atlas Computer Laboratory]], hosted by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_Appleton_Laboratory Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL)]</ref> ]]
'''Alex G. Bell''',<br/>
a British computer scientist and early computer chess and [[Games|game]] programmer from [[University of Manchester|Manchester University]] and [[Atlas Computer Laboratory]]. Bell started chess and games programming in the early 60s, initially working for [[Nils Barricelli]] and his chess program for [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_algorithm symbio-organisms] research. He also wrote his own programs for [[Kalah]] and Chess, which was called [[Atlas]]. Alex Bell published various papers about those topics, his 1972 book ''Games Playing with Computers'' is a real quarry and covers a broad range of basic AI-algorithms and games. Fortunately, thanks to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_Appleton_Laboratory Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL)] archive, it is available online <ref>[http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/acl/literature/books/gamesplaying/overview.htm Games Playing with Computers]</ref>, as well as other valuable resources quoted here in the chess programming wiki. In the 70s Atlas evolved to [[Master]] in collaboration with [[Peter Kent]], [[John Birmingham]] and chess expert [[John Waldron]]. Alex Bell was further involved to establish [[Conferences|computer chess conferences]] .
=Photos=
[[FILE:MasterTeam.JPG|none|border|text-bottom|link=http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/gallery/ral/slide28.htm]]
[[Master|Chess]] on the [[IBM 360|360/195]]. Alex Bell, Geoff Lambert, [[Peter Kent]], [[John Birmingham]] and [[John Waldron]] <ref>[http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/gallery/ral/slide28.htm Slide 28: 23.08.74 to 01.11.74] from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_Appleton_Laboratory Rutherford's] Photographic Section for the [[Atlas Computer Laboratory]]</ref>
=Atlas=
In 1962, when Bell was at [[University of Manchester|Manchester University]], [[Nils Barricelli]] arrived there with the intention to write a chess program for the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_Computer_%28Manchester%29 Atlas Computer], which would be used to study certain theories of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution evolution]. Alex Bell was hired by [[Atlas Computer Laboratory]] at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilton,_Oxfordshire Chilton site, Oxfordshire] for the purpose to write a list legal moves generator for Barricelli's project. Bell later reproduced the Barricelli chess program in [[Algol]] with quite a good user interface.
=Master=
When Alex Bell left Atlas Laboratory in 1969, his fellow [[Peter Kent]] took over his code. In 1973 after Alex' return, he joined forces with Peter and [[John Birmingham]] from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Research_Establishment Harwell] to work on the chess playing program [[Master]] ('''M'''inimax '''a'''lgorithm Te'''ster'''), which competed at the [[WCCC 1974|First World Computer Chess Championship 1974]] in Stockholm <ref>[[Alex Bell]] ('''1978'''). ''[http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/acl/applications/cocoa/p008.htm MASTER at IFIPS]''. from [[Atlas Computer Laboratory]], hosted by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_Appleton_Laboratory Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL)], excerpt from Alex Bell ('''1978'''). ''The Machine Plays Chess''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergamon_Press Pergamon Press], from [http://www.amazon.com/Machine-Plays-Chess-Pergamon/dp/0080212220 amazon]</ref>. Alex left Chilton a second time and moved to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSIRO CSIRO] in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra Canberra] in 1975, and [[Master]] played the following [[World Computer Chess Championship|World Computer Chess Championships]], [[WCCC 1977]] and [[WCCC 1980]] with Peter Kent and John Birmingham as sole authors <ref>[https://www.game-ai-forum.org/icga-tournaments/program.php?id=46 Master's ICGA Tournaments]</ref>.
=Computer Chess Conferences=
Alex Bell was initiator and co-organizer of the two first computer chess conferences in 1973 and 1975, while the latter became the [[Advances in Computer Chess 1]] conference <ref>[http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/acl/literature/news/1975.htm 1975 Press Releases - Techniques for playing the end game] from [[Atlas Computer Laboratory]], hosted by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_Appleton_Laboratory Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL)]</ref>.
=Selected Publications=
<ref>[http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/acl/literature/books/gamesplaying/references.htm Games Playing with Computers - References]</ref>
* [[Alex Bell]] ('''1968'''). ''[http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/acl/literature/reports/p003.htm Kalah on Atlas]''. [http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/acl/literature/reports/overview.htm Literature: Reports] hosted by [[Atlas Computer Laboratory]]
* [[Alex Bell]] ('''1970'''). ''How to program a computer to play legal chess'', [http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/ The Computer Journal], May 1970
* [[Alex Bell]] ('''1970'''). ''[http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/content/13/3/278.abstract Partitioning Integers in N dimensions]'', [http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/content/13/3.toc The Computer Journal, Vol. 13, No. 3], pp. 278-83
* [[Alex Bell]] ('''1972'''). ''[http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/acl/literature/books/gamesplaying/overview.htm Games Playing with Computers]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_%26_Unwin Allen & Unwin], [http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/acl/literature/books/gamesplaying/index.htm index]
* [[Alex Bell]] ('''1973'''). ''[http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/acl/literature/reports/p010.htm Himmelbett]''. [http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/content/16/3.toc The Computer Journal, Vol. 16, No. 3], [http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/acl/literature/reports/overview.htm Literature: Reports] hosted by [[Atlas Computer Laboratory]]
* [[Alex Bell]] (ed.) ('''1973'''). ''Computer Chess''. Proceedings [[Advances in Computer Chess 1|May 1973 Meeting on chess playing by computer]]. Science Research Council, [[Atlas Computer Laboratory]]
* [[Alex Bell]] ('''1978'''). ''The Machine Plays Chess''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergamon_Press Pergamon Press], from [http://www.amazon.com/Machine-Plays-Chess-Pergamon/dp/0080212220 amazon]
[[FILE:TheMachinePlaysChess.jpg|none|border|text-bottom|link=http://www.amazon.com/Machine-Plays-Chess-Pergamon/dp/0080212220]]
* [[Alex Bell]], N. Jacobi ('''1979'''). ''[http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/content/22/1/71.abstract How to read, make and store chess moves]''. [http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/content/22/1.toc The Computer Journal Vol. 22, No. 1], 71-75
* [[Alex Bell]] ('''1983'''). ''[http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/themicrouser/issues/01-10/chess.htm Chess for three gives the White Knight a winning gambit]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Micro_User The Micro User Magazine], December 1983 » [[White Knight]]
=External Links=
* [http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/acl/associates/permanent/bell.htm Alex Bell] from [[Atlas Computer Laboratory]], hosted by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_Appleton_Laboratory Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL)]
=References=
<references />
'''[[People|Up one level]]'''
