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Created page with "'''Home * Chess * Playing Strength''' FILE:FlottmannDragonSnakeIII.JPG|border|right|thumb|link=http://wiki.huen-un-perduen.de/index.php?title=Datei:Flottm..."
'''[[Main Page|Home]] * [[Chess]] * Playing Strength'''
[[FILE:FlottmannDragonSnakeIII.JPG|border|right|thumb|link=http://wiki.huen-un-perduen.de/index.php?title=Datei:Flottmann04.jpg|Dragon and Snake on ambos <ref>Photo by [[Gerd Isenberg]], September 18, 2016, detail of the [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Flottmann-Tor Flottmann gate], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Nouveau Art Nouveau] theme of ''Dragon and Sun'' designed by Carl Weinhold, art director of blacksmith and foundry ''Füssmann und Fleeth'', [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essen Essen], exposed at the [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrie-_und_Gewerbeausstellung_D%C3%BCsseldorf industrial and trade exhibition 1902] in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf Düsseldorf], and baught by [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Heinrich_Flottmann Heinrich Flottmann] as gate for his [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackhammer jackhammer] [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flottmann-Werke factory], today adjacent to the exhibition and event space [[Arts#Flottmann|Flottmann-Hallen]] in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herne,_North_Rhine-Westphalia Herne], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia North Rhine-Westphalia], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany Germany], and part of [[Arts#IndustrialHeritageTrail|The Industrial Heritage Trail]] of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr Ruhr area], "The dragon is a symbol of physical strength and intelligence with respect to the snake that symbolizes the tough, glowing wrought iron" from [http://wiki.huen-un-perduen.de/index.php?title=Flottmann-Tor Flottmann-Tor – Hün un Perdün], see also [http://wiki.huen-un-perduen.de/index.php?title=Datei:Flottmann04.jpg Image] by Gerd Biedermann, and [http://flottmann-hallen.de/page/2?m=18 Flottmann-Hallen - Historie] (German)</ref> ]]
'''Playing Strength''', (Performance, Skill Level)<br/>
of a chess player, or chess playing entity, program or engine, reflects the ability to win against other players, given by a number or other element of an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_theory ordered set] such as an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elo_rating_system Elo number].
The ability to solve [[Test-Positions|test-positions]], that is, finding the specified, likely one and only best move, might be an indicator for various particular engine skills, but does not necessarily correlate with playing strength. In his ''[[Tord Romstad#Video|Parallelism and Selectivity in Game Tree Search]]'' lecture, [[Tord Romstad]] introduced the ''Worst Moves Observation'' ('''WMO'''), which states the practical playing strength is not primarily determined by the quality of the players best moves nor average moves, but by the quality of the players worst moves.
=Measuring=
A [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Validity_(statistics) statistical valid] method to measure playing strength within a defined [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidence_interval confidence interval] is to play an appropriate huge number of games with both sides versus a wide range of different opponents <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=46572 A word for casual testers] by [[Don Dailey]], [[CCC]], December 25, 2012</ref> with symmetric [[Time Management#Time%20Controls|time constraints]], and to apply [[Match Statistics|match statistics]]. Performance isn't measured absolutely; it is inferred from wins, losses, and draws against other players or engines. Players' rating depend on the ratings of their opponents, and the results scored against them <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elo_rating_system#Mathematical_details Elo rating system - Mathematical details - Wikipedia]</ref>. While relative playing strength of chess engines is not strictly transmissive over various time controls, the number of games played is more relevant than their duration, the todays de facto standard in measuring playing strength is parallel playing [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_chess fast chess] with (ultra) short time control, such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_chess#Blitz blitz], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_chess#Bullet bullet] or even [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_chess#Lightning lightning] chess, as for instance used in the [[Stockfish#TestingFramework|Fishtest framework]] of [[Stockfish]] <ref>[http://tests.stockfishchess.org/tests Stockfish Testing Framework]</ref>.
=Strength=
The strength of a chess program depends on many things, the quality and efficiency of the [[Algorithms|algorithms]] involved to determine the best move of a position, the balance of the so called [[Search|search]] versus [[Knowledge|knowledge tradeoff]] to [[Evaluation|evaluate]] or compare [[Leaf Node|leaf nodes]] of a [[Search Tree|search tree]], how to shape that tree and to propagate a [[Score|score]] up to the [[Root|root]], and [[Time Management|time management]], that is how to allocate time for searching a move under time control requirements. Time used is roughly proportional to the number of visited [[Node|nodes]] of the common [[Depth-First|depth-first search]] inside an [[Iterative Deepening|iterative deepening frame]], which [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_growth grows exponentially] by its [[Branching Factor#EffectiveBranchingFactor|effective branching factor]] raised to the power of [[Depth|search depth]]. Playing strength might be improved over the (playing) time due to [[Learning|learning algorithms]].
=See also=
* [[Automated Tuning]]
* [[Depth]]
* [[Depth#DiminishingReturns|Depth | Diminishing Returns]]
* [[Engine Rating Lists]]
* [[Engine Testing]]
* [[Knowledge]]
* [[Learning]]
* [[Match Statistics]]
* [[Opponent Model Search]]
* [[Pawn Advantage, Win Percentage, and Elo]]
* [[Pondering]]
* [[Search Pathology]]
* [[Search with Random Leaf Values]]
* [[Test-Positions]]
* [[Time Management]]
* [[Jean-Marc Alliot#WhoistheMaster|Who is the Master?]]
=Publications=
==1970 ...==
* <span id="Bloss"></span>[http://what-when-how.com/earth-scientists/bloss-f-donald-earth-scientist/ F. Donald Bloss] ('''1973'''). ''[https://www.amazon.de/Rate-Your-Chess-F-Donald-Bloss/dp/0442008295 Rate your own Chess]''. Van Nostrand Reinhold Inc.
* [[Tony Marsland]], [[Paul Rushton]] ('''1973'''). ''[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=805703 Mechanisms for Comparing Chess Programs].'' [[ACM 1973|ACM Annual Conference]], [http://webdocs.cs.ualberta.ca/~tony/OldPapers/Marsland-Rushton-ACM73 pdf]
* [[Peter W. Frey]] (ed.) ('''1977'''). ''[[Chess Skill in Man and Machine]]''. Springer, New York, N.Y. 2nd ed. 1983
* [[James Gillogly]] ('''1978'''). ''Performance Analysis of the Technology Chess Program''. Ph.D. Thesis. Tech. Report CMU-CS-78-189, [[Carnegie Mellon University]], [http://reports-archive.adm.cs.cmu.edu/anon/anon/usr/ftp/scan/CMU-CS-77-gillogly.pdf CMU-CS-77 pdf] » [[Tech]]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arpad_Elo Arpad Elo] ('''1978'''). ''The Rating of Chessplayers, Past and Present''. Arco Publications <ref>[http://www.anusha.com/elosbook.htm Elo's Book: The Rating of Chess Players] by [[Sam Sloan]]</ref>
* [[Don Beal]] ('''1978'''). ''Handicapping Computer Chess Programs''. [[ICGA Journal#1_2|ICCA Newsletter, Vol. 1, No. 2]]
* [[David Cahlander]] ('''1979'''). ''Strength of a Chess Playing Computer''. [[ICGA Journal#2_1|ICCA Newsletter, Vol. 2, No. 1]]
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1979'''). ''On the Grading of Chess Players''. [[Personal Computing#3_3|Personal Computing, Vol. 3, No. 3]], pp. 47
* <span id="Ratliff"></span>[[Gary L. Ratliff]] ('''1979'''). ''Practical Rating Program''. [[Personal Computing#3_9|Personal Computing, Vol. 3, No. 9]], pp. 62 » [[Playing Strength#Bloss|Bloss]]
* [[Frieder Schwenkel]] ('''1979'''). ''Berating the ratings system''. [[Personal Computing#3_11|Personal Computing, Vol. 3, No. 11]], pp. 77 » [[Playing Strength#Ratliff|Ratliff]], [[Playing Strength#Bloss|Bloss]]
* [[John Shaposka]] ('''1979'''). ''"JS" Takes the Bloss Test''. [[Personal Computing#3_12|Personal Computing, Vol. 3, No. 12]], pp. 75 » [[Playing Strength#Ratliff|Ratliff]], [[Playing Strength#Bloss|Bloss]]
* Editor ('''1979'''). ''Chess Ratings from Problem Solving''. [[Personal Computing#3_12|Personal Computing, Vol. 3, No. 12]], pp. 77 » [[CAPS|CAPS II]], [[Chess Problems, Compositions and Studies]]
==1980 ...==
* Floyd R. Kirk ('''1980'''). ''Bloss Flunks Test''. [[Personal Computing#4_8|Personal Computing, Vol. 4, No. 8]], pp. 72 » [[Playing Strength#Ratliff|Ratliff]], [[Playing Strength#Bloss|Bloss]]
* [[David E. Welsh]] ('''1980'''). ''Rating Boris 2.5''. [[Personal Computing#4_10|Personal Computing, Vol. 4, No. 10]], pp. 78 » [[Boris#2.5|Boris 2.5]]
* W. W. Foster ('''1980'''). ''Six Test Problems for Chess Playing Machines''. [[Personal Computing#4_10|Personal Computing, Vol. 4, No. 10]], pp. 81
* [[David E. Welsh]] ('''1980'''). ''Rating Boris 2.5 - Part II''. [[Personal Computing#4_11|Personal Computing, Vol. 4, No. 11]], pp. 87
* [[Ken Thompson]] ('''1982'''). ''Computer Chess Strength''. [[Advances in Computer Chess 3]]
* [[Ivan Bratko]], [[Danny Kopec]] ('''1982'''). ''A Test for Comparison of Human and Computer Performance in Chess.'' [[Advances in Computer Chess 3]]
* [[Danny Kopec]], [[Ivan Bratko]] ('''1982'''). ''The Bratko-Kopec experiment: a comparison of human and computer performance in chess''. [[Advances in Computer Chess 3]]
* [[Danny Kopec]], [[Enrique Irazoqui]], [[Ivan Bratko]] ('''1983'''). ''The Updated Bratko-Kopec Test.'' [[Computer Chess Reports|Computer Chess Digest Annual]] pp. 45-63
* [[Alexander Szabo]] ('''1984'''). ''[https://circle.ubc.ca/handle/2429/24780 Computer-Chess Tactics and Strategy]''. M.Sc. Thesis, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia University of British Columbia], [https://circle.ubc.ca/bitstream/handle/2429/24780/UBC_1984_A6_7%20S98.pdf?sequence=1 pdf]
* [[Göran Grottling]] ('''1984'''). ''The Truth about their Strength''. [[ICGA Journal#7_4|ICCA Journal, Vol. 7, No. 4]]
* [[Göran Grottling]] ('''1985'''). ''How to Bracket the Truth in Playing Strength''. [[ICGA Journal#8_1|ICCA Journal, Vol. 8, No. 1]]
* [[Monroe Newborn]] ('''1985'''). ''A Hypothesis Concerning the Strength of Chess Programs''. [[ICGA Journal#8_4|ICCA Journal, Vol. 8, No. 4]]
* [[Peter W. Frey]] ('''1986'''). ''Algorithmic Strategies for Improving the Performance of Game-Playing Programs''. In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Doyne_Farmer Doyne Farmer], [[Mathematician#AlanLapedes|Alan Lapedes]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noran_Packard Norman Packard], [[Burton Wendroff]] (Ed.) ('''1986'''). ''Evolution, Games and Learning: Models for Adaptation in Machines and Nature''. Proceedings of the Fifth Annual International Conference of the Center, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier Elsevier]
* [[Hans Berliner]], [[Gordon Goetsch]], [[Murray Campbell]], [[Carl Ebeling]] ('''1989'''). ''Measuring the Performance Potential of Chess Programs''. [[Advances in Computer Chess 5]]
* [[Eric Hallsworth]] ('''1989'''). ''Playing Levels''. [[Selective Search|Computer Chess News Sheet]] 23, pp 2, [http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/SS_23.pdf pdf] hosted by [[Mike Watters]]
==1990 ...==
* [[Hans Berliner]], [[Gordon Goetsch]], [[Murray Campbell]], [[Carl Ebeling]] ('''1990'''). ''Measuring the Performance Potential of Chess Programs.'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_%28journal%29 Artificial Intelligence], Vol. 43, No. 1
* [[Eric Hallsworth]] ('''1990'''). ''Speed, Processors and Ratings''. [[Selective Search|Computer Chess News Sheet]] 25, pp 6, [http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/SS_25.pdf pdf] hosted by [[Mike Watters]]
* [[Hans Berliner]], [[Danny Kopec]], [[Ed Northam]] ('''1991'''). ''A taxonomy of concepts for evaluating chess strength: examples from two difficult categories''. [[Advances in Computer Chess 6]], [http://www.sci.brooklyn.cuny.edu/%7Ekopec/Publications/Publications/O_20_C.pdf pdf]
* [[Steve Maughan]] ('''1992'''). ''Are You Sure It's Better?'' [[Selective Search]] 40, pp. 21, [http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/SS_40.pdf pdf] hosted by [[Mike Watters]]
* [[Warren D. Smith]] ('''1993'''). ''Rating Systems for Gameplayers, and Learning''. [http://scorevoting.net/WarrenSmithPages/homepage/ratingspap.ps ps]
* [[Luis Antunes]], [[Luis Moniz]], [[Carlos Azevedo]] ('''1993'''). ''[https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Rb-the-Dynamic-Estimation-of-the-Opponent-s-Antunes-Moniz/4844e9d1694f61d4052a87de94c4aeb2510c2404 Rb+: the Dynamic Estimation of the Opponent's Strength]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INESC-ID INESC-ID], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon Lisbon], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal Portugal] » [[Opponent Model Search#RB|RB]]
* [[Robert Hyatt]], [[Monroe Newborn]] ('''1997'''). ''CRAFTY Goes Deep''. [[ICGA Journal#20_2|ICCA Journal, Vol. 20, No. 2]] » [[Crafty]]
==2000 ...==
* [[Ernst A. Heinz]] ('''2000'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/3-540-45579-5_18 New Self-Play Results in Computer Chess]''. [[CG 2000]]
* [[Ernst A. Heinz]] ('''2001'''). ''Self-play Experiments in Computer Chess Revisited.'' [[Advances in Computer Games 9]]
* [[Ernst A. Heinz]] ('''2001'''). ''Modeling the “Go Deep” Behaviour of CRAFTY and DARK THOUGHT.'' [[Advances in Computer Games 9]] » [[Crafty]], [[Dark Thought]]
* [[Ernst A. Heinz]] ('''2001'''). ''Self-Play, Deep Search and Diminishing Returns.'' [[ICGA Journal#24_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 24, No. 2]]
* [[Guy Haworth]] ('''2002'''). ''[http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/5952/ Self-play: Statistical Significance]''. [[7th Computer Olympiad#Workshop|7th Computer Olympiad Workshop]]
* [[Guy Haworth]] ('''2002'''). ''Reference Fallible Endgame Play''. [[7th Computer Olympiad#Workshop|7th Computer Olympiad Workshop]], [http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/4579/1/2002c_CoW7_H_Reference_Fallible_Endgame_Play.pdf pdf]
* [[Guy Haworth]] ('''2003'''). ''[http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/4549/ Self-Play: Statistical Significance]''. [[ICGA Journal#26_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 26, No. 2]]
* [[Ernst A. Heinz]] ('''2003'''). ''Follow-Up on Self-Play, Deep Search, and Diminishing Returns.'' [[ICGA Journal#26_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 26, No. 2]]
==2005 ...==
* [[Jan Renze Steenhuisen]] ('''2005'''). ''New Results in Deep-Search Behaviour''. [[ICGA Journal#28_4|ICGA Journal, Vol. 28, No. 4]], [http://www.st.ewi.tudelft.nl/%7Erenze/doc/ICGA_2005_4_DeepSearch.pdf pdf]
* [[Matej Guid]], [[Ivan Bratko]] ('''2006'''). ''Computer Analysis of World Chess Champions''. [[ICGA Journal#29_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 29, No. 2]], [http://www.ailab.si/matej/doc/Computer_Analysis_of_World_Chess_Champions.pdf pdf] <ref>[http://en.chessbase.com/post/computers-choose-who-was-the-strongest-player- Computers choose: who was the strongest player?], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], October 30, 2006</ref><ref>[http://en.chessbase.com/post/computer-analysis-of-world-champions Computer analysis of world champions] by [[Søren Riis]], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], November 02, 2006</ref>
* [[Matej Guid]], [[Ivan Bratko]] ('''2006'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-540-75538-8_1 Computer Analysis of Chess Champions]''. [[CG 2006]]
* [[Matej Guid]], [[Ivan Bratko]] ('''2007'''). ''Factors affecting diminishing returns for searching deeper''. [[CGW 2007]] » [[Crafty]], [[Rybka]], [[Shredder]], [[Depth#DiminishingReturns|Diminishing Returns]]
* [[Shogo Takeuchi]], [[Tomoyuki Kaneko]], [[Kazunori Yamaguchi]], [[Satoru Kawai]] ('''2007'''). ''Visualization and Adjustment of Evaluation Functions Based on Evaluation Values and Win Probability''. [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/conf/aaai/aaai2007.html AAAI 2007], [https://www.aaai.org/Papers/AAAI/2007/AAAI07-136.pdf pdf]
* [[Matej Guid]], [[Ivan Bratko]] ('''2007'''). ''Factors affecting diminishing returns for searching deeper''. [[ICGA Journal#30_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 30, No. 2]], [http://www.ailab.si/matej/doc/Factors_Affecting_Diminishing_Returns.pdf pdf]
* [[Matej Guid]], [[Aritz Pérez]], [[Ivan Bratko]] ('''2007'''). ''How trustworthy is Crafty's analysis of world chess champions''? [[CGW 2007]] » [[Crafty]]
* [[Matej Guid]], [[Aritz Pérez]], [[Ivan Bratko]] ('''2008'''). ''How trustworthy is Crafty's analysis of world chess champions''? [[ICGA Journal#31_3|ICGA Journal, Vol. 31, No. 3]], [http://www.ailab.si/matej/doc/How_Trustworthy_is_Craftys_Analysis.pdf pdf]
* [[Rémi Coulom]] ('''2008'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-540-87608-3_11 Whole-History Rating: A Bayesian Rating System for Players of Time-Varying Strength]''. [[CG 2008]]
* [[Giuseppe Di Fatta]], [[Guy Haworth|Guy McCrossan Haworth]], [[Kenneth Wingate Regan]] ('''2009'''). ''Skill Rating by Bayesian Inference''. [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/conf/cidm/cidm2009.html CIDM 2009], [http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/~regan/papers/pdf/DFHR09.pdf pdf] <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_inference Bayesian inference from Wikipedia]</ref>
* [[Guy Haworth|Guy McCrossan Haworth]], [[Kenneth Wingate Regan]], [[Giuseppe Di Fatta]] ('''2009'''). ''Performance and Prediction: Bayesian Modelling of Fallible Choice in Chess''. [[Advances in Computer Games 12]], [http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/faculty/regan/papers/pdf/HRdF10.pdf pdf]
==2010 ...==
* [[Diogo R. Ferreira]] ('''2010'''). ''[http://web.ist.utl.pt/diogo.ferreira/chess/ Predicting the Outcome of Chess Games based on Historical Data]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_Superior_T%C3%A9cnico IST] - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_University_of_Lisbon Technical University of Lisbon] <ref>[http://blog.kaggle.com/2010/11/30/how-i-did-it-diogo-ferreira-on-4th-place-in-elo-chess-ratings-competition/ How I did it: Diogo Ferreira on 4th place in Elo chess ratings competition | no free hunch]</ref>
* [[Matej Guid]] ('''2010'''). ''Search and Knowledge for Human and Machine Problem Solving''. Ph.D. thesis, [[University of Ljubljana]]
* [[Kenneth Wingate Regan|Kenneth W. Regan]], [[Guy Haworth]] ('''2011'''). ''[http://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/AAAI/AAAI11/paper/view/3779 Intrinsic Chess Ratings]''. [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/%7Eley/db/conf/aaai/aaai2011.html#ReganH11 AAAI 2011], [http://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/AAAI/AAAI11/paper/view/3779/3962 pdf], [http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/%7Eregan/Talks/IntrinsicRatings.pdf slides as pdf] <ref> [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=65772 "Intrinsic Chess Ratings" by Regan, Haworth -- seq] by Kai Middleton, [[CCC]], November 19, 2017</ref>
* [[Kenneth Wingate Regan]], [[Bartłomiej Macieja]], [[Guy Haworth|Guy McCrossan Haworth]] ('''2011'''). ''[http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/23800/ Understanding Distributions of Chess Performances]''. [[Advances in Computer Games 13]], [http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/~regan/papers/pdf/RMH11.pdf pdf]
* [[Trevor Fenner]], [[Mark Levene]], [[Mathematician#GLoizou|George Loizou]] ('''2011'''). ''A Discrete Evolutionary Model for Chess Players' Ratings''. [http://arxiv.org/list/physics.soc-ph/recent Physics and Society], [http://arxiv.org/abs/1103.1530v2 arXiv:1103.1530v2]
* [[Matej Guid]], [[Ivan Bratko]] ('''2011'''). ''Using Heuristic-Search Based Engines for Estimating Human Skill at Chess''. [[ICGA Journal#34_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 34, No. 2]]
* [[Rémi Coulom]] ('''2012'''). ''Paired Comparisons with Ties: Modeling Game Outcomes in Chess''. [http://www.grappa.univ-lille3.fr/~coulom/ChessOutcomes.pdf pdf preprint] <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?topic_view=threads&p=471004&t=44180 Re: EloStat, Bayeselo and Ordo] by [[Rémi Coulom]], [[CCC]], June 25, 2012</ref>
* [[Diogo R. Ferreira]] ('''2012'''). ''Determining the Strength of Chess Players based on actual Play''. [[ICGA Journal#35_1|ICGA Journal, Vol. 35, No. 1]]
* [[Diogo R. Ferreira]] ('''2013'''). ''The Impact of the Search Depth on Chess Playing Strength''. [[ICGA Journal#36_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 36, No. 2]]
* [[Erik Varend]] ('''2014'''). ''Quality of play in chess and methods for measuring''. [http://www.chessanalysis.ee/Quality%20of%20play%20in%20chess%20and%20methods%20for%20measuring.pdf pdf] <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=54571 Questions regarding rating systems of humans and engines] by [[Erik Varend]], [[CCC]], December 06, 2014</ref> <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=60721 chess statistics scientific article] by Nuno Sousa, [[CCC]], July 06, 2016</ref>
==2015 ...==
* [[Shogo Takeuchi]], [[Tomoyuki Kaneko]] ('''2015'''). ''[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=7336038 Estimating Ratings of Computer Players by the Evaluation Scores and Principal Variations in Shogi]''. [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/mostRecentIssue.jsp?punumber=7335993 ACIT-CSI]
* [[Guy Haworth]], [[Tamal T. Biswas]], [[Kenneth Wingate Regan|Kenneth W. Regan]] ('''2015'''). ''[http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/39431/ A Comparative Review of Skill Assessment: Performance, Prediction and Profiling]''. [[Advances in Computer Games 14]]
* [[Chu-Hsuan Hsueh]], [[I-Chen Wu]], [[Wen-Jie Tseng]], [[Shi-Jim Yen]], [[Jr-Chang Chen]] ('''2015'''). ''Strength Improvement and Analysis for an MCTS-Based Chinese Dark Chess Program''. [[Advances in Computer Games 14]]
* [[Jean-Marc Alliot]] ('''2017'''). ''Who is the Master''? [[ICGA Journal#39_1|ICGA Journal, Vol. 39, No. 1]], [http://www.alliot.fr/CHESS/draft-icga-39-1.pdf draft as pdf] » [[Stockfish]], [[Jean-Marc Alliot#WhoistheMaster|Who is the Master?]]
=Forum Posts=
==1990 ...==
* [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess/Qe_5lhAWTsc/Uj9UNvUrb0AJ Weakest Chess Program needed] by Jones Maxime Murphy, [[Computer Chess Forums|rgc]], November 12, 1991
* [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess/qH7LeruGk7E/J1fuNeXx2eMJ Estimating Playing Strength of Computers (was: Re: Rating of Radio Shack 1650)] by Peter Marko, [[Computer Chess Forums|rgc]], September 15, 1992 » [[SciSys Explorer]]
* [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess/clI1kBtbGJM/Izx6gGvPIzEJ Rating boundaries] by Kevin Stokker, [[Computer Chess Forums|rgc]], January 14, 1993
* [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess/0Ml8HZYzFVQ/0As11AGu8KMJ Cognitive Psychology and Chess Skill] by John Rummel, [[Computer Chess Forums|rgc]], June 07, 1994 » [[Cognition]]
==1995 ...==
* [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess/NXEDz2iTbRc/k6uH2zBMmxMJ Primitive Chess Program] by David Ewart, [[Computer Chess Forums|rgc]], June 09, 1995
* [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess/ENWDInLp9yQ/JF9dKASgAOYJ Rating of perfect chess] by an18...@anon.penet.fi, [[Computer Chess Forums|rgc]], July 17, 1995
* [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess.computer/GkgFc3jOl84/vWn-SG8kVboJ Theoretical chess rating question...] by Cyber Linguist, [[Computer Chess Forums|rgcc]], April 17, 1996
* [http://groups.google.com/group/rec.games.chess.computer/browse_frm/thread/3014e4ea570dbf38 Statistical validity of medium-length match results] by [[Bruce Moreland]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rgcc]], February 15, 1997
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=52542 ELO performance?] by [[Stefan Meyer-Kahlen]], [[CCC]], May 22, 1999 » [[Match Statistics]], [[Pawn Advantage, Win Percentage, and Elo]]
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=69215 from "Scacco": No steps forward in Computer Chess in the Last years !?] by [[Gianluigi Masciulli]], [[CCC]], September 18, 1999
==2000 ...==
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=230488 Strength of the engine in chess programs] by [[Rolf Tüschen|Rolf Tueschen]], [[CCC]], May 20, 2002
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=275347 Value of playing different versions of a program against each other] by [[Tom King]], [[CCC]], January 06, 2003 » [[Engine Testing]]
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=294537 Rules of thumb for strength estimation?] by [[Albert Bertilsson]], [[CCC]], April 25, 2003
==2005 ...==
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=411278 bayeselo: new Elo-rating tool, applied to CCT7] by [[Rémi Coulom]], [[CCC]], February 13, 2005 » [[CCT7]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=13800 a beat b,b beat c,c beat a question] by [[Uri Blass]], [[CCC]], May 16, 2007
* [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/computer-go-archive/iZmzbavlbsI/oLGjUFelN3UJ A thought about ratings] by Dave Dyer, [https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/computer-go-archive Computer Go Archive], December 10, 2007 » [[Go]]
: [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/computer-go-archive/iZmzbavlbsI/1EJf4q2L4HIJ Re: A thought about ratings] by [[Don Dailey]], [https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/computer-go-archive Computer Go Archive], December 10, 2007
: [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/computer-go-archive/iZmzbavlbsI/Z2AsWFaUu-EJ Re: A thought about ratings] by [[Edward de Grijs]], [https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/computer-go-archive Computer Go Archive], December 10, 2007
: [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/computer-go-archive/iZmzbavlbsI/K-5UMaK_CsYJ Re: A thought about ratings] by [[Don Dailey]], [https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/computer-go-archive Computer Go Archive], December 10, 2007
'''2008'''
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=21208 Glaurung Mac OS X: New GUI, now with adjustable strength.] by [[Tord Romstad]], [[CCC]], May 18, 2008 » [[Glaurung]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=21264 Artificial stupidity - making a program play badly] by [[Tord Romstad]], [[CCC]], May 20, 2008
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=22832 New testing thread] by [[Robert Hyatt]], [[CCC]], August 07, 2008 » [[Engine Testing]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=25215 Hardware vs Software] by [[Charles Roberson]], [[CCC]], December 02, 2008
'''2009'''
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=26817 Speed/ELO relationship, and question to engine programmers] by [[Russell Reagan]], [[CCC]], March 02, 2009
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=27516 Elo Calcuation] by [[Edmund Moshammer]], [[CCC]], April 19, 2009
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=30550 different kinds of testing] by [[Don Dailey]], [[CCC]], November 09, 2009
==2010 ...==
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=33089 How to reduce playing strenght to play against humans] by [[Fermin Serrano]], [[CCC]], March 05, 2010
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=35531 Current skill command (Crafty) results] by [[Robert Hyatt]], [[CCC]], July 21, 2010 » [[Crafty]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=36006 harware vs software advances] by [[Don Dailey]], [[CCC]], September 08, 2010
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=36031 hardware advances - a different perspective] by [[Robert Hyatt]], [[CCC]], September 09, 2010
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=36040 old crafty vs new crafty on new hardware] by [[Robert Hyatt]], [[CCC]], September 11, 2010
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=36050 Crafty tests show that Software has advanced more] by [[Don Dailey]], [[CCC]], September 12, 2010
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=36059 Final results - Crafty - hardware vs software] by [[Robert Hyatt]], [[CCC]], September 13, 2010
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=36058 Deep Blue vs Rybka] by [[Don Dailey]], [[CCC]], September 13, 2010 » [[Deep Blue]], [[Rybka]]
'''2011'''
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=39511 Ply vs ELO] by Andriy Dzyben, [[CCC]], June 28, 2011
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=41341 Increase in Elo ..Question For The Experts] by [[Steve Blincoe|Steve B]], [[CCC]], December 05, 2011
'''2012'''
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=41732 StockFish LS with LimitStrength feature] by [[Alexander Schmidt]], [[CCC]], January 01, 2012 » [[Stockfish]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=41902 Depth vs playing strength] by David Whitten, [[CCC]], January 09, 2012
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=42880 Reducing Strength] by Ted Wong, [[CCC]], March 15, 2012
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=44219 Human Elo ratings: averages and standard deviations] by [[Jesús Muñoz]], [[CCC]], March 18, 2012
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=43134 Elo versus speed] by [[Peter Österlund]], [[CCC]], April 02, 2012
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=44003 Rybka odds matches and the strength of engines] by [[Kai Laskos]], [[CCC]], June 09, 2012 » [[Rybka]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=46370 Elo points gain from doubling time] by [[Kai Laskos]], [[CCC]], December 10, 2012
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=46572 A word for casual testers] by [[Don Dailey]], [[CCC]], December 25, 2012
'''2013'''
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=46786 Noise in ELO estimators: a quantitative approach] by [[Marco Costalba]], [[CCC]], January 06, 2013
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=48733 Scaling at 2x nodes (or doubling time control)] by [[Kai Laskos]], [[CCC]], July 23, 2013 » [[Match Statistics#DoublingTC|Doubling TC]], [[Depth#DiminishingReturns|Diminishing Returns]], [[Playing Strength]], [[Houdini]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=48864 How much elo is pondering worth] by [[Michel Van den Bergh]], [[CCC]], August 07, 2013 » [[Pondering]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=49248 Contempt and the ELO model] by [[Michel Van den Bergh]], [[CCC]], September 05, 2013 » [[Contempt Factor]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=50173 ELO rating and thinking time] by [[Henk van den Belt]], [[CCC]], November 22, 2013
'''2014'''
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=52021 Playing strength development - increasing time control] by [[Andreas Strangmüller]], [[CCC]], April 17, 2014
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=53287 How many Elo points change for a doubling of uP time?] by Jay Rodrequez, [[CCC]], August 14, 2014
* [https://chesscomputer.tumblr.com/post/98632536555/using-the-stockfish-position-evaluation-score-to/embed Using the Stockfish position evaluation score to predict victory probability] by unavoidablegrain, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumblr Tumblr], September 28, 2014 » [[Pawn Advantage, Win Percentage, and Elo]], [[Stockfish]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=53891 Elo estimation using quasi-Monte Carlo integration] by Branko Radovanovic, [[CCC]], September 30, 2014
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=54571 Questions regarding rating systems of humans and engines] by [[Erik Varend]], [[CCC]], December 06, 2014
==2015 ...==
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=55011 How to dumb down/weaken/humanize an engine algorithmically?] by Dominik Klein, [[CCC]], January 18, 2015
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=57223 computing elo of multiple chess engines] by [[Alexandru Mosoi]], [[CCC]], August 09, 2015
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=57482 Name for elo without draws] by [[Marcel van Kervinck]], [[CCC]], September 02, 2015
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=57696 The future of chess and elo ratings] by [[Larry Kaufman]], [[CCC]], September 20, 2015
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=57969 ELO error margin] by [[Fabio Gobbato]], [[CCC]], October 17, 2015
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=58067 testing multiple versions & elo calculation] by [[Folkert van Heusden]], [[CCC]], October 27, 2015
'''2016'''
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=59332 a direct comparison of FIDE and CCRL rating systems] by [[Erik Varend]], [[CCC]], February 22, 2016 » [[FIDE]], [[CCRL]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?p=661996 Computer Chess Strength] by [[John Philip Fishburn|John Fishburn]], [[CCC]], February 28, 2016
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?p=662580 How much benefit from opening book?] by [[John Philip Fishburn|John Fishburn]], [[CCC]], March 06, 2016 » [[Opening Book]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=59470 Computer chess progress over say the last 20 years?] by [[Martin Fierz]], [[CCC]], March 10, 2016
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=59497 Computer chess progress over the last 20 years!] by [[Martin Fierz]], [[CCC]], March 13, 2016
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=59543 Computer Chess Progress: Stockfish 7 vs Ruffian 1.0.5] by [[Martin Fierz]], [[CCC]], March 17, 2016 » [[Stockfish]], [[Ruffian]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=59982 skill levels] by [[Alexandru Mosoi]], [[CCC]], April 28, 2016
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=60635 Strategies for weaker play levels] by [[Evert Glebbeek]], [[CCC]], June 28, 2016
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=61444 ELO inflation ha ha ha] by [[Henk van den Belt]], [[CCC]], September 16, 2016 » [[Delphil]], [[Stockfish]], [[Match Statistics]], [[TCEC Season 9]] <ref>[http://tcec.chessdom.com/archive.php?se=9&rapid&ga=163 Delphil 3.3b2 (2334) - Stockfish 030916 (3228), TCEC Season 9 - Rapid, Round 11], September 16, 2016</ref>
: [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=61444&start=17 About expected scores and draw ratios] by [[Jesús Muñoz]], [[CCC]], September 17, 2016
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=61548 Perfect play] by Patrik Karlsson, [[CCC]], September 28, 2016
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=61784 Doubling of time control] by [[Andreas Strangmüller]], [[CCC]], October 21, 2016 » [[Match Statistics#DoublingTC|Doubling TC]], [[Depth#DiminishingReturns|Diminishing Returns]], [[Playing Strength]], [[Komodo]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=62146 Stockfish 8 - Double time control vs. 2 threads] by [[Andreas Strangmüller]], [[CCC]], November 15, 2016 » [[Match Statistics#DoublingTC|Doubling TC]], [[Depth#DiminishingReturns|Diminishing Returns]], [[Playing Strength]], [[Stockfish]]
* [http://rybkaforum.net/cgi-bin/rybkaforum/topic_show.pl?tid=31867 L3 cache, RAM and other performance factors] by Nimzy, [[Computer Chess Forums|Rybka Forum]], December 04, 2016 » [[Memory]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=62510 Absolute ELO scale] by [[Nicu Ionita]], [[CCC]], December 17, 2016
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=62622 Diminishing returns and hyperthreading] by [[Kai Laskos]], [[CCC]], December 27, 2016 » [[Depth#DiminishingReturns|Diminishing Returns]], [[Match Statistics]], [[Thread]]
'''2017'''
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=62868 Progress in 30 years by four intervals of 7-8 years] by [[Kai Laskos]], [[CCC]], January 19, 2017 » [[Match Statistics]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=62907 Crafty Play By Elo ( Crafty v25.3)] by [[Michael Byrne|Michael B]], [[CCC]], January 23, 2017 » [[Crafty]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=63652 6-men Syzygy from HDD and USB 3.0] by [[Kai Laskos]], [[CCC]], April 04, 2017 » [[Komodo]], [[Syzygy Bases]], [[Memory#USB3|USB 3.0]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=63687 Scaling of engines from FGRL rating list] by [[Kai Laskos]], [[CCC]], April 07, 2017 » [[FGRL]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=63763 Low impact of opening phase in engine play?] by [[Kai Laskos]], [[CCC]], April 18, 2017 » [[Opening]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=63813 How to simulate a game outcome given Elo difference?] by [[Nicu Ionita]], [[CCC]], April 25, 2017
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=63875 Wilo rating properties from FGRL rating lists] by [[Kai Laskos]], [[CCC]], May 01, 2017 » [[FGRL]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=63886 RAM speed and engine strength] by John Hartmann, [[CCC]], May 03, 2017 » [[Memory#RAM|RAM]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=63903 Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) scaling - SF8 and K10.4] by [[Andreas Strangmüller]], [[CCC]], May 05, 2017 » [[Lazy SMP]], [[Komodo]], [[Stockfish]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=63955 Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) scaling - K10.4 Contempt=0] by [[Andreas Strangmüller]], [[CCC]], May 11, 2017 » [[SMP]], [[Komodo]], [[Contempt Factor]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=63967 Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) scaling - SF8 Contempt=10] by [[Andreas Strangmüller]], [[CCC]], May 13, 2017 » [[SMP]], [[Stockfish]], [[Contempt Factor]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=64041 Another attempt at comparing Evals ELO-wise] by [[Kai Laskos]], [[CCC]], May 22, 2017 » [[Evaluation]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=64356 Testing endgame strength] by [[Álvaro Begué]], [[CCC]], June 21, 2017 » [[Endgame]], [[Engine Testing]], [[RuyDos]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=64683 Invariance with time control of rating schemes] by [[Kai Laskos]], [[CCC]], July 22, 2017 <ref>[http://hardy.uhasselt.be/Toga/normalized_elo.pdf Normalized Elo] (pdf) by [[Michel Van den Bergh]]</ref>
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=64719 Ways to avoid "Draw Death" in Computer Chess] by [[Kai Laskos]], [[CCC]], July 25, 2017
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=64824&start=3 ELO measurements] by [[Peter Österlund]], [[CCC]], August 06, 2017 » [[Lazy SMP]], [[Parallel Search]]
* [http://www.hiarcs.net/forums/viewtopic.php?t=8526 an interesting study from Erik Varend] by scandien, [[Computer Chess Forums|Hiarcs Forum]], August 13, 2017 <ref>[http://www.chessanalysis.ee/chessanalysiseng.htm Chessanalysis homepage] by [[Erik Varend]]</ref>
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=65048 Wall and Regression] by [[Srdja Matovic]], [[CCC]], August 31, 2017 <ref>[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wall wall - Wiktionary]</ref> <ref>[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/regression regression - Wiktionary]</ref>
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=65288 Scaling from FGRL results with top 3 engines] by [[Kai Laskos]], [[CCC]], September 26, 2017 » [[FGRL]], [[Houdini]], [[Komodo]], [[Stockfish]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=65772 "Intrinsic Chess Ratings" by Regan, Haworth -- seq] by Kai Middleton, [[CCC]], November 19, 2017
: [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=65772&start=2 Re: "Intrinsic Chess Ratings" by Regan, Haworth --] by [[Kenneth Wingate Regan|Kenneth Regan]], [[CCC]], November 20, 2017 » [[Jean-Marc Alliot#WhoistheMaster|Who is the Master?]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=66000 ELO progression measured by year] by [[Ed Schroder]], [[CCC]], December 13, 2017
'''2018'''
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=66298 Is modern chess software lossless or lossy?] by Meni Rosenfeld, [[CCC]], January 10, 2018 » [[Selectivity]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=66775 Feed bayeselo with pure game results without PGN] by [[Sergei Markoff|Sergei S. Markoff]], [[CCC]], March 08, 2018
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=66793 Elo measurement of contempt in SF in self-play] by [[Michel Van den Bergh]], [[CCC]], March 10, 2018 » [[Contempt Factor|Contempt]], [[Stockfish]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=66821 Time control envelope in top engines could be improved?] by [[Kai Laskos]], [[CCC]], March 13, 2018 » [[Time Management]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=66945 LCZero: Progress and Scaling. Relation to CCRL Elo] by [[Kai Laskos]], [[CCC]], March 28, 2018 » [[LCZero]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=66969 Elostat Question] by [[Michael Sherwin]], [[CCC]], March 30, 2018
=External Links=
==Chess Player==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Anderssen#Playing_strength_and_style Adolf Anderssen - Playing strength and style from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Carlsen#Rating Magnus Carlsen - Rating from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry_Kasparov#Chess_ratings_achievements Garry Kasparov Chess ratings achievements from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Reinfeld#Playing_strength Fred Reinfeld | Playing strength from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Sz%C3%A9n#Playing_strength József Szén | Playing strength from Wikipedia]
==Chess Engines==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_engine#Increasing_strength Chess engine - Increasing strength from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChessGenius#Playing_strength ChessGenius - Playing strength from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_Tiger#Playing_strength Chess Tiger - Playing strength from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komodo_%28chess%29#Playing_strength_and_style Komodo (chess) - Playing strength and style from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MChess_Pro#Playing_strength MChess Pro - Playing strength from Wikipedia]
==Analysis==
* [http://en.chessbase.com/post/computers-choose-who-was-the-strongest-player- Computers choose: who was the strongest player?], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], October 30, 2006
* [http://en.chessbase.com/post/computer-analysis-of-world-champions Computer analysis of world champions] by [[Søren Riis]], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], November 02, 2006 <ref>[[Matej Guid]], [[Ivan Bratko]] ('''2006'''). ''Computer Analysis of World Chess Champions''. [[ICGA Journal#29_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 29, No. 2]], [http://www.ailab.si/matej/doc/Computer_Analysis_of_World_Chess_Champions.pdf pdf]</ref>
* [http://www.chessanalysis.ee/chessanalysiseng.htm Chessanalysis homepage] by [[Erik Varend]] <ref>[http://www.hiarcs.net/forums/viewtopic.php?t=8526 an interesting study from Erik Varend] by scandien, [[Computer Chess Forums|Hiarcs Forum]], August 13, 2017</ref>
==Rating Systems==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_rating_systems Chess rating system from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chessmetrics Chessmetrics from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elo_rating_system Elo rating system from Wikipedia]
* [http://wismuth.com/elo/calculator.html Elo Win Probability Calculator] by [[Mathematician#FLabelle|François Labelle]]
* [http://en.chessbase.com/post/arpad-elo-and-the-elo-rating-system Arpad Elo and the Elo Rating System] by [[Dan Ross]], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], December 16, 2007
* [http://kirill-kryukov.com/chess/kcec/draw_rate.html Kirr's Chess Engine Comparison KCEC - Draw rate] » [[KCEC]]
* [http://www.alliot.fr/CHESS/ficga.html.en Who is the Master?] by [[Jean-Marc Alliot]] » [[Jean-Marc Alliot#WhoistheMaster|Who is the Master?]]
* [https://news.cnrs.fr/articles/how-should-chess-players-be-rated How Should Chess Players Be Rated?] by [https://news.cnrs.fr/authors/martin-koppe Martin Koppe], [https://news.cnrs.fr/ CNRS News], April 25, 2017
* [https://en.chessbase.com/post/ranking-chess-players-according-to-the-quality-of-their-moves Ranking chess players according to the quality of their moves] by [[Frederic Friedel]], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], April 27, 2017
* [http://rebel13.nl/misc/stats.html Rating List Stats] by [[Ed Schroder]] » [[CCRL]], [[Match Statistics]]
==Misc==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strength Strength from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strength_of_schedule Strength of schedule from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/go_from_strength_to_strength go from strength to strength - Wiktionary]
* [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spielst%C3%A4rke Spielstärke | Wikipedia.de] (German)
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_rating_system Sports rating system from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_(disambiguation) Performance (disambiguation) from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/performance performance - Wiktionary]
* [http://senseis.xmp.net/?PlayingStrengthAndGender Playing Strength and Gender at Sensei's Library]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranking Ranking from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/regression regression - Wiktionary]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skill Skill from Wikipedia]
* [[Videos#Chicago|Chicago]] - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feelin%27_Stronger_Every_Day Feelin' Stronger Every Day] (1973), [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube YouTube] Video
: {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Q3uPysQaZY|alignment=left|valignment=top}}
=References=
<references />
'''[[Chess|Up one Level]]'''
[[FILE:FlottmannDragonSnakeIII.JPG|border|right|thumb|link=http://wiki.huen-un-perduen.de/index.php?title=Datei:Flottmann04.jpg|Dragon and Snake on ambos <ref>Photo by [[Gerd Isenberg]], September 18, 2016, detail of the [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Flottmann-Tor Flottmann gate], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Nouveau Art Nouveau] theme of ''Dragon and Sun'' designed by Carl Weinhold, art director of blacksmith and foundry ''Füssmann und Fleeth'', [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essen Essen], exposed at the [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrie-_und_Gewerbeausstellung_D%C3%BCsseldorf industrial and trade exhibition 1902] in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf Düsseldorf], and baught by [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Heinrich_Flottmann Heinrich Flottmann] as gate for his [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackhammer jackhammer] [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flottmann-Werke factory], today adjacent to the exhibition and event space [[Arts#Flottmann|Flottmann-Hallen]] in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herne,_North_Rhine-Westphalia Herne], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia North Rhine-Westphalia], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany Germany], and part of [[Arts#IndustrialHeritageTrail|The Industrial Heritage Trail]] of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr Ruhr area], "The dragon is a symbol of physical strength and intelligence with respect to the snake that symbolizes the tough, glowing wrought iron" from [http://wiki.huen-un-perduen.de/index.php?title=Flottmann-Tor Flottmann-Tor – Hün un Perdün], see also [http://wiki.huen-un-perduen.de/index.php?title=Datei:Flottmann04.jpg Image] by Gerd Biedermann, and [http://flottmann-hallen.de/page/2?m=18 Flottmann-Hallen - Historie] (German)</ref> ]]
'''Playing Strength''', (Performance, Skill Level)<br/>
of a chess player, or chess playing entity, program or engine, reflects the ability to win against other players, given by a number or other element of an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_theory ordered set] such as an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elo_rating_system Elo number].
The ability to solve [[Test-Positions|test-positions]], that is, finding the specified, likely one and only best move, might be an indicator for various particular engine skills, but does not necessarily correlate with playing strength. In his ''[[Tord Romstad#Video|Parallelism and Selectivity in Game Tree Search]]'' lecture, [[Tord Romstad]] introduced the ''Worst Moves Observation'' ('''WMO'''), which states the practical playing strength is not primarily determined by the quality of the players best moves nor average moves, but by the quality of the players worst moves.
=Measuring=
A [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Validity_(statistics) statistical valid] method to measure playing strength within a defined [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidence_interval confidence interval] is to play an appropriate huge number of games with both sides versus a wide range of different opponents <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=46572 A word for casual testers] by [[Don Dailey]], [[CCC]], December 25, 2012</ref> with symmetric [[Time Management#Time%20Controls|time constraints]], and to apply [[Match Statistics|match statistics]]. Performance isn't measured absolutely; it is inferred from wins, losses, and draws against other players or engines. Players' rating depend on the ratings of their opponents, and the results scored against them <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elo_rating_system#Mathematical_details Elo rating system - Mathematical details - Wikipedia]</ref>. While relative playing strength of chess engines is not strictly transmissive over various time controls, the number of games played is more relevant than their duration, the todays de facto standard in measuring playing strength is parallel playing [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_chess fast chess] with (ultra) short time control, such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_chess#Blitz blitz], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_chess#Bullet bullet] or even [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_chess#Lightning lightning] chess, as for instance used in the [[Stockfish#TestingFramework|Fishtest framework]] of [[Stockfish]] <ref>[http://tests.stockfishchess.org/tests Stockfish Testing Framework]</ref>.
=Strength=
The strength of a chess program depends on many things, the quality and efficiency of the [[Algorithms|algorithms]] involved to determine the best move of a position, the balance of the so called [[Search|search]] versus [[Knowledge|knowledge tradeoff]] to [[Evaluation|evaluate]] or compare [[Leaf Node|leaf nodes]] of a [[Search Tree|search tree]], how to shape that tree and to propagate a [[Score|score]] up to the [[Root|root]], and [[Time Management|time management]], that is how to allocate time for searching a move under time control requirements. Time used is roughly proportional to the number of visited [[Node|nodes]] of the common [[Depth-First|depth-first search]] inside an [[Iterative Deepening|iterative deepening frame]], which [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_growth grows exponentially] by its [[Branching Factor#EffectiveBranchingFactor|effective branching factor]] raised to the power of [[Depth|search depth]]. Playing strength might be improved over the (playing) time due to [[Learning|learning algorithms]].
=See also=
* [[Automated Tuning]]
* [[Depth]]
* [[Depth#DiminishingReturns|Depth | Diminishing Returns]]
* [[Engine Rating Lists]]
* [[Engine Testing]]
* [[Knowledge]]
* [[Learning]]
* [[Match Statistics]]
* [[Opponent Model Search]]
* [[Pawn Advantage, Win Percentage, and Elo]]
* [[Pondering]]
* [[Search Pathology]]
* [[Search with Random Leaf Values]]
* [[Test-Positions]]
* [[Time Management]]
* [[Jean-Marc Alliot#WhoistheMaster|Who is the Master?]]
=Publications=
==1970 ...==
* <span id="Bloss"></span>[http://what-when-how.com/earth-scientists/bloss-f-donald-earth-scientist/ F. Donald Bloss] ('''1973'''). ''[https://www.amazon.de/Rate-Your-Chess-F-Donald-Bloss/dp/0442008295 Rate your own Chess]''. Van Nostrand Reinhold Inc.
* [[Tony Marsland]], [[Paul Rushton]] ('''1973'''). ''[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=805703 Mechanisms for Comparing Chess Programs].'' [[ACM 1973|ACM Annual Conference]], [http://webdocs.cs.ualberta.ca/~tony/OldPapers/Marsland-Rushton-ACM73 pdf]
* [[Peter W. Frey]] (ed.) ('''1977'''). ''[[Chess Skill in Man and Machine]]''. Springer, New York, N.Y. 2nd ed. 1983
* [[James Gillogly]] ('''1978'''). ''Performance Analysis of the Technology Chess Program''. Ph.D. Thesis. Tech. Report CMU-CS-78-189, [[Carnegie Mellon University]], [http://reports-archive.adm.cs.cmu.edu/anon/anon/usr/ftp/scan/CMU-CS-77-gillogly.pdf CMU-CS-77 pdf] » [[Tech]]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arpad_Elo Arpad Elo] ('''1978'''). ''The Rating of Chessplayers, Past and Present''. Arco Publications <ref>[http://www.anusha.com/elosbook.htm Elo's Book: The Rating of Chess Players] by [[Sam Sloan]]</ref>
* [[Don Beal]] ('''1978'''). ''Handicapping Computer Chess Programs''. [[ICGA Journal#1_2|ICCA Newsletter, Vol. 1, No. 2]]
* [[David Cahlander]] ('''1979'''). ''Strength of a Chess Playing Computer''. [[ICGA Journal#2_1|ICCA Newsletter, Vol. 2, No. 1]]
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1979'''). ''On the Grading of Chess Players''. [[Personal Computing#3_3|Personal Computing, Vol. 3, No. 3]], pp. 47
* <span id="Ratliff"></span>[[Gary L. Ratliff]] ('''1979'''). ''Practical Rating Program''. [[Personal Computing#3_9|Personal Computing, Vol. 3, No. 9]], pp. 62 » [[Playing Strength#Bloss|Bloss]]
* [[Frieder Schwenkel]] ('''1979'''). ''Berating the ratings system''. [[Personal Computing#3_11|Personal Computing, Vol. 3, No. 11]], pp. 77 » [[Playing Strength#Ratliff|Ratliff]], [[Playing Strength#Bloss|Bloss]]
* [[John Shaposka]] ('''1979'''). ''"JS" Takes the Bloss Test''. [[Personal Computing#3_12|Personal Computing, Vol. 3, No. 12]], pp. 75 » [[Playing Strength#Ratliff|Ratliff]], [[Playing Strength#Bloss|Bloss]]
* Editor ('''1979'''). ''Chess Ratings from Problem Solving''. [[Personal Computing#3_12|Personal Computing, Vol. 3, No. 12]], pp. 77 » [[CAPS|CAPS II]], [[Chess Problems, Compositions and Studies]]
==1980 ...==
* Floyd R. Kirk ('''1980'''). ''Bloss Flunks Test''. [[Personal Computing#4_8|Personal Computing, Vol. 4, No. 8]], pp. 72 » [[Playing Strength#Ratliff|Ratliff]], [[Playing Strength#Bloss|Bloss]]
* [[David E. Welsh]] ('''1980'''). ''Rating Boris 2.5''. [[Personal Computing#4_10|Personal Computing, Vol. 4, No. 10]], pp. 78 » [[Boris#2.5|Boris 2.5]]
* W. W. Foster ('''1980'''). ''Six Test Problems for Chess Playing Machines''. [[Personal Computing#4_10|Personal Computing, Vol. 4, No. 10]], pp. 81
* [[David E. Welsh]] ('''1980'''). ''Rating Boris 2.5 - Part II''. [[Personal Computing#4_11|Personal Computing, Vol. 4, No. 11]], pp. 87
* [[Ken Thompson]] ('''1982'''). ''Computer Chess Strength''. [[Advances in Computer Chess 3]]
* [[Ivan Bratko]], [[Danny Kopec]] ('''1982'''). ''A Test for Comparison of Human and Computer Performance in Chess.'' [[Advances in Computer Chess 3]]
* [[Danny Kopec]], [[Ivan Bratko]] ('''1982'''). ''The Bratko-Kopec experiment: a comparison of human and computer performance in chess''. [[Advances in Computer Chess 3]]
* [[Danny Kopec]], [[Enrique Irazoqui]], [[Ivan Bratko]] ('''1983'''). ''The Updated Bratko-Kopec Test.'' [[Computer Chess Reports|Computer Chess Digest Annual]] pp. 45-63
* [[Alexander Szabo]] ('''1984'''). ''[https://circle.ubc.ca/handle/2429/24780 Computer-Chess Tactics and Strategy]''. M.Sc. Thesis, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia University of British Columbia], [https://circle.ubc.ca/bitstream/handle/2429/24780/UBC_1984_A6_7%20S98.pdf?sequence=1 pdf]
* [[Göran Grottling]] ('''1984'''). ''The Truth about their Strength''. [[ICGA Journal#7_4|ICCA Journal, Vol. 7, No. 4]]
* [[Göran Grottling]] ('''1985'''). ''How to Bracket the Truth in Playing Strength''. [[ICGA Journal#8_1|ICCA Journal, Vol. 8, No. 1]]
* [[Monroe Newborn]] ('''1985'''). ''A Hypothesis Concerning the Strength of Chess Programs''. [[ICGA Journal#8_4|ICCA Journal, Vol. 8, No. 4]]
* [[Peter W. Frey]] ('''1986'''). ''Algorithmic Strategies for Improving the Performance of Game-Playing Programs''. In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Doyne_Farmer Doyne Farmer], [[Mathematician#AlanLapedes|Alan Lapedes]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noran_Packard Norman Packard], [[Burton Wendroff]] (Ed.) ('''1986'''). ''Evolution, Games and Learning: Models for Adaptation in Machines and Nature''. Proceedings of the Fifth Annual International Conference of the Center, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier Elsevier]
* [[Hans Berliner]], [[Gordon Goetsch]], [[Murray Campbell]], [[Carl Ebeling]] ('''1989'''). ''Measuring the Performance Potential of Chess Programs''. [[Advances in Computer Chess 5]]
* [[Eric Hallsworth]] ('''1989'''). ''Playing Levels''. [[Selective Search|Computer Chess News Sheet]] 23, pp 2, [http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/SS_23.pdf pdf] hosted by [[Mike Watters]]
==1990 ...==
* [[Hans Berliner]], [[Gordon Goetsch]], [[Murray Campbell]], [[Carl Ebeling]] ('''1990'''). ''Measuring the Performance Potential of Chess Programs.'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_%28journal%29 Artificial Intelligence], Vol. 43, No. 1
* [[Eric Hallsworth]] ('''1990'''). ''Speed, Processors and Ratings''. [[Selective Search|Computer Chess News Sheet]] 25, pp 6, [http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/SS_25.pdf pdf] hosted by [[Mike Watters]]
* [[Hans Berliner]], [[Danny Kopec]], [[Ed Northam]] ('''1991'''). ''A taxonomy of concepts for evaluating chess strength: examples from two difficult categories''. [[Advances in Computer Chess 6]], [http://www.sci.brooklyn.cuny.edu/%7Ekopec/Publications/Publications/O_20_C.pdf pdf]
* [[Steve Maughan]] ('''1992'''). ''Are You Sure It's Better?'' [[Selective Search]] 40, pp. 21, [http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/SS_40.pdf pdf] hosted by [[Mike Watters]]
* [[Warren D. Smith]] ('''1993'''). ''Rating Systems for Gameplayers, and Learning''. [http://scorevoting.net/WarrenSmithPages/homepage/ratingspap.ps ps]
* [[Luis Antunes]], [[Luis Moniz]], [[Carlos Azevedo]] ('''1993'''). ''[https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Rb-the-Dynamic-Estimation-of-the-Opponent-s-Antunes-Moniz/4844e9d1694f61d4052a87de94c4aeb2510c2404 Rb+: the Dynamic Estimation of the Opponent's Strength]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INESC-ID INESC-ID], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon Lisbon], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal Portugal] » [[Opponent Model Search#RB|RB]]
* [[Robert Hyatt]], [[Monroe Newborn]] ('''1997'''). ''CRAFTY Goes Deep''. [[ICGA Journal#20_2|ICCA Journal, Vol. 20, No. 2]] » [[Crafty]]
==2000 ...==
* [[Ernst A. Heinz]] ('''2000'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/3-540-45579-5_18 New Self-Play Results in Computer Chess]''. [[CG 2000]]
* [[Ernst A. Heinz]] ('''2001'''). ''Self-play Experiments in Computer Chess Revisited.'' [[Advances in Computer Games 9]]
* [[Ernst A. Heinz]] ('''2001'''). ''Modeling the “Go Deep” Behaviour of CRAFTY and DARK THOUGHT.'' [[Advances in Computer Games 9]] » [[Crafty]], [[Dark Thought]]
* [[Ernst A. Heinz]] ('''2001'''). ''Self-Play, Deep Search and Diminishing Returns.'' [[ICGA Journal#24_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 24, No. 2]]
* [[Guy Haworth]] ('''2002'''). ''[http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/5952/ Self-play: Statistical Significance]''. [[7th Computer Olympiad#Workshop|7th Computer Olympiad Workshop]]
* [[Guy Haworth]] ('''2002'''). ''Reference Fallible Endgame Play''. [[7th Computer Olympiad#Workshop|7th Computer Olympiad Workshop]], [http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/4579/1/2002c_CoW7_H_Reference_Fallible_Endgame_Play.pdf pdf]
* [[Guy Haworth]] ('''2003'''). ''[http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/4549/ Self-Play: Statistical Significance]''. [[ICGA Journal#26_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 26, No. 2]]
* [[Ernst A. Heinz]] ('''2003'''). ''Follow-Up on Self-Play, Deep Search, and Diminishing Returns.'' [[ICGA Journal#26_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 26, No. 2]]
==2005 ...==
* [[Jan Renze Steenhuisen]] ('''2005'''). ''New Results in Deep-Search Behaviour''. [[ICGA Journal#28_4|ICGA Journal, Vol. 28, No. 4]], [http://www.st.ewi.tudelft.nl/%7Erenze/doc/ICGA_2005_4_DeepSearch.pdf pdf]
* [[Matej Guid]], [[Ivan Bratko]] ('''2006'''). ''Computer Analysis of World Chess Champions''. [[ICGA Journal#29_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 29, No. 2]], [http://www.ailab.si/matej/doc/Computer_Analysis_of_World_Chess_Champions.pdf pdf] <ref>[http://en.chessbase.com/post/computers-choose-who-was-the-strongest-player- Computers choose: who was the strongest player?], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], October 30, 2006</ref><ref>[http://en.chessbase.com/post/computer-analysis-of-world-champions Computer analysis of world champions] by [[Søren Riis]], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], November 02, 2006</ref>
* [[Matej Guid]], [[Ivan Bratko]] ('''2006'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-540-75538-8_1 Computer Analysis of Chess Champions]''. [[CG 2006]]
* [[Matej Guid]], [[Ivan Bratko]] ('''2007'''). ''Factors affecting diminishing returns for searching deeper''. [[CGW 2007]] » [[Crafty]], [[Rybka]], [[Shredder]], [[Depth#DiminishingReturns|Diminishing Returns]]
* [[Shogo Takeuchi]], [[Tomoyuki Kaneko]], [[Kazunori Yamaguchi]], [[Satoru Kawai]] ('''2007'''). ''Visualization and Adjustment of Evaluation Functions Based on Evaluation Values and Win Probability''. [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/conf/aaai/aaai2007.html AAAI 2007], [https://www.aaai.org/Papers/AAAI/2007/AAAI07-136.pdf pdf]
* [[Matej Guid]], [[Ivan Bratko]] ('''2007'''). ''Factors affecting diminishing returns for searching deeper''. [[ICGA Journal#30_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 30, No. 2]], [http://www.ailab.si/matej/doc/Factors_Affecting_Diminishing_Returns.pdf pdf]
* [[Matej Guid]], [[Aritz Pérez]], [[Ivan Bratko]] ('''2007'''). ''How trustworthy is Crafty's analysis of world chess champions''? [[CGW 2007]] » [[Crafty]]
* [[Matej Guid]], [[Aritz Pérez]], [[Ivan Bratko]] ('''2008'''). ''How trustworthy is Crafty's analysis of world chess champions''? [[ICGA Journal#31_3|ICGA Journal, Vol. 31, No. 3]], [http://www.ailab.si/matej/doc/How_Trustworthy_is_Craftys_Analysis.pdf pdf]
* [[Rémi Coulom]] ('''2008'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-540-87608-3_11 Whole-History Rating: A Bayesian Rating System for Players of Time-Varying Strength]''. [[CG 2008]]
* [[Giuseppe Di Fatta]], [[Guy Haworth|Guy McCrossan Haworth]], [[Kenneth Wingate Regan]] ('''2009'''). ''Skill Rating by Bayesian Inference''. [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/conf/cidm/cidm2009.html CIDM 2009], [http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/~regan/papers/pdf/DFHR09.pdf pdf] <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_inference Bayesian inference from Wikipedia]</ref>
* [[Guy Haworth|Guy McCrossan Haworth]], [[Kenneth Wingate Regan]], [[Giuseppe Di Fatta]] ('''2009'''). ''Performance and Prediction: Bayesian Modelling of Fallible Choice in Chess''. [[Advances in Computer Games 12]], [http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/faculty/regan/papers/pdf/HRdF10.pdf pdf]
==2010 ...==
* [[Diogo R. Ferreira]] ('''2010'''). ''[http://web.ist.utl.pt/diogo.ferreira/chess/ Predicting the Outcome of Chess Games based on Historical Data]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_Superior_T%C3%A9cnico IST] - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_University_of_Lisbon Technical University of Lisbon] <ref>[http://blog.kaggle.com/2010/11/30/how-i-did-it-diogo-ferreira-on-4th-place-in-elo-chess-ratings-competition/ How I did it: Diogo Ferreira on 4th place in Elo chess ratings competition | no free hunch]</ref>
* [[Matej Guid]] ('''2010'''). ''Search and Knowledge for Human and Machine Problem Solving''. Ph.D. thesis, [[University of Ljubljana]]
* [[Kenneth Wingate Regan|Kenneth W. Regan]], [[Guy Haworth]] ('''2011'''). ''[http://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/AAAI/AAAI11/paper/view/3779 Intrinsic Chess Ratings]''. [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/%7Eley/db/conf/aaai/aaai2011.html#ReganH11 AAAI 2011], [http://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/AAAI/AAAI11/paper/view/3779/3962 pdf], [http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/%7Eregan/Talks/IntrinsicRatings.pdf slides as pdf] <ref> [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=65772 "Intrinsic Chess Ratings" by Regan, Haworth -- seq] by Kai Middleton, [[CCC]], November 19, 2017</ref>
* [[Kenneth Wingate Regan]], [[Bartłomiej Macieja]], [[Guy Haworth|Guy McCrossan Haworth]] ('''2011'''). ''[http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/23800/ Understanding Distributions of Chess Performances]''. [[Advances in Computer Games 13]], [http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/~regan/papers/pdf/RMH11.pdf pdf]
* [[Trevor Fenner]], [[Mark Levene]], [[Mathematician#GLoizou|George Loizou]] ('''2011'''). ''A Discrete Evolutionary Model for Chess Players' Ratings''. [http://arxiv.org/list/physics.soc-ph/recent Physics and Society], [http://arxiv.org/abs/1103.1530v2 arXiv:1103.1530v2]
* [[Matej Guid]], [[Ivan Bratko]] ('''2011'''). ''Using Heuristic-Search Based Engines for Estimating Human Skill at Chess''. [[ICGA Journal#34_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 34, No. 2]]
* [[Rémi Coulom]] ('''2012'''). ''Paired Comparisons with Ties: Modeling Game Outcomes in Chess''. [http://www.grappa.univ-lille3.fr/~coulom/ChessOutcomes.pdf pdf preprint] <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?topic_view=threads&p=471004&t=44180 Re: EloStat, Bayeselo and Ordo] by [[Rémi Coulom]], [[CCC]], June 25, 2012</ref>
* [[Diogo R. Ferreira]] ('''2012'''). ''Determining the Strength of Chess Players based on actual Play''. [[ICGA Journal#35_1|ICGA Journal, Vol. 35, No. 1]]
* [[Diogo R. Ferreira]] ('''2013'''). ''The Impact of the Search Depth on Chess Playing Strength''. [[ICGA Journal#36_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 36, No. 2]]
* [[Erik Varend]] ('''2014'''). ''Quality of play in chess and methods for measuring''. [http://www.chessanalysis.ee/Quality%20of%20play%20in%20chess%20and%20methods%20for%20measuring.pdf pdf] <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=54571 Questions regarding rating systems of humans and engines] by [[Erik Varend]], [[CCC]], December 06, 2014</ref> <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=60721 chess statistics scientific article] by Nuno Sousa, [[CCC]], July 06, 2016</ref>
==2015 ...==
* [[Shogo Takeuchi]], [[Tomoyuki Kaneko]] ('''2015'''). ''[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=7336038 Estimating Ratings of Computer Players by the Evaluation Scores and Principal Variations in Shogi]''. [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/mostRecentIssue.jsp?punumber=7335993 ACIT-CSI]
* [[Guy Haworth]], [[Tamal T. Biswas]], [[Kenneth Wingate Regan|Kenneth W. Regan]] ('''2015'''). ''[http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/39431/ A Comparative Review of Skill Assessment: Performance, Prediction and Profiling]''. [[Advances in Computer Games 14]]
* [[Chu-Hsuan Hsueh]], [[I-Chen Wu]], [[Wen-Jie Tseng]], [[Shi-Jim Yen]], [[Jr-Chang Chen]] ('''2015'''). ''Strength Improvement and Analysis for an MCTS-Based Chinese Dark Chess Program''. [[Advances in Computer Games 14]]
* [[Jean-Marc Alliot]] ('''2017'''). ''Who is the Master''? [[ICGA Journal#39_1|ICGA Journal, Vol. 39, No. 1]], [http://www.alliot.fr/CHESS/draft-icga-39-1.pdf draft as pdf] » [[Stockfish]], [[Jean-Marc Alliot#WhoistheMaster|Who is the Master?]]
=Forum Posts=
==1990 ...==
* [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess/Qe_5lhAWTsc/Uj9UNvUrb0AJ Weakest Chess Program needed] by Jones Maxime Murphy, [[Computer Chess Forums|rgc]], November 12, 1991
* [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess/qH7LeruGk7E/J1fuNeXx2eMJ Estimating Playing Strength of Computers (was: Re: Rating of Radio Shack 1650)] by Peter Marko, [[Computer Chess Forums|rgc]], September 15, 1992 » [[SciSys Explorer]]
* [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess/clI1kBtbGJM/Izx6gGvPIzEJ Rating boundaries] by Kevin Stokker, [[Computer Chess Forums|rgc]], January 14, 1993
* [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess/0Ml8HZYzFVQ/0As11AGu8KMJ Cognitive Psychology and Chess Skill] by John Rummel, [[Computer Chess Forums|rgc]], June 07, 1994 » [[Cognition]]
==1995 ...==
* [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess/NXEDz2iTbRc/k6uH2zBMmxMJ Primitive Chess Program] by David Ewart, [[Computer Chess Forums|rgc]], June 09, 1995
* [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess/ENWDInLp9yQ/JF9dKASgAOYJ Rating of perfect chess] by an18...@anon.penet.fi, [[Computer Chess Forums|rgc]], July 17, 1995
* [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess.computer/GkgFc3jOl84/vWn-SG8kVboJ Theoretical chess rating question...] by Cyber Linguist, [[Computer Chess Forums|rgcc]], April 17, 1996
* [http://groups.google.com/group/rec.games.chess.computer/browse_frm/thread/3014e4ea570dbf38 Statistical validity of medium-length match results] by [[Bruce Moreland]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rgcc]], February 15, 1997
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=52542 ELO performance?] by [[Stefan Meyer-Kahlen]], [[CCC]], May 22, 1999 » [[Match Statistics]], [[Pawn Advantage, Win Percentage, and Elo]]
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=69215 from "Scacco": No steps forward in Computer Chess in the Last years !?] by [[Gianluigi Masciulli]], [[CCC]], September 18, 1999
==2000 ...==
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=230488 Strength of the engine in chess programs] by [[Rolf Tüschen|Rolf Tueschen]], [[CCC]], May 20, 2002
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=275347 Value of playing different versions of a program against each other] by [[Tom King]], [[CCC]], January 06, 2003 » [[Engine Testing]]
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=294537 Rules of thumb for strength estimation?] by [[Albert Bertilsson]], [[CCC]], April 25, 2003
==2005 ...==
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=411278 bayeselo: new Elo-rating tool, applied to CCT7] by [[Rémi Coulom]], [[CCC]], February 13, 2005 » [[CCT7]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=13800 a beat b,b beat c,c beat a question] by [[Uri Blass]], [[CCC]], May 16, 2007
* [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/computer-go-archive/iZmzbavlbsI/oLGjUFelN3UJ A thought about ratings] by Dave Dyer, [https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/computer-go-archive Computer Go Archive], December 10, 2007 » [[Go]]
: [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/computer-go-archive/iZmzbavlbsI/1EJf4q2L4HIJ Re: A thought about ratings] by [[Don Dailey]], [https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/computer-go-archive Computer Go Archive], December 10, 2007
: [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/computer-go-archive/iZmzbavlbsI/Z2AsWFaUu-EJ Re: A thought about ratings] by [[Edward de Grijs]], [https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/computer-go-archive Computer Go Archive], December 10, 2007
: [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/computer-go-archive/iZmzbavlbsI/K-5UMaK_CsYJ Re: A thought about ratings] by [[Don Dailey]], [https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/computer-go-archive Computer Go Archive], December 10, 2007
'''2008'''
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=21208 Glaurung Mac OS X: New GUI, now with adjustable strength.] by [[Tord Romstad]], [[CCC]], May 18, 2008 » [[Glaurung]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=21264 Artificial stupidity - making a program play badly] by [[Tord Romstad]], [[CCC]], May 20, 2008
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=22832 New testing thread] by [[Robert Hyatt]], [[CCC]], August 07, 2008 » [[Engine Testing]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=25215 Hardware vs Software] by [[Charles Roberson]], [[CCC]], December 02, 2008
'''2009'''
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=26817 Speed/ELO relationship, and question to engine programmers] by [[Russell Reagan]], [[CCC]], March 02, 2009
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=27516 Elo Calcuation] by [[Edmund Moshammer]], [[CCC]], April 19, 2009
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=30550 different kinds of testing] by [[Don Dailey]], [[CCC]], November 09, 2009
==2010 ...==
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=33089 How to reduce playing strenght to play against humans] by [[Fermin Serrano]], [[CCC]], March 05, 2010
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=35531 Current skill command (Crafty) results] by [[Robert Hyatt]], [[CCC]], July 21, 2010 » [[Crafty]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=36006 harware vs software advances] by [[Don Dailey]], [[CCC]], September 08, 2010
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=36031 hardware advances - a different perspective] by [[Robert Hyatt]], [[CCC]], September 09, 2010
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=36040 old crafty vs new crafty on new hardware] by [[Robert Hyatt]], [[CCC]], September 11, 2010
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=36050 Crafty tests show that Software has advanced more] by [[Don Dailey]], [[CCC]], September 12, 2010
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=36059 Final results - Crafty - hardware vs software] by [[Robert Hyatt]], [[CCC]], September 13, 2010
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=36058 Deep Blue vs Rybka] by [[Don Dailey]], [[CCC]], September 13, 2010 » [[Deep Blue]], [[Rybka]]
'''2011'''
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=39511 Ply vs ELO] by Andriy Dzyben, [[CCC]], June 28, 2011
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=41341 Increase in Elo ..Question For The Experts] by [[Steve Blincoe|Steve B]], [[CCC]], December 05, 2011
'''2012'''
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=41732 StockFish LS with LimitStrength feature] by [[Alexander Schmidt]], [[CCC]], January 01, 2012 » [[Stockfish]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=41902 Depth vs playing strength] by David Whitten, [[CCC]], January 09, 2012
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=42880 Reducing Strength] by Ted Wong, [[CCC]], March 15, 2012
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=44219 Human Elo ratings: averages and standard deviations] by [[Jesús Muñoz]], [[CCC]], March 18, 2012
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=43134 Elo versus speed] by [[Peter Österlund]], [[CCC]], April 02, 2012
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=44003 Rybka odds matches and the strength of engines] by [[Kai Laskos]], [[CCC]], June 09, 2012 » [[Rybka]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=46370 Elo points gain from doubling time] by [[Kai Laskos]], [[CCC]], December 10, 2012
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=46572 A word for casual testers] by [[Don Dailey]], [[CCC]], December 25, 2012
'''2013'''
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=46786 Noise in ELO estimators: a quantitative approach] by [[Marco Costalba]], [[CCC]], January 06, 2013
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=48733 Scaling at 2x nodes (or doubling time control)] by [[Kai Laskos]], [[CCC]], July 23, 2013 » [[Match Statistics#DoublingTC|Doubling TC]], [[Depth#DiminishingReturns|Diminishing Returns]], [[Playing Strength]], [[Houdini]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=48864 How much elo is pondering worth] by [[Michel Van den Bergh]], [[CCC]], August 07, 2013 » [[Pondering]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=49248 Contempt and the ELO model] by [[Michel Van den Bergh]], [[CCC]], September 05, 2013 » [[Contempt Factor]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=50173 ELO rating and thinking time] by [[Henk van den Belt]], [[CCC]], November 22, 2013
'''2014'''
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=52021 Playing strength development - increasing time control] by [[Andreas Strangmüller]], [[CCC]], April 17, 2014
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=53287 How many Elo points change for a doubling of uP time?] by Jay Rodrequez, [[CCC]], August 14, 2014
* [https://chesscomputer.tumblr.com/post/98632536555/using-the-stockfish-position-evaluation-score-to/embed Using the Stockfish position evaluation score to predict victory probability] by unavoidablegrain, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumblr Tumblr], September 28, 2014 » [[Pawn Advantage, Win Percentage, and Elo]], [[Stockfish]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=53891 Elo estimation using quasi-Monte Carlo integration] by Branko Radovanovic, [[CCC]], September 30, 2014
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=54571 Questions regarding rating systems of humans and engines] by [[Erik Varend]], [[CCC]], December 06, 2014
==2015 ...==
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=55011 How to dumb down/weaken/humanize an engine algorithmically?] by Dominik Klein, [[CCC]], January 18, 2015
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=57223 computing elo of multiple chess engines] by [[Alexandru Mosoi]], [[CCC]], August 09, 2015
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=57482 Name for elo without draws] by [[Marcel van Kervinck]], [[CCC]], September 02, 2015
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=57696 The future of chess and elo ratings] by [[Larry Kaufman]], [[CCC]], September 20, 2015
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=57969 ELO error margin] by [[Fabio Gobbato]], [[CCC]], October 17, 2015
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=58067 testing multiple versions & elo calculation] by [[Folkert van Heusden]], [[CCC]], October 27, 2015
'''2016'''
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=59332 a direct comparison of FIDE and CCRL rating systems] by [[Erik Varend]], [[CCC]], February 22, 2016 » [[FIDE]], [[CCRL]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?p=661996 Computer Chess Strength] by [[John Philip Fishburn|John Fishburn]], [[CCC]], February 28, 2016
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?p=662580 How much benefit from opening book?] by [[John Philip Fishburn|John Fishburn]], [[CCC]], March 06, 2016 » [[Opening Book]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=59470 Computer chess progress over say the last 20 years?] by [[Martin Fierz]], [[CCC]], March 10, 2016
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=59497 Computer chess progress over the last 20 years!] by [[Martin Fierz]], [[CCC]], March 13, 2016
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=59543 Computer Chess Progress: Stockfish 7 vs Ruffian 1.0.5] by [[Martin Fierz]], [[CCC]], March 17, 2016 » [[Stockfish]], [[Ruffian]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=59982 skill levels] by [[Alexandru Mosoi]], [[CCC]], April 28, 2016
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=60635 Strategies for weaker play levels] by [[Evert Glebbeek]], [[CCC]], June 28, 2016
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=61444 ELO inflation ha ha ha] by [[Henk van den Belt]], [[CCC]], September 16, 2016 » [[Delphil]], [[Stockfish]], [[Match Statistics]], [[TCEC Season 9]] <ref>[http://tcec.chessdom.com/archive.php?se=9&rapid&ga=163 Delphil 3.3b2 (2334) - Stockfish 030916 (3228), TCEC Season 9 - Rapid, Round 11], September 16, 2016</ref>
: [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=61444&start=17 About expected scores and draw ratios] by [[Jesús Muñoz]], [[CCC]], September 17, 2016
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=61548 Perfect play] by Patrik Karlsson, [[CCC]], September 28, 2016
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=61784 Doubling of time control] by [[Andreas Strangmüller]], [[CCC]], October 21, 2016 » [[Match Statistics#DoublingTC|Doubling TC]], [[Depth#DiminishingReturns|Diminishing Returns]], [[Playing Strength]], [[Komodo]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=62146 Stockfish 8 - Double time control vs. 2 threads] by [[Andreas Strangmüller]], [[CCC]], November 15, 2016 » [[Match Statistics#DoublingTC|Doubling TC]], [[Depth#DiminishingReturns|Diminishing Returns]], [[Playing Strength]], [[Stockfish]]
* [http://rybkaforum.net/cgi-bin/rybkaforum/topic_show.pl?tid=31867 L3 cache, RAM and other performance factors] by Nimzy, [[Computer Chess Forums|Rybka Forum]], December 04, 2016 » [[Memory]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=62510 Absolute ELO scale] by [[Nicu Ionita]], [[CCC]], December 17, 2016
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=62622 Diminishing returns and hyperthreading] by [[Kai Laskos]], [[CCC]], December 27, 2016 » [[Depth#DiminishingReturns|Diminishing Returns]], [[Match Statistics]], [[Thread]]
'''2017'''
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=62868 Progress in 30 years by four intervals of 7-8 years] by [[Kai Laskos]], [[CCC]], January 19, 2017 » [[Match Statistics]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=62907 Crafty Play By Elo ( Crafty v25.3)] by [[Michael Byrne|Michael B]], [[CCC]], January 23, 2017 » [[Crafty]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=63652 6-men Syzygy from HDD and USB 3.0] by [[Kai Laskos]], [[CCC]], April 04, 2017 » [[Komodo]], [[Syzygy Bases]], [[Memory#USB3|USB 3.0]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=63687 Scaling of engines from FGRL rating list] by [[Kai Laskos]], [[CCC]], April 07, 2017 » [[FGRL]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=63763 Low impact of opening phase in engine play?] by [[Kai Laskos]], [[CCC]], April 18, 2017 » [[Opening]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=63813 How to simulate a game outcome given Elo difference?] by [[Nicu Ionita]], [[CCC]], April 25, 2017
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=63875 Wilo rating properties from FGRL rating lists] by [[Kai Laskos]], [[CCC]], May 01, 2017 » [[FGRL]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=63886 RAM speed and engine strength] by John Hartmann, [[CCC]], May 03, 2017 » [[Memory#RAM|RAM]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=63903 Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) scaling - SF8 and K10.4] by [[Andreas Strangmüller]], [[CCC]], May 05, 2017 » [[Lazy SMP]], [[Komodo]], [[Stockfish]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=63955 Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) scaling - K10.4 Contempt=0] by [[Andreas Strangmüller]], [[CCC]], May 11, 2017 » [[SMP]], [[Komodo]], [[Contempt Factor]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=63967 Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) scaling - SF8 Contempt=10] by [[Andreas Strangmüller]], [[CCC]], May 13, 2017 » [[SMP]], [[Stockfish]], [[Contempt Factor]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=64041 Another attempt at comparing Evals ELO-wise] by [[Kai Laskos]], [[CCC]], May 22, 2017 » [[Evaluation]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=64356 Testing endgame strength] by [[Álvaro Begué]], [[CCC]], June 21, 2017 » [[Endgame]], [[Engine Testing]], [[RuyDos]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=64683 Invariance with time control of rating schemes] by [[Kai Laskos]], [[CCC]], July 22, 2017 <ref>[http://hardy.uhasselt.be/Toga/normalized_elo.pdf Normalized Elo] (pdf) by [[Michel Van den Bergh]]</ref>
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=64719 Ways to avoid "Draw Death" in Computer Chess] by [[Kai Laskos]], [[CCC]], July 25, 2017
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=64824&start=3 ELO measurements] by [[Peter Österlund]], [[CCC]], August 06, 2017 » [[Lazy SMP]], [[Parallel Search]]
* [http://www.hiarcs.net/forums/viewtopic.php?t=8526 an interesting study from Erik Varend] by scandien, [[Computer Chess Forums|Hiarcs Forum]], August 13, 2017 <ref>[http://www.chessanalysis.ee/chessanalysiseng.htm Chessanalysis homepage] by [[Erik Varend]]</ref>
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=65048 Wall and Regression] by [[Srdja Matovic]], [[CCC]], August 31, 2017 <ref>[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wall wall - Wiktionary]</ref> <ref>[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/regression regression - Wiktionary]</ref>
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=65288 Scaling from FGRL results with top 3 engines] by [[Kai Laskos]], [[CCC]], September 26, 2017 » [[FGRL]], [[Houdini]], [[Komodo]], [[Stockfish]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=65772 "Intrinsic Chess Ratings" by Regan, Haworth -- seq] by Kai Middleton, [[CCC]], November 19, 2017
: [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=65772&start=2 Re: "Intrinsic Chess Ratings" by Regan, Haworth --] by [[Kenneth Wingate Regan|Kenneth Regan]], [[CCC]], November 20, 2017 » [[Jean-Marc Alliot#WhoistheMaster|Who is the Master?]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=66000 ELO progression measured by year] by [[Ed Schroder]], [[CCC]], December 13, 2017
'''2018'''
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=66298 Is modern chess software lossless or lossy?] by Meni Rosenfeld, [[CCC]], January 10, 2018 » [[Selectivity]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=66775 Feed bayeselo with pure game results without PGN] by [[Sergei Markoff|Sergei S. Markoff]], [[CCC]], March 08, 2018
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=66793 Elo measurement of contempt in SF in self-play] by [[Michel Van den Bergh]], [[CCC]], March 10, 2018 » [[Contempt Factor|Contempt]], [[Stockfish]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=66821 Time control envelope in top engines could be improved?] by [[Kai Laskos]], [[CCC]], March 13, 2018 » [[Time Management]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=66945 LCZero: Progress and Scaling. Relation to CCRL Elo] by [[Kai Laskos]], [[CCC]], March 28, 2018 » [[LCZero]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=66969 Elostat Question] by [[Michael Sherwin]], [[CCC]], March 30, 2018
=External Links=
==Chess Player==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Anderssen#Playing_strength_and_style Adolf Anderssen - Playing strength and style from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Carlsen#Rating Magnus Carlsen - Rating from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry_Kasparov#Chess_ratings_achievements Garry Kasparov Chess ratings achievements from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Reinfeld#Playing_strength Fred Reinfeld | Playing strength from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Sz%C3%A9n#Playing_strength József Szén | Playing strength from Wikipedia]
==Chess Engines==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_engine#Increasing_strength Chess engine - Increasing strength from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChessGenius#Playing_strength ChessGenius - Playing strength from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_Tiger#Playing_strength Chess Tiger - Playing strength from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komodo_%28chess%29#Playing_strength_and_style Komodo (chess) - Playing strength and style from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MChess_Pro#Playing_strength MChess Pro - Playing strength from Wikipedia]
==Analysis==
* [http://en.chessbase.com/post/computers-choose-who-was-the-strongest-player- Computers choose: who was the strongest player?], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], October 30, 2006
* [http://en.chessbase.com/post/computer-analysis-of-world-champions Computer analysis of world champions] by [[Søren Riis]], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], November 02, 2006 <ref>[[Matej Guid]], [[Ivan Bratko]] ('''2006'''). ''Computer Analysis of World Chess Champions''. [[ICGA Journal#29_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 29, No. 2]], [http://www.ailab.si/matej/doc/Computer_Analysis_of_World_Chess_Champions.pdf pdf]</ref>
* [http://www.chessanalysis.ee/chessanalysiseng.htm Chessanalysis homepage] by [[Erik Varend]] <ref>[http://www.hiarcs.net/forums/viewtopic.php?t=8526 an interesting study from Erik Varend] by scandien, [[Computer Chess Forums|Hiarcs Forum]], August 13, 2017</ref>
==Rating Systems==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_rating_systems Chess rating system from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chessmetrics Chessmetrics from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elo_rating_system Elo rating system from Wikipedia]
* [http://wismuth.com/elo/calculator.html Elo Win Probability Calculator] by [[Mathematician#FLabelle|François Labelle]]
* [http://en.chessbase.com/post/arpad-elo-and-the-elo-rating-system Arpad Elo and the Elo Rating System] by [[Dan Ross]], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], December 16, 2007
* [http://kirill-kryukov.com/chess/kcec/draw_rate.html Kirr's Chess Engine Comparison KCEC - Draw rate] » [[KCEC]]
* [http://www.alliot.fr/CHESS/ficga.html.en Who is the Master?] by [[Jean-Marc Alliot]] » [[Jean-Marc Alliot#WhoistheMaster|Who is the Master?]]
* [https://news.cnrs.fr/articles/how-should-chess-players-be-rated How Should Chess Players Be Rated?] by [https://news.cnrs.fr/authors/martin-koppe Martin Koppe], [https://news.cnrs.fr/ CNRS News], April 25, 2017
* [https://en.chessbase.com/post/ranking-chess-players-according-to-the-quality-of-their-moves Ranking chess players according to the quality of their moves] by [[Frederic Friedel]], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], April 27, 2017
* [http://rebel13.nl/misc/stats.html Rating List Stats] by [[Ed Schroder]] » [[CCRL]], [[Match Statistics]]
==Misc==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strength Strength from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strength_of_schedule Strength of schedule from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/go_from_strength_to_strength go from strength to strength - Wiktionary]
* [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spielst%C3%A4rke Spielstärke | Wikipedia.de] (German)
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_rating_system Sports rating system from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_(disambiguation) Performance (disambiguation) from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/performance performance - Wiktionary]
* [http://senseis.xmp.net/?PlayingStrengthAndGender Playing Strength and Gender at Sensei's Library]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranking Ranking from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/regression regression - Wiktionary]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skill Skill from Wikipedia]
* [[Videos#Chicago|Chicago]] - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feelin%27_Stronger_Every_Day Feelin' Stronger Every Day] (1973), [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube YouTube] Video
: {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Q3uPysQaZY|alignment=left|valignment=top}}
=References=
<references />
'''[[Chess|Up one Level]]'''
