25,161
edits
Changes
Created page with "'''Home * Chess * Strategy''' FILE:IrvingAmenChessStrategy.jpg|border|right|thumb|link=http://www.irvingamen.com/works/ChessStrategy.htm|[[Arts#Amen|Irvin..."
'''[[Main Page|Home]] * [[Chess]] * Strategy'''
[[FILE:IrvingAmenChessStrategy.jpg|border|right|thumb|link=http://www.irvingamen.com/works/ChessStrategy.htm|[[Arts#Amen|Irving Amen]] - Chess Strategy <ref>[http://www.irvingamen.com/lithograph.htm Lithographs by Irving Amen]</ref> ]]
In Chess, '''Strategy''' is related to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#Positional_play positional play] and setting up [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objective_%28goal%29 goals] and long-term [[Planning|plans]] for future play most importantly considering [[Pawn Structure|pawn structure]] and [[King Safety|king safety]]. In computer chess, while [[Tactics|tactics]] is the domain of [[Search|search]], strategy is almost the domain of [[Evaluation|evaluation]].
The concepts of strategy and tactics in chess and other sports are derived from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military military] origins as defined as a fourfold [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy hierarchy] of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategy strategy], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_objective operational objective], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_tactics tactic] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Task task].
=Quotes=
<ref>[http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Chess Chess - Wikiquote]</ref><ref>[http://www.chesscorner.com/quotes/chess_quotes.htm Chess Corner - Chess Quotes]</ref>
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Abrahams Gerald Abrahams]: ''The tactician knows what to do when there is something to do; whereas the strategian knows what to do when there is nothing to do''.
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Chigorin Mikhail Chigorin]: ''Even a poor plan is better than no plan at all''.
* [[Max Euwe]]: ''Strategy requires thought, tactics require observation''.
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel_Lasker Emanuel Lasker]: ''A bad plan is better than no plan at all''. <ref>[http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Chess_Strategy Chess Strategy from Wikibooks]</ref>
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aron_Nimzowitsch Aron Nimzowitsch]: ''First restrain, next blockade, lastly destroy''.
=Steinitz's Four Rules of Strategy=
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitz Wilhelm Steinitz], the first undisputed [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship world chess champion] from 1886 to 1894, was a main chess correspondent to present his ideas about chess strategy <ref>[http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Chess_Strategy Chess Strategy from Wikibooks]</ref>:
# The right to attack belongs to the side that has a positional advantage, which not only has the right to attack, but the obligation to do so, else the advantage will evaporate. The attack should be concentrated on the weakest square in the opponent's position.
# If in an inferior position, the defender should be ready to defend and make compromises, or take other measures, such as a desperate counterattack.
# In an equal position, the opponents should maneuver, trying to achieve a position in which they have an advantage. If both sides play correctly, an equal position will remain equal.
# The advantage may be a big, indivisible one, or it may be a whole series of small advantages. The goal of the stronger side is to store up the advantages, and then to convert temporary advantages into permanent ones.
=Search Strategy=
Search strategy refers to [[Search|search techniques]] and [[Algorithms|algorithms]]:
* [[Best-First|Best-First Strategy]]
* [[Brute-Force|Brute-Force Strategy]]
* [[Depth-First|Depth-First Strategy]]
* [[Type A Strategy]]
* [[Type B Strategy]]
=See also=
* [[Anti-Computerchess]]
* [[Bobby#StrategicQuiescenceSearch|Bobby's Strategic Quiescence Search]]
* [[Center Control]]
* [[Danny Kopec#HowTo|Danny Kopec - How to ... Video]]
* [[Evaluation]]
* [[Knowledge]]
* [[Minority Attack]]
* [[Oracle]]
* [[Pawn Structure]]
* [[Planning]]
* [[Piece-Square Tables#Preprocessing|Pre-processing]]
* [[Psychology]]
* [[Space]]
* [[Strategic Test Suite]]
* [[Tactics]]
=Publications=
==1970 ...==
* [[Mikhail Botvinnik]] ('''1970'''). ''Computers, Chess and Long-Range Planning''. Springer-Verlag, New York.
* [[Peter W. Frey]], [[Larry Atkin]] ('''1979'''). ''[https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1979-01/1979_01_BYTE_04-01_Life_Algorithms#page/n127/mode/2up Creating a Chess-Player, Part 4: Thoughts on Strategy]''. In [http://cs.millersville.edu/~liffick/ Blaise W. Liffick] (ed.), [http://books.google.com/books/about/The_BYTE_book_of_Pascal.html?id=ofpfQgAACAAJ The Byte Book of Pascal], pp. 143-155. Byte Publications, also [[Byte Magazine#BYTE401|BYTE, Vol. 4, No. 1]]
* [[David Wilkins]] ('''1979'''). ''Using Patterns and Plans to Solve Problems and Control Search''. Ph.D. thesis, Computer Science Dept, [[Stanford University]], Stanford, California, AI Lab Memo AIM-329
* [[David Wilkins]] ('''1979'''). ''Using plans in chess''. In Proceedings of the 1979 International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, (Tokyo, Japan), pp. 960-967.
==1980 ...==
* [[David Wilkins]] ('''1980'''). ''Using patterns and plans in chess''. Artificial Intelligence, vol. 14, pp. 165-203. Reprinted ('''1988''') in [[Computer Chess Compendium]]
* [[Jacques Pitrat]] ('''1980'''). ''The Behaviour of a Chess Combination Program using Plans.'' [[Advances in Computer Chess 2]]
* [[Jonathan Schaeffer]] ('''1980'''). ''Long-Range Planning in Computer Chess''. Master's thesis, Department of Computer Science, [[University of Waterloo]]
* [[Hermann Kaindl]] ('''1982'''). ''Positional Long-Range Planning in Computer Chess.'' [[Advances in Computer Chess 3]], also published as [[Hermann Kaindl]] ('''1983'''). ''Positional Long-Range Planning in Computer Chess.'' [[Vienna University of Technology]], Austria.
* [[Jonathan Schaeffer]] ('''1983'''). ''Long-Range Planning in Computer Chess''. Proceedings of the Annual ACM Conference (Computers: Extending the Human Resources), pp. 170-179.
* [[Alexander Szabo]] ('''1984'''). ''[https://circle.ubc.ca/handle/2429/24780 Computer-Chess Tactics and Strategy]''. M.Sc. Thesis, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia University of British Columbia]
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1985'''). ''Goals, Plans, and Mechanisms: Non-symbolically in an Evaluation Surface.'' Presentation at Evolution, Games, and Learning, Center for Nonlinear Studies, [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]], May 21.
* [[Richard Korf]] ('''1987'''). ''Planning as Search: A Quantitative Approach.'' Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 33, pp. 65-88.
* [[David Wilkins]] ('''1988'''). ''Practical Planning: Extending the Classical AI Planning Paradigm''. (Morgan Kaufmann Series in Representation and Reasoning), [http://www.amazon.com/ref=gno_logo amazon.com]
* [[Stephen Muggleton]] ('''1988'''). ''Inductive Acquisition of Chess Strategies''. [http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/%7Eshm/MI/mi11.html Machine Intelligence 11] (eds. [[Jean Hayes Michie]], [[Donald Michie]], and J. Richards), pp. 375-389. Clarendon Press, Oxford, U.K. ISBN 0-19-853718-2.
* [[Bruce Abramson]] ('''1989'''). ''Control Strategies for Two-Player Games.'' ACM Computing Surveys 21(2): 137-161
==1990 ...==
* [[Chrilly Donninger]] ('''1992'''). ''The Relation of Mobility, Strategy and the Mean Dead Rabbit in Chess''. [[3rd Computer Olympiad#Workshop|Heuristic Programming in AI 3]]
* [[Steven Walczak]] and [http://www.cise.ufl.edu/~ddd/ Douglas D. Dankel II] ('''1993'''). ''Acquiring Tactical and Strategic Knowledge with a Generalized Method for Chunking of Game Pieces''. International Journal of Intelligent Systems, Vol. 8, No. 2
* [[Alexis Drogoul]] ('''1993, 1995'''). ''When Ants Play Chess (Or Can Strategies Emerge From Tactical Behaviors?)'' [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/conf/maamaw/maamaw1993.html#Drogoul93 MAAMAW ’93], [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.50.4902 CiteSeerX] [http://www2.hawaii.edu/~nreed/ics606/papers/drogoul95when.pdf pdf]
* [[Andreas L. Opdahl]], [[Bjørnar Tessem]] ('''1994'''). ''Long-Term Planning in Computer Chess''. [[Advances in Computer Chess 7]]
* [[Xinbo Gao]], [[Hiroyuki Iida]], [[Jos Uiterwijk]], [[Jaap van den Herik]] ('''1998'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/3-540-48957-6_5 A Speculative Strategy]''. [[CG 1998]]
* [[Jan van Reek]], [[Jos Uiterwijk]], [[Jaap van den Herik]] ('''1998'''). ''Planning a Strategy in Chess''. [[ICGA Journal#21_3|ICCA Journal, Vol. 21, No. 3]], [http://arno.uvt.nl/show.cgi?fid=106903 pdf]
* [[Jan van Reek]], [[Jos Uiterwijk]], [[Jaap van den Herik]] ('''1999'''). ''Two Strategic Shortcomings in Chess Programs''. [[ICGA Journal#22_4|ICCA Journal, Vol. 22, No. 4]], [http://arno.uvt.nl/show.cgi?fid=106961 pdf]
==2000 ...==
* [[John L. Jerz]] ('''2009, 2012'''). ''[http://www.johnljerz.com/superduper/tlxdownloadsiteMAIN/id461.html A Concept of Strategy Useful for Computer Game Playing]''.
==2010 ...==
* [[Cheng-Wei Chou]], [[Ping-Chiang Chou]], [[Chang-Shing Lee]], [[David L. Saint-Pierre]], [[Olivier Teytaud]], [[Mei-Hui Wang]], [[Li-Wen Wu]], [[Shi-Jim Yen]] ('''2013'''). ''Strategic Choices: Small Budgets and Simple Regret''. [[TAAI|TAAI 2012]], [http://www.csie.ndhu.edu.tw/csieweb/en/node/685 Excellent Paper Award], [https://hal.inria.fr/hal-00753145v2/document pdf]
=Forum Posts=
* [http://groups.google.com/group/rec.games.chess.computer/browse_frm/thread/6a777c45b62ce3a1 Some Computer Chess Questions] by MWells, [[Computer Chess Forums|rgcc]], September 1, 1996
=External Links=
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_strategy Chess strategy from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_chess School of chess from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategy Strategy from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategy_%28disambiguation%29 Strategy (disambiguation) from Wikipedia]
* [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Chess_Strategy Chess Strategy from Wikibooks]
* [http://www.mark-weeks.com/aboutcom/aa03k01.htm Positional Play : Piece Placement and Chess Strategy] by [[Mark Weeks]]
* [http://www.pnas.org/site/misc/classics5.shtml Game Theory - The Mathematics of Strategy] by [http://www.nasw.org/users/klarreich/ Erica Klarreich]
* [https://sites.google.com/site/strategictestsuite/ Strategic Test Suite] by [[Dann Corbit]] and [[Swaminathan Natarajan|Swaminathan]] » [[Test-Positions]]
=References=
<references />
'''[[Chess|Up one Level]]'''
[[FILE:IrvingAmenChessStrategy.jpg|border|right|thumb|link=http://www.irvingamen.com/works/ChessStrategy.htm|[[Arts#Amen|Irving Amen]] - Chess Strategy <ref>[http://www.irvingamen.com/lithograph.htm Lithographs by Irving Amen]</ref> ]]
In Chess, '''Strategy''' is related to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#Positional_play positional play] and setting up [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objective_%28goal%29 goals] and long-term [[Planning|plans]] for future play most importantly considering [[Pawn Structure|pawn structure]] and [[King Safety|king safety]]. In computer chess, while [[Tactics|tactics]] is the domain of [[Search|search]], strategy is almost the domain of [[Evaluation|evaluation]].
The concepts of strategy and tactics in chess and other sports are derived from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military military] origins as defined as a fourfold [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy hierarchy] of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategy strategy], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_objective operational objective], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_tactics tactic] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Task task].
=Quotes=
<ref>[http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Chess Chess - Wikiquote]</ref><ref>[http://www.chesscorner.com/quotes/chess_quotes.htm Chess Corner - Chess Quotes]</ref>
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Abrahams Gerald Abrahams]: ''The tactician knows what to do when there is something to do; whereas the strategian knows what to do when there is nothing to do''.
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Chigorin Mikhail Chigorin]: ''Even a poor plan is better than no plan at all''.
* [[Max Euwe]]: ''Strategy requires thought, tactics require observation''.
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel_Lasker Emanuel Lasker]: ''A bad plan is better than no plan at all''. <ref>[http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Chess_Strategy Chess Strategy from Wikibooks]</ref>
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aron_Nimzowitsch Aron Nimzowitsch]: ''First restrain, next blockade, lastly destroy''.
=Steinitz's Four Rules of Strategy=
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitz Wilhelm Steinitz], the first undisputed [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship world chess champion] from 1886 to 1894, was a main chess correspondent to present his ideas about chess strategy <ref>[http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Chess_Strategy Chess Strategy from Wikibooks]</ref>:
# The right to attack belongs to the side that has a positional advantage, which not only has the right to attack, but the obligation to do so, else the advantage will evaporate. The attack should be concentrated on the weakest square in the opponent's position.
# If in an inferior position, the defender should be ready to defend and make compromises, or take other measures, such as a desperate counterattack.
# In an equal position, the opponents should maneuver, trying to achieve a position in which they have an advantage. If both sides play correctly, an equal position will remain equal.
# The advantage may be a big, indivisible one, or it may be a whole series of small advantages. The goal of the stronger side is to store up the advantages, and then to convert temporary advantages into permanent ones.
=Search Strategy=
Search strategy refers to [[Search|search techniques]] and [[Algorithms|algorithms]]:
* [[Best-First|Best-First Strategy]]
* [[Brute-Force|Brute-Force Strategy]]
* [[Depth-First|Depth-First Strategy]]
* [[Type A Strategy]]
* [[Type B Strategy]]
=See also=
* [[Anti-Computerchess]]
* [[Bobby#StrategicQuiescenceSearch|Bobby's Strategic Quiescence Search]]
* [[Center Control]]
* [[Danny Kopec#HowTo|Danny Kopec - How to ... Video]]
* [[Evaluation]]
* [[Knowledge]]
* [[Minority Attack]]
* [[Oracle]]
* [[Pawn Structure]]
* [[Planning]]
* [[Piece-Square Tables#Preprocessing|Pre-processing]]
* [[Psychology]]
* [[Space]]
* [[Strategic Test Suite]]
* [[Tactics]]
=Publications=
==1970 ...==
* [[Mikhail Botvinnik]] ('''1970'''). ''Computers, Chess and Long-Range Planning''. Springer-Verlag, New York.
* [[Peter W. Frey]], [[Larry Atkin]] ('''1979'''). ''[https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1979-01/1979_01_BYTE_04-01_Life_Algorithms#page/n127/mode/2up Creating a Chess-Player, Part 4: Thoughts on Strategy]''. In [http://cs.millersville.edu/~liffick/ Blaise W. Liffick] (ed.), [http://books.google.com/books/about/The_BYTE_book_of_Pascal.html?id=ofpfQgAACAAJ The Byte Book of Pascal], pp. 143-155. Byte Publications, also [[Byte Magazine#BYTE401|BYTE, Vol. 4, No. 1]]
* [[David Wilkins]] ('''1979'''). ''Using Patterns and Plans to Solve Problems and Control Search''. Ph.D. thesis, Computer Science Dept, [[Stanford University]], Stanford, California, AI Lab Memo AIM-329
* [[David Wilkins]] ('''1979'''). ''Using plans in chess''. In Proceedings of the 1979 International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, (Tokyo, Japan), pp. 960-967.
==1980 ...==
* [[David Wilkins]] ('''1980'''). ''Using patterns and plans in chess''. Artificial Intelligence, vol. 14, pp. 165-203. Reprinted ('''1988''') in [[Computer Chess Compendium]]
* [[Jacques Pitrat]] ('''1980'''). ''The Behaviour of a Chess Combination Program using Plans.'' [[Advances in Computer Chess 2]]
* [[Jonathan Schaeffer]] ('''1980'''). ''Long-Range Planning in Computer Chess''. Master's thesis, Department of Computer Science, [[University of Waterloo]]
* [[Hermann Kaindl]] ('''1982'''). ''Positional Long-Range Planning in Computer Chess.'' [[Advances in Computer Chess 3]], also published as [[Hermann Kaindl]] ('''1983'''). ''Positional Long-Range Planning in Computer Chess.'' [[Vienna University of Technology]], Austria.
* [[Jonathan Schaeffer]] ('''1983'''). ''Long-Range Planning in Computer Chess''. Proceedings of the Annual ACM Conference (Computers: Extending the Human Resources), pp. 170-179.
* [[Alexander Szabo]] ('''1984'''). ''[https://circle.ubc.ca/handle/2429/24780 Computer-Chess Tactics and Strategy]''. M.Sc. Thesis, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia University of British Columbia]
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1985'''). ''Goals, Plans, and Mechanisms: Non-symbolically in an Evaluation Surface.'' Presentation at Evolution, Games, and Learning, Center for Nonlinear Studies, [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]], May 21.
* [[Richard Korf]] ('''1987'''). ''Planning as Search: A Quantitative Approach.'' Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 33, pp. 65-88.
* [[David Wilkins]] ('''1988'''). ''Practical Planning: Extending the Classical AI Planning Paradigm''. (Morgan Kaufmann Series in Representation and Reasoning), [http://www.amazon.com/ref=gno_logo amazon.com]
* [[Stephen Muggleton]] ('''1988'''). ''Inductive Acquisition of Chess Strategies''. [http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/%7Eshm/MI/mi11.html Machine Intelligence 11] (eds. [[Jean Hayes Michie]], [[Donald Michie]], and J. Richards), pp. 375-389. Clarendon Press, Oxford, U.K. ISBN 0-19-853718-2.
* [[Bruce Abramson]] ('''1989'''). ''Control Strategies for Two-Player Games.'' ACM Computing Surveys 21(2): 137-161
==1990 ...==
* [[Chrilly Donninger]] ('''1992'''). ''The Relation of Mobility, Strategy and the Mean Dead Rabbit in Chess''. [[3rd Computer Olympiad#Workshop|Heuristic Programming in AI 3]]
* [[Steven Walczak]] and [http://www.cise.ufl.edu/~ddd/ Douglas D. Dankel II] ('''1993'''). ''Acquiring Tactical and Strategic Knowledge with a Generalized Method for Chunking of Game Pieces''. International Journal of Intelligent Systems, Vol. 8, No. 2
* [[Alexis Drogoul]] ('''1993, 1995'''). ''When Ants Play Chess (Or Can Strategies Emerge From Tactical Behaviors?)'' [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/conf/maamaw/maamaw1993.html#Drogoul93 MAAMAW ’93], [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.50.4902 CiteSeerX] [http://www2.hawaii.edu/~nreed/ics606/papers/drogoul95when.pdf pdf]
* [[Andreas L. Opdahl]], [[Bjørnar Tessem]] ('''1994'''). ''Long-Term Planning in Computer Chess''. [[Advances in Computer Chess 7]]
* [[Xinbo Gao]], [[Hiroyuki Iida]], [[Jos Uiterwijk]], [[Jaap van den Herik]] ('''1998'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/3-540-48957-6_5 A Speculative Strategy]''. [[CG 1998]]
* [[Jan van Reek]], [[Jos Uiterwijk]], [[Jaap van den Herik]] ('''1998'''). ''Planning a Strategy in Chess''. [[ICGA Journal#21_3|ICCA Journal, Vol. 21, No. 3]], [http://arno.uvt.nl/show.cgi?fid=106903 pdf]
* [[Jan van Reek]], [[Jos Uiterwijk]], [[Jaap van den Herik]] ('''1999'''). ''Two Strategic Shortcomings in Chess Programs''. [[ICGA Journal#22_4|ICCA Journal, Vol. 22, No. 4]], [http://arno.uvt.nl/show.cgi?fid=106961 pdf]
==2000 ...==
* [[John L. Jerz]] ('''2009, 2012'''). ''[http://www.johnljerz.com/superduper/tlxdownloadsiteMAIN/id461.html A Concept of Strategy Useful for Computer Game Playing]''.
==2010 ...==
* [[Cheng-Wei Chou]], [[Ping-Chiang Chou]], [[Chang-Shing Lee]], [[David L. Saint-Pierre]], [[Olivier Teytaud]], [[Mei-Hui Wang]], [[Li-Wen Wu]], [[Shi-Jim Yen]] ('''2013'''). ''Strategic Choices: Small Budgets and Simple Regret''. [[TAAI|TAAI 2012]], [http://www.csie.ndhu.edu.tw/csieweb/en/node/685 Excellent Paper Award], [https://hal.inria.fr/hal-00753145v2/document pdf]
=Forum Posts=
* [http://groups.google.com/group/rec.games.chess.computer/browse_frm/thread/6a777c45b62ce3a1 Some Computer Chess Questions] by MWells, [[Computer Chess Forums|rgcc]], September 1, 1996
=External Links=
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_strategy Chess strategy from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_chess School of chess from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategy Strategy from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategy_%28disambiguation%29 Strategy (disambiguation) from Wikipedia]
* [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Chess_Strategy Chess Strategy from Wikibooks]
* [http://www.mark-weeks.com/aboutcom/aa03k01.htm Positional Play : Piece Placement and Chess Strategy] by [[Mark Weeks]]
* [http://www.pnas.org/site/misc/classics5.shtml Game Theory - The Mathematics of Strategy] by [http://www.nasw.org/users/klarreich/ Erica Klarreich]
* [https://sites.google.com/site/strategictestsuite/ Strategic Test Suite] by [[Dann Corbit]] and [[Swaminathan Natarajan|Swaminathan]] » [[Test-Positions]]
=References=
<references />
'''[[Chess|Up one Level]]'''
