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'''[[Main Page|Home]] * [[Knowledge]] * Pattern Recognition'''
[[FILE:PatternRecog.JPG|border|right|thumb|link=http://melmolly.deviantart.com/art/Chess-pattern-177292334|Chess pattern <ref>Clipping from [http://melmolly.deviantart.com/art/Chess-pattern-177292334 Chess pattern] by [http://melmolly.deviantart.com/ ~Melmolly on deviantART], [http://www.xara.com Graphics Software by Xara]</ref> ]]
'''Pattern Recognition''',<br/>
is used to assign a label to an input value <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_recognition Pattern recognition from Wikipedia]</ref> , for instance to apply [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_classification classification] in [[Learning|machine learning]] applications, i.e. to identify objects and images, as well as computer chess related pattern of [[Chess Position|chess positions]] in [[Psychology#CognitivePsychology|Cognitive Psychology]] and concerning [[Evaluation|evaluation]] and control of the [[Search|search]] in computer chess. Pattern recognition algorithms generally aim to provide a reasonable answer for all possible inputs and to perform a "fuzzy" matching. In contrast, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_matching Pattern matching] usually has to be exact.
=Chess Pattern=
Chess pattern range from simple properties of [[Squares|squares]] and [[Pieces|pieces]] concerning [[Occupancy|occupancy]] and [[Square Control|control]], to a more complex interrelated sets of features. Recognizers are implemented with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_tree decision trees], [[Neural Networks|neural networks]], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_logic fuzzy logics]. In his [[ICGA Journal|ICCA Journal]] paper ''Fuzzy Production Rules in Chess'', [[Peter W. Frey]] <ref>[[Peter W. Frey]] ('''1986'''). ''Fuzzy Production Rules in Chess''. [[ICGA Journal#9_4|ICCA Journal, Vol. 9, No. 4]]</ref> proposed feature strings or sets of three types. Type-A features must match completely, type-B feature strings represent features which are usually but not always present, while type-C features are present occasionally but are highly diagnostic when available. Those features were intended to use at the root for an [[Oracle|oracle]] approach.
* [[Evaluation Patterns]]
**[[Fianchetto]]
** [[Outposts]]
** [[Returning Bishop]]
** [[Trapped Pieces]]
* [[King Pattern]]
** [[King Safety#Patterns|King Safety Pattern]]
** [[Mate at a Glance]]
* [[Knight Pattern]]
* [[Pawn Pattern and Properties]]
=Chess Programs=
* [[CHUMP]]
* [[Chunker]]
* [[MACH]]
* [[Morph]]
* [[Paradise]]
* [[USC CP]]
=See also=
* [[Backtracking]]
* [[Chunking]]
* [[Cognition]]
* [[Psychology#CognitivePsychology|Cognitive Psychology]]
* [[Design Principles]]
* [[Interior Node Recognizer]]
* [[Learning]]
* [[Neural Networks]]
* [[Piece Recognition]]
* [[Planning]]
=Publications=
==1950 ...==
* [[Woodrow W. Bledsoe]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iben_Browning Iben Browning] ('''1959'''). ''[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1460326 Pattern Recognition and Reading by Machine]''. In Proceedings of the Eastern Joint Computer Conference
* [http://www.purbeckradar.org.uk/biography/uttley_albert_m.htm Albert M. Uttley] ('''1959'''). ''[http://rmp.aps.org/abstract/RMP/v31/i2/p546_1 Imitation of Pattern Recognition and Trial-and-error Learning in a Conditional Probability Computer]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reviews_of_Modern_Physics Reviews of Modern Physics], Vol. 31, April 1959, pp. 546-548 <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratio_Club Ratio Club from Wikipedia]</ref> <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Radar_Establishment Royal Radar Establishment from Wikipedia]</ref>
==1960 ...==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bongard_problem Mikhail Moiseevich Bongard] <ref>[http://www.foundalis.com/res/Mikhail_Moiseevich_Bongard.html Mikhail Moiseevich Bongard - Михаил Моисеевич Бонгард]</ref> ('''1967'''). ''Проблема Узнавания''. The Problem of Recognition, Nauka Press, Moscow, appeared as ''Pattern Recognition'' in its 1970 English translation
* [[Chin-Liang Chang]] ('''1967'''). ''Fuzzy Sets and Pattern Recognition''. Ph.D. Thesis, Advisor: [[Mathematician#LAZadeh|Lotfi A. Zadeh]], [[University of California, Berkeley]]
==1970 ...==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bongard_problem Mikhail Moiseevich Bongard] ('''1970'''). ''Pattern Recognition''. Rochelle Park, N.J., Hayden Book Co., Spartan Books
* [[Albert Zobrist]] ('''1970'''). ''Feature Extraction and Representation for Pattern Recognition and the Game of Go''. Ph.D. Thesis (152 pp.), University of Wisconsin. Also published as technical report #85
* [[Albert Zobrist]] ('''1970'''). ''A Pattern Recognition Program which uses a Geometry-Preserving Representation of Features''. Technical Report #85, [http://www.cs.wisc.edu/techreports/1970/TR85.pdf pdf]
* [[James R. Slagle]], [[Richard C. T. Lee]] ('''1971'''). ''[http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=362515.362562 Application of game tree searching techniques to sequential pattern recognition]''. [[ACM#Communications|Communications of the ACM]], Vol. 14, No. 2
* [[Albert Zobrist]], [[Frederic Roy Carlson]] ('''1973'''). ''[http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=805705 The USC chess program]''. Proceedings of the [[ACM]] annual conference, Atlanta, Georgia
* [[Jacques Pitrat]] ('''1976'''). ''A Program to Learn to Play Chess.'' Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence, pp. 399-419. Academic Press Ltd. London, UK. ISBN 0-12-170950-7.
* [[Mathematician#ARosenfeld|Azriel Rosenfeld]], [[Mathematician#JeromeFeldman|Jerome A. Feldman]], [[Laveen Kanal|Laveen N. Kanal]], [[Patrick Winston|Patrick H. Winston]] ('''1977'''). ''AI and Pattern Recognition''. [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/conf/ijcai/ijcai77.html#RosenfeldFKW77 IJCAI 1977]
* [[Albert Zobrist]], [[Frederic Roy Carlson]] ('''1977'''). ''Detection of Combined Occurrences''. [[ACM#Communications|Communications of the ACM]], Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 31-35.
* [[Walter R. Reitman]], [[Bruce Wilcox]] ('''1977'''). ''[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1045396 Pattern Recognition and Pattern-Directed Inference in a Program for Playing Go]''. [[ACM#SIG|ACM SIGART Bulletin]], No. 63
* [[Rainer Kurz]] ('''1977'''). ''[http://d-nb.info/770784364 Musterverarbeitung bei der Schachprogrammierung]''. Ph.D. thesis, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Stuttgart Universität Stuttgart] (German)
* [[Ivan Bratko]], [[Danny Kopec]], [[Donald Michie]] ('''1978'''). ''Pattern-Based Representation of Chess Endgame Knowledge''. [http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/content/21/2.toc The Computer Journal, Vol. 21, No. 2], pp. 149-153. [http://www.sci.brooklyn.cuny.edu/%7Ekopec/Publications/Publications/O_44_C.pdf pdf]
* [[David Wilkins]] ('''1979'''). ''Using Patterns and Plans to Solve Problems and Control Search''. Ph.D. thesis, Computer Science Dept, [[Stanford University]], AI Lab Memo AIM-329
* [[Max Bramer]], [[Mike Clarke]] ('''1979'''). ''[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020737379800139 A Model for the Representation of Pattern-Knowledge for the Endgame in Chess]''. [http://www.interaction-design.org/references/periodicals/international_journal_of_man-machine_studies_volume_11.html International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, Vol. 11, No.5]
==1980 ...==
* [[David Wilkins]] ('''1980'''). ''Using patterns and plans in chess''. Artificial Intelligence, vol. 14, pp. 165-203. Reprinted ('''1988''') in [[Computer Chess Compendium]]
* [[Ivan Bratko]], [[Donald Michie]] ('''1980'''). ''A Representation of Pattern-Knowledge in Chess Endgames''. [[Advances in Computer Chess 2]]
* [[Max Bramer]] ('''1980'''). ''An Optimal Algorithm for KPK using Pattern Knowledge.'' [[Advances in Computer Chess 2]], pp. 82-96.
* [[Zdenek Zdrahal|Zdenek Zdráhal]], [[Ivan Bratko]], [[Alen Shapiro]] ('''1981'''). ''[http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/content/24/3/263.abstract Recognition of Complex Patterns Using Cellular Arrays]''. [http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/content/24/3.toc The Computer Journal, Vol. 24, No. 3], pp. 263-270
* [[Max Bramer]] ('''1982'''). ''Pattern-Based Representations of Knowledge in the Game of Chess.'' International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, Vol. 16, pp. 439-448.
* [[Alen Shapiro]], [[Tim Niblett]] ('''1982'''). ''Automatic Induction of Classification Rules for Chess End game.'' [[Advances in Computer Chess 3]]
* [[Ross Quinlan]] ('''1983'''). ''Learning efficient classification procedures and their application to chess end games''. Machine Learning: An Artificial Intelligence Approach
* [[Ivan Bratko]], [[Peter Tancig]], [[Simona Tancig]] ('''1984'''). ''[[Simona Tancig#ChessExperiment|Detection of Positional Patterns in Chess]]''. [[ICGA Journal#7_2|ICCA Journal, Vol. 7, No. 2]] (abridged version)
* [[Ivan Bratko]], [[Peter Tancig]], [[Simona Tancig]] ('''1984,1986'''). ''[[Simona Tancig#ChessExperiment|Detection of Positional Patterns in Chess]]''. [[Advances in Computer Chess 4]] (full paper)
* [[Ivan Bratko]] ('''1985'''). ''Symbolic Derivation of Chess Patterns.'' Progress in Artificial Intelligence (eds. L. Steels and J.A. Campbell), pp. 281-290. Ellis Horwood Ltd., Chichester, UK.
* [[Peter W. Frey]] ('''1986'''). ''Fuzzy Production Rules in Chess''. [[ICGA Journal#9_4|ICCA Journal, Vol. 9, No. 4]]
* [[Kai-Fu Lee]], [[Sanjoy Mahajan]] ('''1988'''). ''[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0004370288900768 A Pattern Classification Approach to Evaluation Function Learning]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_%28journal%29 Artificial Intelligence], Vol. 36, No. 1
* [[Robert Levinson]] ('''1989'''). ''A Self-Learning, Pattern-Oriented Chess Program''. [[ICGA Journal#12_4|ICCA Journal, Vol. 12, No. 4]]
* [[Roger Hünen]] ('''1989'''). ''Efficient Pattern Recognition in Large Game Trees''. [[Advances in Computer Chess 5]]
* [[Hans Berliner]], [[Carl Ebeling]] ('''1989'''). ''Pattern Knowledge and Search: The SUPREM Architecture.'' Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 161-198. ISSN 0004-3702. Revised as [[Hans Berliner]], [[Carl Ebeling]] ('''1990'''). ''Hitech''. [[Computers, Chess, and Cognition]]
==1990 ...==
* [[Eduardo F. Morales]] ('''1992'''). ''First-Order Induction of Patterns in Chess''. Ph.D. Thesis, The Turing Institute, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Strathclyde University of Strathclyde], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow Glasgow]
* [[Eduardo F. Morales]] ('''1992'''). ''Learning Chess Patterns''. Inductive Logic Programming (ed. [[Stephen Muggleton]]), Academic Press, The Apic Series, London, UK
* [[Steven Walczak]] ('''1992'''). ''Pattern-Based Tactical Planning''. IJPRAI 6(5)
* [[Steven Walczak]], [http://www.cise.ufl.edu/~ddd/ Douglas D. Dankel II] ('''1993'''). ''Acquiring Tactical and Strategic Knowledge with a Generalized Method for Chunking of Game Pieces''. International Journal of Intelligent Systems 8 (2), 249-270.
* [[Laveen Kanal]] ('''1993'''). ''[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=157088 On Pattern, Categories and Alternate Realities]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_Recognition_Letters Pattern Recognition Letters], Vol. 14, No. 3, [http://www.lnk.com/prl14.pdf pdf]
* [[Eduardo F. Morales]] ('''1994'''). ''Learning Patterns for Playing Strategies''. [[ICGA Journal#17_1|ICCA Journal, Vol. 17, No. 1]]
* [[Robert Levinson]], [[Gil Fuchs]] ('''1994'''). ''A Pattern-Weight Formulation of Search Knowledge''. UCSC-CRL-94-10, [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.35.1027 CiteSeerX]
* [[Reijer Grimbergen]] ('''1996'''). ''Using Pattern Recognition and Selective Deepening to Solve Tsume Shogi''. [[Conferences#GPW|3rd Game Programming Workshop]], [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.43.7594 CiteSeerX] <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsumeshogi Tsumeshogi from Wikipedia]</ref>
* [[Fernand Gobet]], [[Herbert Simon]] ('''1998'''). ''Pattern recognition makes search possible: Comments on Holding (1992)''. Psychological Research, Vol. 61, [http://v-scheiner.brunel.ac.uk/bitstream/2438/816/1/Paper_on_Holding.pdf pdf] <ref>[[Dennis H. Holding]] ('''1992'''). ''Theories of Chess Skill''. Psychological Research, Vol. 54, No. 1</ref>
* [[Hitoshi Matsubara]], [[Steven Walczak]], [[Reijer Grimbergen]] ('''1998'''). ''Analysis of important patterns in Shogi''. The 15th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Cognitive Science Society, (Nagoya, Japan), 136-137. (in Japanese/Kanji)
* [[Lev Finkelstein]], [[Shaul Markovitch]] ('''1998'''). ''[http://www.cs.technion.ac.il/%7Eshaulm/papers/abstracts/Finkelstein-1998-LPC.html Learning to Play Chess Selectively by Acquiring Move Patterns.]'' [[ICGA Journal#21_2|ICCA Journal, Vol. 21, No. 2]], [http://www.cs.technion.ac.il/%7Eshaulm/papers/pdf/Finkelstein-Markovitch-icca1998.pdf pdf]
* [[Erik van der Werf]] ('''1999'''). ''Non-linear target based feature extraction by diabolo networks.'' Masters thesis. Pattern Recognition Group, Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Applied Sciences, [[Delft University of Technology]], [http://erikvanderwerf.tengen.nl/pubdown/diabolic_thesis.pdf pdf]
* [[Kieran Greer]], [[Piyush Ojha]], [[David A. Bell]] ('''1999'''). ''A Pattern-Oriented Approach to Move Ordering: the Chessmaps Heuristic''. [[ICGA Journal#22_1|ICCA Journal, Vol. 22, No. 1]]
==2000 ...==
* [[Miroslav Kubat]], [[Jan Žižka]] ('''2000'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F3-540-45049-1_52 Learning Middle Game Patterns in Chess: A Case Study]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecture_Notes_in_Computer_Science Lecture Notes in Computer Science], Vol. 1821, [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media Springer]
* [[Miroslav Kubat]] ('''2000'''). ''[http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=58577 Designing neural network architectures for pattern recognition]''. [http://dblp2.uni-trier.de/db/journals/ker/ker15.html The Knowledge Engineering Review, Vol. 15], No. 2
* [[Ari Shapiro]], [[Gil Fuchs]], [[Robert Levinson]] ('''2002'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-540-40031-8_4 Learning a Game Strategy Using Pattern-Weights and Self-play]''. [[CG 2002]]
* R. Grekovs ('''2002'''). ''Methods of Fuzzy Pattern Recognition'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga_Technical_University Riga Technical University], [http://www.cs.rtu.lv/dssg/download/publications/2002/Grekov-RTU-2002.ps.gz%7CMethods ps], covers Fuzzy Kora algorithm
* [[Marcel van Kervinck]] ('''2002'''). ''[http://marcelk.net/thesis/talk-eval-rookie/sld001.htm A pattern-recognition strategy for chess position evaluation]''. Slides from ''The design and implementation of the Rookie 2.0 Chess Playing Program''. <ref>[[Marcel van Kervinck]] ('''2002'''). ''The design and implementation of the Rookie 2.0 Chess Playing Program''. Masters Thesis, [http://alexandria.tue.nl/extra2/afstversl/wsk-i/kervinck2002.pdf pdf]</ref>
* [[Jan Žižka]], [[Michal Mádr]] ('''2003'''). ''[https://www.muni.cz/research/publications/490371 Learning Representative Patterns from Real Chess Positions: A Case Study]''. [http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/iicai/iicai2003.html#ZizkaM03 IICAI 2003]
* [[Christopher Chabris]], [[Eliot Hearst]] ('''2003'''). ''Mentalizing, Pattern Recognition and Forward Search: Effects of Playing Speed and Sight of the Position on Grandmaster Chess Errors''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_Science_Society Cognitive Science], Vol. 27
* [http://vislab.ucr.edu/PEOPLE/BIR_BHANU/index.php Bir Bhanu], [http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~wbl/biblio/gp-html/YingqiangLin.html Yingqiang Lin], [[Krzysztof Krawiec]] ('''2005'''). ''[http://www.springer.com/computer/image+processing/book/978-0-387-21295-1 Evolutionary Synthesis of Pattern Recognition Systems]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media Springer], New York
* [[Rajjan Shinghal]] ('''2006''') ''Pattern Recognition, Techniques and Applications''. Oxford University Press ISBN-13: 978-0195676853, available from [http://www.amazon.ca/Pattern-Recognition-Applications-Rajjan-Shinghal/dp/0195676858 amazon.ca]
* [[Chun-Bin Hsu]] ('''2006'''). ''Pattern Recognition in Chinese Chess''. Master thesis, [[National Chiao Tung University]], [https://ir.nctu.edu.tw/bitstream/11536/78749/1/753801.pdf pdf] (Chinese)
* [[Antonio Fernández]], [[Antonio Salmerón]] ('''2008'''). ''[http://www.researchgate.net/publication/220647044_BayesChess_A_computer_chess_program_based_on_Bayesian_networks BayesChess: A computer chess program based on Bayesian networks]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_Recognition_Letters Pattern Recognition Letters], Vol. 29, No. 8
==2010 ...==
* [[Merim Bilalić]], [http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=q_X-IPoAAAAJ&hl=de Robert Langner], [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/pers/hd/e/Erb:Michael.html Michael Erb], [http://rwth-aachen.academia.edu/WolfgangGrodd Wolfgang Grodd] ('''2010'''). ''[http://pubget.com/paper/21038986/Mechanisms_and_neural_basis_of_object_and_pattern_recognition__a_study_with_chess_experts Mechanisms and neural basis of object and pattern recognition: a study with chess experts]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Experimental_Psychology Journal of Experimental Psychology General], Vol. 139, No. 4
* [[Abdallah Saffidine]], [[Nicolas Jouandeau]], [[Tristan Cazenave]] ('''2011'''). ''Solving breakthrough with Race Patterns and Job-Level Proof Number Search''. [[Advances in Computer Games 13]], [http://www.lamsade.dauphine.fr/~cazenave/papers/solving.pdf pdf] » [[Breakthrough (Game)]], [[Proof-Number Search]]
=Forum Posts=
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=354850 Symbolic: On patterns] by [[Steven Edwards]], [[CCC]], March 16, 2004 » [[Symbolic]]
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=356967 Symbolic: First pattern instance generation] by [[Steven Edwards]], [[CCC]], March 27, 2004
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=357145 Symbolic: Demo: a few more bootstrap patterns] by [[Steven Edwards]], [[CCC]], March 29, 2004
=External Links=
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_recognition Pattern recognition from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_recognition_%28psychology%29 Pattern recognition (psychology) from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_recognition_%28disambiguation%29 Pattern recognition (disambiguation) from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_Recognition_%28novel%29 Pattern Recognition (novel) from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern Pattern from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_matching Pattern matching from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prior_knowledge_for_pattern_recognition Prior knowledge for pattern recognition from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_classification Statistical classification from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naive_Bayes_classifier Naive Bayes classifier from Wikipedia]
* [http://dbacl.sourceforge.net/spam_chess-1.html Can a Bayesian spam filter play chess?] by [http://www.lbreyer.com/ Laird A. Breyer] <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_spam_filtering Bayesian spam filtering - Wikipedia]</ref>
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bongard_problem Bongard problem from Wikipedia]
* [http://www.foundalis.com/res/bps/bpidx.htm Index of Bongard Problems] by [http://www.foundalis.com/index.html Harry Foundalis]
* [[Videos#MarilynMazur|Marilyn Mazur's]] "Eksistens" feat. [http://tritonus.dk/en/ Tritonus Choir], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statens_Museum_for_Kunst Statens Museum for Kunst], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen Copenhagen], Denmark, February 2013, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube YouTube] Video
: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Ulrik Hans Ulrik], [http://www.makiko.dk/ Makiko Hirabayashi], [http://www.klavshovman.dk/ Klavs Hovman], Marilyn Mazur
: {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wly_Gz-JbJ0|alignment=left|valignment=top}}
=References=
<references />
'''[[Knowledge|Up one Level]]'''
[[FILE:PatternRecog.JPG|border|right|thumb|link=http://melmolly.deviantart.com/art/Chess-pattern-177292334|Chess pattern <ref>Clipping from [http://melmolly.deviantart.com/art/Chess-pattern-177292334 Chess pattern] by [http://melmolly.deviantart.com/ ~Melmolly on deviantART], [http://www.xara.com Graphics Software by Xara]</ref> ]]
'''Pattern Recognition''',<br/>
is used to assign a label to an input value <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_recognition Pattern recognition from Wikipedia]</ref> , for instance to apply [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_classification classification] in [[Learning|machine learning]] applications, i.e. to identify objects and images, as well as computer chess related pattern of [[Chess Position|chess positions]] in [[Psychology#CognitivePsychology|Cognitive Psychology]] and concerning [[Evaluation|evaluation]] and control of the [[Search|search]] in computer chess. Pattern recognition algorithms generally aim to provide a reasonable answer for all possible inputs and to perform a "fuzzy" matching. In contrast, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_matching Pattern matching] usually has to be exact.
=Chess Pattern=
Chess pattern range from simple properties of [[Squares|squares]] and [[Pieces|pieces]] concerning [[Occupancy|occupancy]] and [[Square Control|control]], to a more complex interrelated sets of features. Recognizers are implemented with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_tree decision trees], [[Neural Networks|neural networks]], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_logic fuzzy logics]. In his [[ICGA Journal|ICCA Journal]] paper ''Fuzzy Production Rules in Chess'', [[Peter W. Frey]] <ref>[[Peter W. Frey]] ('''1986'''). ''Fuzzy Production Rules in Chess''. [[ICGA Journal#9_4|ICCA Journal, Vol. 9, No. 4]]</ref> proposed feature strings or sets of three types. Type-A features must match completely, type-B feature strings represent features which are usually but not always present, while type-C features are present occasionally but are highly diagnostic when available. Those features were intended to use at the root for an [[Oracle|oracle]] approach.
* [[Evaluation Patterns]]
**[[Fianchetto]]
** [[Outposts]]
** [[Returning Bishop]]
** [[Trapped Pieces]]
* [[King Pattern]]
** [[King Safety#Patterns|King Safety Pattern]]
** [[Mate at a Glance]]
* [[Knight Pattern]]
* [[Pawn Pattern and Properties]]
=Chess Programs=
* [[CHUMP]]
* [[Chunker]]
* [[MACH]]
* [[Morph]]
* [[Paradise]]
* [[USC CP]]
=See also=
* [[Backtracking]]
* [[Chunking]]
* [[Cognition]]
* [[Psychology#CognitivePsychology|Cognitive Psychology]]
* [[Design Principles]]
* [[Interior Node Recognizer]]
* [[Learning]]
* [[Neural Networks]]
* [[Piece Recognition]]
* [[Planning]]
=Publications=
==1950 ...==
* [[Woodrow W. Bledsoe]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iben_Browning Iben Browning] ('''1959'''). ''[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1460326 Pattern Recognition and Reading by Machine]''. In Proceedings of the Eastern Joint Computer Conference
* [http://www.purbeckradar.org.uk/biography/uttley_albert_m.htm Albert M. Uttley] ('''1959'''). ''[http://rmp.aps.org/abstract/RMP/v31/i2/p546_1 Imitation of Pattern Recognition and Trial-and-error Learning in a Conditional Probability Computer]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reviews_of_Modern_Physics Reviews of Modern Physics], Vol. 31, April 1959, pp. 546-548 <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratio_Club Ratio Club from Wikipedia]</ref> <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Radar_Establishment Royal Radar Establishment from Wikipedia]</ref>
==1960 ...==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bongard_problem Mikhail Moiseevich Bongard] <ref>[http://www.foundalis.com/res/Mikhail_Moiseevich_Bongard.html Mikhail Moiseevich Bongard - Михаил Моисеевич Бонгард]</ref> ('''1967'''). ''Проблема Узнавания''. The Problem of Recognition, Nauka Press, Moscow, appeared as ''Pattern Recognition'' in its 1970 English translation
* [[Chin-Liang Chang]] ('''1967'''). ''Fuzzy Sets and Pattern Recognition''. Ph.D. Thesis, Advisor: [[Mathematician#LAZadeh|Lotfi A. Zadeh]], [[University of California, Berkeley]]
==1970 ...==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bongard_problem Mikhail Moiseevich Bongard] ('''1970'''). ''Pattern Recognition''. Rochelle Park, N.J., Hayden Book Co., Spartan Books
* [[Albert Zobrist]] ('''1970'''). ''Feature Extraction and Representation for Pattern Recognition and the Game of Go''. Ph.D. Thesis (152 pp.), University of Wisconsin. Also published as technical report #85
* [[Albert Zobrist]] ('''1970'''). ''A Pattern Recognition Program which uses a Geometry-Preserving Representation of Features''. Technical Report #85, [http://www.cs.wisc.edu/techreports/1970/TR85.pdf pdf]
* [[James R. Slagle]], [[Richard C. T. Lee]] ('''1971'''). ''[http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=362515.362562 Application of game tree searching techniques to sequential pattern recognition]''. [[ACM#Communications|Communications of the ACM]], Vol. 14, No. 2
* [[Albert Zobrist]], [[Frederic Roy Carlson]] ('''1973'''). ''[http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=805705 The USC chess program]''. Proceedings of the [[ACM]] annual conference, Atlanta, Georgia
* [[Jacques Pitrat]] ('''1976'''). ''A Program to Learn to Play Chess.'' Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence, pp. 399-419. Academic Press Ltd. London, UK. ISBN 0-12-170950-7.
* [[Mathematician#ARosenfeld|Azriel Rosenfeld]], [[Mathematician#JeromeFeldman|Jerome A. Feldman]], [[Laveen Kanal|Laveen N. Kanal]], [[Patrick Winston|Patrick H. Winston]] ('''1977'''). ''AI and Pattern Recognition''. [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/conf/ijcai/ijcai77.html#RosenfeldFKW77 IJCAI 1977]
* [[Albert Zobrist]], [[Frederic Roy Carlson]] ('''1977'''). ''Detection of Combined Occurrences''. [[ACM#Communications|Communications of the ACM]], Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 31-35.
* [[Walter R. Reitman]], [[Bruce Wilcox]] ('''1977'''). ''[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1045396 Pattern Recognition and Pattern-Directed Inference in a Program for Playing Go]''. [[ACM#SIG|ACM SIGART Bulletin]], No. 63
* [[Rainer Kurz]] ('''1977'''). ''[http://d-nb.info/770784364 Musterverarbeitung bei der Schachprogrammierung]''. Ph.D. thesis, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Stuttgart Universität Stuttgart] (German)
* [[Ivan Bratko]], [[Danny Kopec]], [[Donald Michie]] ('''1978'''). ''Pattern-Based Representation of Chess Endgame Knowledge''. [http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/content/21/2.toc The Computer Journal, Vol. 21, No. 2], pp. 149-153. [http://www.sci.brooklyn.cuny.edu/%7Ekopec/Publications/Publications/O_44_C.pdf pdf]
* [[David Wilkins]] ('''1979'''). ''Using Patterns and Plans to Solve Problems and Control Search''. Ph.D. thesis, Computer Science Dept, [[Stanford University]], AI Lab Memo AIM-329
* [[Max Bramer]], [[Mike Clarke]] ('''1979'''). ''[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020737379800139 A Model for the Representation of Pattern-Knowledge for the Endgame in Chess]''. [http://www.interaction-design.org/references/periodicals/international_journal_of_man-machine_studies_volume_11.html International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, Vol. 11, No.5]
==1980 ...==
* [[David Wilkins]] ('''1980'''). ''Using patterns and plans in chess''. Artificial Intelligence, vol. 14, pp. 165-203. Reprinted ('''1988''') in [[Computer Chess Compendium]]
* [[Ivan Bratko]], [[Donald Michie]] ('''1980'''). ''A Representation of Pattern-Knowledge in Chess Endgames''. [[Advances in Computer Chess 2]]
* [[Max Bramer]] ('''1980'''). ''An Optimal Algorithm for KPK using Pattern Knowledge.'' [[Advances in Computer Chess 2]], pp. 82-96.
* [[Zdenek Zdrahal|Zdenek Zdráhal]], [[Ivan Bratko]], [[Alen Shapiro]] ('''1981'''). ''[http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/content/24/3/263.abstract Recognition of Complex Patterns Using Cellular Arrays]''. [http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/content/24/3.toc The Computer Journal, Vol. 24, No. 3], pp. 263-270
* [[Max Bramer]] ('''1982'''). ''Pattern-Based Representations of Knowledge in the Game of Chess.'' International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, Vol. 16, pp. 439-448.
* [[Alen Shapiro]], [[Tim Niblett]] ('''1982'''). ''Automatic Induction of Classification Rules for Chess End game.'' [[Advances in Computer Chess 3]]
* [[Ross Quinlan]] ('''1983'''). ''Learning efficient classification procedures and their application to chess end games''. Machine Learning: An Artificial Intelligence Approach
* [[Ivan Bratko]], [[Peter Tancig]], [[Simona Tancig]] ('''1984'''). ''[[Simona Tancig#ChessExperiment|Detection of Positional Patterns in Chess]]''. [[ICGA Journal#7_2|ICCA Journal, Vol. 7, No. 2]] (abridged version)
* [[Ivan Bratko]], [[Peter Tancig]], [[Simona Tancig]] ('''1984,1986'''). ''[[Simona Tancig#ChessExperiment|Detection of Positional Patterns in Chess]]''. [[Advances in Computer Chess 4]] (full paper)
* [[Ivan Bratko]] ('''1985'''). ''Symbolic Derivation of Chess Patterns.'' Progress in Artificial Intelligence (eds. L. Steels and J.A. Campbell), pp. 281-290. Ellis Horwood Ltd., Chichester, UK.
* [[Peter W. Frey]] ('''1986'''). ''Fuzzy Production Rules in Chess''. [[ICGA Journal#9_4|ICCA Journal, Vol. 9, No. 4]]
* [[Kai-Fu Lee]], [[Sanjoy Mahajan]] ('''1988'''). ''[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0004370288900768 A Pattern Classification Approach to Evaluation Function Learning]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_%28journal%29 Artificial Intelligence], Vol. 36, No. 1
* [[Robert Levinson]] ('''1989'''). ''A Self-Learning, Pattern-Oriented Chess Program''. [[ICGA Journal#12_4|ICCA Journal, Vol. 12, No. 4]]
* [[Roger Hünen]] ('''1989'''). ''Efficient Pattern Recognition in Large Game Trees''. [[Advances in Computer Chess 5]]
* [[Hans Berliner]], [[Carl Ebeling]] ('''1989'''). ''Pattern Knowledge and Search: The SUPREM Architecture.'' Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 161-198. ISSN 0004-3702. Revised as [[Hans Berliner]], [[Carl Ebeling]] ('''1990'''). ''Hitech''. [[Computers, Chess, and Cognition]]
==1990 ...==
* [[Eduardo F. Morales]] ('''1992'''). ''First-Order Induction of Patterns in Chess''. Ph.D. Thesis, The Turing Institute, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Strathclyde University of Strathclyde], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow Glasgow]
* [[Eduardo F. Morales]] ('''1992'''). ''Learning Chess Patterns''. Inductive Logic Programming (ed. [[Stephen Muggleton]]), Academic Press, The Apic Series, London, UK
* [[Steven Walczak]] ('''1992'''). ''Pattern-Based Tactical Planning''. IJPRAI 6(5)
* [[Steven Walczak]], [http://www.cise.ufl.edu/~ddd/ Douglas D. Dankel II] ('''1993'''). ''Acquiring Tactical and Strategic Knowledge with a Generalized Method for Chunking of Game Pieces''. International Journal of Intelligent Systems 8 (2), 249-270.
* [[Laveen Kanal]] ('''1993'''). ''[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=157088 On Pattern, Categories and Alternate Realities]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_Recognition_Letters Pattern Recognition Letters], Vol. 14, No. 3, [http://www.lnk.com/prl14.pdf pdf]
* [[Eduardo F. Morales]] ('''1994'''). ''Learning Patterns for Playing Strategies''. [[ICGA Journal#17_1|ICCA Journal, Vol. 17, No. 1]]
* [[Robert Levinson]], [[Gil Fuchs]] ('''1994'''). ''A Pattern-Weight Formulation of Search Knowledge''. UCSC-CRL-94-10, [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.35.1027 CiteSeerX]
* [[Reijer Grimbergen]] ('''1996'''). ''Using Pattern Recognition and Selective Deepening to Solve Tsume Shogi''. [[Conferences#GPW|3rd Game Programming Workshop]], [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.43.7594 CiteSeerX] <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsumeshogi Tsumeshogi from Wikipedia]</ref>
* [[Fernand Gobet]], [[Herbert Simon]] ('''1998'''). ''Pattern recognition makes search possible: Comments on Holding (1992)''. Psychological Research, Vol. 61, [http://v-scheiner.brunel.ac.uk/bitstream/2438/816/1/Paper_on_Holding.pdf pdf] <ref>[[Dennis H. Holding]] ('''1992'''). ''Theories of Chess Skill''. Psychological Research, Vol. 54, No. 1</ref>
* [[Hitoshi Matsubara]], [[Steven Walczak]], [[Reijer Grimbergen]] ('''1998'''). ''Analysis of important patterns in Shogi''. The 15th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Cognitive Science Society, (Nagoya, Japan), 136-137. (in Japanese/Kanji)
* [[Lev Finkelstein]], [[Shaul Markovitch]] ('''1998'''). ''[http://www.cs.technion.ac.il/%7Eshaulm/papers/abstracts/Finkelstein-1998-LPC.html Learning to Play Chess Selectively by Acquiring Move Patterns.]'' [[ICGA Journal#21_2|ICCA Journal, Vol. 21, No. 2]], [http://www.cs.technion.ac.il/%7Eshaulm/papers/pdf/Finkelstein-Markovitch-icca1998.pdf pdf]
* [[Erik van der Werf]] ('''1999'''). ''Non-linear target based feature extraction by diabolo networks.'' Masters thesis. Pattern Recognition Group, Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Applied Sciences, [[Delft University of Technology]], [http://erikvanderwerf.tengen.nl/pubdown/diabolic_thesis.pdf pdf]
* [[Kieran Greer]], [[Piyush Ojha]], [[David A. Bell]] ('''1999'''). ''A Pattern-Oriented Approach to Move Ordering: the Chessmaps Heuristic''. [[ICGA Journal#22_1|ICCA Journal, Vol. 22, No. 1]]
==2000 ...==
* [[Miroslav Kubat]], [[Jan Žižka]] ('''2000'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F3-540-45049-1_52 Learning Middle Game Patterns in Chess: A Case Study]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecture_Notes_in_Computer_Science Lecture Notes in Computer Science], Vol. 1821, [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media Springer]
* [[Miroslav Kubat]] ('''2000'''). ''[http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=58577 Designing neural network architectures for pattern recognition]''. [http://dblp2.uni-trier.de/db/journals/ker/ker15.html The Knowledge Engineering Review, Vol. 15], No. 2
* [[Ari Shapiro]], [[Gil Fuchs]], [[Robert Levinson]] ('''2002'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-540-40031-8_4 Learning a Game Strategy Using Pattern-Weights and Self-play]''. [[CG 2002]]
* R. Grekovs ('''2002'''). ''Methods of Fuzzy Pattern Recognition'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga_Technical_University Riga Technical University], [http://www.cs.rtu.lv/dssg/download/publications/2002/Grekov-RTU-2002.ps.gz%7CMethods ps], covers Fuzzy Kora algorithm
* [[Marcel van Kervinck]] ('''2002'''). ''[http://marcelk.net/thesis/talk-eval-rookie/sld001.htm A pattern-recognition strategy for chess position evaluation]''. Slides from ''The design and implementation of the Rookie 2.0 Chess Playing Program''. <ref>[[Marcel van Kervinck]] ('''2002'''). ''The design and implementation of the Rookie 2.0 Chess Playing Program''. Masters Thesis, [http://alexandria.tue.nl/extra2/afstversl/wsk-i/kervinck2002.pdf pdf]</ref>
* [[Jan Žižka]], [[Michal Mádr]] ('''2003'''). ''[https://www.muni.cz/research/publications/490371 Learning Representative Patterns from Real Chess Positions: A Case Study]''. [http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/iicai/iicai2003.html#ZizkaM03 IICAI 2003]
* [[Christopher Chabris]], [[Eliot Hearst]] ('''2003'''). ''Mentalizing, Pattern Recognition and Forward Search: Effects of Playing Speed and Sight of the Position on Grandmaster Chess Errors''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_Science_Society Cognitive Science], Vol. 27
* [http://vislab.ucr.edu/PEOPLE/BIR_BHANU/index.php Bir Bhanu], [http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~wbl/biblio/gp-html/YingqiangLin.html Yingqiang Lin], [[Krzysztof Krawiec]] ('''2005'''). ''[http://www.springer.com/computer/image+processing/book/978-0-387-21295-1 Evolutionary Synthesis of Pattern Recognition Systems]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media Springer], New York
* [[Rajjan Shinghal]] ('''2006''') ''Pattern Recognition, Techniques and Applications''. Oxford University Press ISBN-13: 978-0195676853, available from [http://www.amazon.ca/Pattern-Recognition-Applications-Rajjan-Shinghal/dp/0195676858 amazon.ca]
* [[Chun-Bin Hsu]] ('''2006'''). ''Pattern Recognition in Chinese Chess''. Master thesis, [[National Chiao Tung University]], [https://ir.nctu.edu.tw/bitstream/11536/78749/1/753801.pdf pdf] (Chinese)
* [[Antonio Fernández]], [[Antonio Salmerón]] ('''2008'''). ''[http://www.researchgate.net/publication/220647044_BayesChess_A_computer_chess_program_based_on_Bayesian_networks BayesChess: A computer chess program based on Bayesian networks]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_Recognition_Letters Pattern Recognition Letters], Vol. 29, No. 8
==2010 ...==
* [[Merim Bilalić]], [http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=q_X-IPoAAAAJ&hl=de Robert Langner], [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/pers/hd/e/Erb:Michael.html Michael Erb], [http://rwth-aachen.academia.edu/WolfgangGrodd Wolfgang Grodd] ('''2010'''). ''[http://pubget.com/paper/21038986/Mechanisms_and_neural_basis_of_object_and_pattern_recognition__a_study_with_chess_experts Mechanisms and neural basis of object and pattern recognition: a study with chess experts]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Experimental_Psychology Journal of Experimental Psychology General], Vol. 139, No. 4
* [[Abdallah Saffidine]], [[Nicolas Jouandeau]], [[Tristan Cazenave]] ('''2011'''). ''Solving breakthrough with Race Patterns and Job-Level Proof Number Search''. [[Advances in Computer Games 13]], [http://www.lamsade.dauphine.fr/~cazenave/papers/solving.pdf pdf] » [[Breakthrough (Game)]], [[Proof-Number Search]]
=Forum Posts=
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=354850 Symbolic: On patterns] by [[Steven Edwards]], [[CCC]], March 16, 2004 » [[Symbolic]]
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=356967 Symbolic: First pattern instance generation] by [[Steven Edwards]], [[CCC]], March 27, 2004
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=357145 Symbolic: Demo: a few more bootstrap patterns] by [[Steven Edwards]], [[CCC]], March 29, 2004
=External Links=
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_recognition Pattern recognition from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_recognition_%28psychology%29 Pattern recognition (psychology) from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_recognition_%28disambiguation%29 Pattern recognition (disambiguation) from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_Recognition_%28novel%29 Pattern Recognition (novel) from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern Pattern from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_matching Pattern matching from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prior_knowledge_for_pattern_recognition Prior knowledge for pattern recognition from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_classification Statistical classification from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naive_Bayes_classifier Naive Bayes classifier from Wikipedia]
* [http://dbacl.sourceforge.net/spam_chess-1.html Can a Bayesian spam filter play chess?] by [http://www.lbreyer.com/ Laird A. Breyer] <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_spam_filtering Bayesian spam filtering - Wikipedia]</ref>
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bongard_problem Bongard problem from Wikipedia]
* [http://www.foundalis.com/res/bps/bpidx.htm Index of Bongard Problems] by [http://www.foundalis.com/index.html Harry Foundalis]
* [[Videos#MarilynMazur|Marilyn Mazur's]] "Eksistens" feat. [http://tritonus.dk/en/ Tritonus Choir], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statens_Museum_for_Kunst Statens Museum for Kunst], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen Copenhagen], Denmark, February 2013, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube YouTube] Video
: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Ulrik Hans Ulrik], [http://www.makiko.dk/ Makiko Hirabayashi], [http://www.klavshovman.dk/ Klavs Hovman], Marilyn Mazur
: {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wly_Gz-JbJ0|alignment=left|valignment=top}}
=References=
<references />
'''[[Knowledge|Up one Level]]'''
