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Created page with "'''Home * Knowledge * Opening Book''' FILE:380px-Modern_Chess_Openings_Second_Edition.jpg|border|right|thumb|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moder..."
'''[[Main Page|Home]] * [[Knowledge]] * Opening Book'''
[[FILE:380px-Modern_Chess_Openings_Second_Edition.jpg|border|right|thumb|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Modern_Chess_Openings_Second_Edition.jpg|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Chess_Openings Modern Chess Openings] <ref>Worn copy of second edition of Modern Chess Openings (1913) by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Griffith_%28chess_player%29 Richard Clewin Griffith] (1872–1955) and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Herbert_White John Herbert White] (1880–1920), with an introduction by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ernest_Atkins Henry Ernest Atkins] (1872–1955), [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Chess_Openings Modern Chess Openings from Wikipedia]</ref> ]]
Chess programs often look up the positions at the [[Opening|beginning of the game]] in an '''Opening Book'''. Chess programs could use [[Search|search]] from the beginning and look through all possible continuations in detail to find the best next move, but as this is quite time-consuming and there already exists a lot of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_opening_book_%28literature%29 literature] about different opening lines, opening books save time and provide higher quality of play. Another reason that opening books are used commonly is to provide variety, as book moves are usually chosen [[Pseudorandom Number Generator|randomly]], whereas searches are more or less deterministic.
This opening database can then be used as long as the opponent plays a new move from the database, so usually more common opening lines will be stored to a much higher depth than the uncommon ones. As soon as the program is "out of book" it has to continue using the normal search routines.
=Types=
There are two ways to store an opening database:
* Opening lines
* Positions
Some [[Databases|databases]] use a list of common opening lines, while others hold a list of positions that arise in common openings. The first option is probably easier to implement, while the second has some important advantages.
Opening databases built on positions are usually more space efficient and overcome the problem of [[Transposition|transpositions]]. Often these positions are stored as hash value to allow fast access. Some opening database formats store with each positions as well some information about it. (e.g. number of times occurred, number of games won by white/black / drawn with this position, average/maximum Elo of players playing to this opening position, chess program's success with the position) So when a chess program has to decide on a move, it will look up all positions that could arise after moving in the database and then make a decision upon the information given with each position.
=Generation=
All in all the information stored in an opening database should guide the chess game into a type of middle game in which the chess program proves itself most successful. But to achieve this there are two main ways.
==Handcrafted==
If the opening database designer has some special preference of a certain opening line, he might create it fully manually. This is often the case if a chess program is about to play an important game against a grandmaster. Then the opening style will probably be chosen to be difficult and dangerous for the opponent. Another option is to first automatically generate a database and then fine tune it manually.
==Automated==
Another option is to select a number of games (the type of which will effect the openings played: e.g. drawn games only, GM games only, etc) and then up to a certain depth store all positions in the opening database. It is true that by using this way of database generation some severe errors might by copied as well, but usually the chess programs are set to stop playing according from the book if a position occurred less than a certain number times before.
==Book Building Tools==
* [[Bookbuilder]]
* [[Bookup]]
* [[Chess Opening Wizard]] (COW)
<span id="BookBuilder"></span>
==Book Builder==
In 1999, [[Marc-Philippe Huget]] published a '''Book Builder''' <ref>[https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=44407 Web site updated and new program Book Builder] by [[Marc-Philippe Huget]], [[CCC]], February 24, 1999</ref> in conjunction with his engine [[La Dame Blanche]], a standalone open source program <ref>[http://www.quarkchess.de/ladameblanche/ Book Bilder of La Dame Blanche] by [[Marc-Philippe Huget]], hosted by [[Thomas Mayer]]</ref> to convert a [[Portable Game Notation|PGN file]] into an opening book of the format proposed by [[Kathe Spracklen]] <ref>[[Kathe Spracklen]] ('''1983'''). ''Tutorial: Representation of an Opening Tree''. [[ICGA Journal#6_1|ICCA Newsletter, Vol. 6, No. 1]]</ref>:
<pre>
(e4(e5)(c5))(d4d5)) etc.
</pre>
=Quotes=
[[Jonathan Schaeffer]] in ''[http://www.springer.com/computer/ai/book/978-0-387-76575-4 One Jump Ahead]'' <ref>[[Jonathan Schaeffer]] ('''1997'''). ''[http://www.springer.com/computer/ai/book/978-0-387-76575-4 One Jump Ahead]''. 11. I Feel Like a Teenager Again, pp. 184</ref> :
To solve the opening problems of his chess machine, [[Belle]], [[Ken Thompson]] typed in opening lines from the ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Chess_Openings Encyclopedia of Chess Openings]'' (in five thick volumes). Religiously, he dedicated one hour a day for almost three years (!) to the tedious pursuit of entering lines of play from the books and having his Belle computer verify them. The result was an opening library of roughly three-hundred thousand moves. The results were immediate and obvious: Belle became a much stronger chess program, and Ken probably aged prematurely. Later Ken developed a program to automatically read the ''Encyclopedia'', allowing him to do in a few days what had taken him three years to do manually. <ref>[[Mathematician#HSBaird|Henry S. Baird]], [[Ken Thompson]] ('''1990'''). ''[http://doc.cat-v.org/bell_labs/reading_chess/ Reading Chess]''. [[IEEE#TPAMI|IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence]], Vol. 12, No. 6, [http://doc.cat-v.org/bell_labs/reading_chess/reading_chess.pdf pdf]</ref>
<span id="Formats"></span>
=Formats=
* [[ABK]] - [[Arena|Arena's]] book format
* [[Polyglot|BIN]] - [[Polyglot]] book fomat
* [[CTG]] - [[ChessBase]] book format
=Classification of Chess Openings=
* [[ECO|Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings (ECO)]]
* [[NIC-Key]]
<span id="BookIssues"></span>
=Book Issues=
* [[WCCC 1980#BookIssues|Chaos vs. Nuchess @ WCCC 1980]]
* [[Boris Baczynskyj#CrayBlitzFidelity|Cray Blitz vs. Fidelity X @ ACM 1984]]
=See also=
* [[Book Learning]]
* [[Brainfish]]
* [[CPW-Engine_book]]
* [[Databases|Chess Databases]]
* [[La Dame Blanche]] (Book Builder)
* [[Opening]]
* [[Opening Book Authors]]
* [[Test-Positions#OpeningSuites|Opening Suites]]
* [[Portable Game Notation]]
* [[Transposition]]
=Selected Publications=
==1980 ...==
* [[John F. White]] ('''1982'''). ''[http://yourcomputeronline.wordpress.com/2011/01/19/chess-book-openings/ Chess-Book Openings]''. [[Your Computer]], [http://yourcomputeronline.wordpress.com/2011/01/15/february-1982-contents-and-editorial/ February 1982]
* [[Kathe Spracklen]] ('''1983'''). ''Tutorial: Representation of an Opening Tree''. [[ICGA Journal#6_1|ICCA Newsletter, Vol. 6, No. 1]]
* [[Joe Condon]] and [[Ken Thompson]] ('''1983'''). ''BELLE''. [[Chess Skill in Man and Machine]]
==1990 ...==
* [[John F. White]] ('''1990'''). ''The Amateur's Book-Opening Routine''. [[ICGA Journal#13_1|ICCA Journal, Vol. 13, No. 1]]
* [[Mathematician#HSBaird|Henry S. Baird]], [[Ken Thompson]] ('''1990'''). ''[http://doc.cat-v.org/bell_labs/reading_chess/ Reading Chess]''. [[IEEE#TPAMI|IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence]], Vol. 12, No. 6, [http://doc.cat-v.org/bell_labs/reading_chess/reading_chess.pdf pdf]
* [[Steven Walczak]] ('''1996'''). ''[http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=228334&dl=ACM&coll=DL&CFID=34101495&CFTOKEN=18614940 Improving Opening Book Performance Through Modeling of Chess Opponents]''. [[ACM]] Conference on Computer Science 1996: 53-57
* [[Robert Hyatt]] ('''1999'''). ''[http://www.craftychess.com/hyatt/learning.html Book Learning - a Methodology to Tune an Opening Book Automatically]''. [[ICGA Journal#22_1|ICCA Journal, Vol. 22, No. 1]]
* [[Michael Buro]] ('''1999'''). ''Toward Opening Book Learning.'' [[ICGA Journal#22_2|ICCA Journal, Vol. 22, No. 2]], [http://www.cs.ualberta.ca/%7Emburo/ps/book.pdf pdf]
==2000 ...==
* [[Thomas Lincke]] ('''2000'''). ''[http://www.springerlink.com/content/detrvtjevmqd5p2g/ Strategies for the Automatic Construction of Opening Books]''. [[CG 2000]]
* [[Marty Hirsch]] ('''2001'''). ''Machine Learning in MChess Professional''. [[Advances in Computer Games 9]] » [[MChess]]
* [[Thomas Lincke]] ('''2002'''). ''Exploring the Computational Limits of Large Exhaustive Search Problems''. Ph.D thesis, [[ETH Zurich]], [http://e-collection.library.ethz.ch/eserv/eth:25905/eth-25905-02.pdf pdf]
* [[Thomas Lincke]] ('''2002'''). ''[http://www.springerlink.com/content/aqbcher49k48affn/ Position-Value Representation in Opening Books]''. [[CG 2002]]
* [[Marek Strejczek]] ('''2004'''). ''Some aspects of chess programming''. [[Technical University of Łódź]] , Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Department of Computer Science, [http://nesik.republika.pl/download//SomeAspectsOfChessProgramming.zip zipped pdf], 4.2 Experiments with book learning
* [[Thomas Widjaja]] ('''2004'''). ''Knowledge Engineering und Lernen in Spielen - Opening Book Learning''. [http://www.ke.tu-darmstadt.de/lehre/archiv/ss04/se-spiele/OpeningBookLearning.pdf slides as pdf] (German)
==2005 ...==
* [[Chrilly Donninger]], [[Ulf Lorenz]] ('''2005'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/11922155_1 Innovative Opening-Book Handling]''. [[Advances in Computer Games 11]], [http://www2.cs.uni-paderborn.de/cs/ag-monien/PERSONAL/FLULO/publications/icga_open_springer.pdf pdf]
* [[Jeff Rollason]] ('''2006'''). ''[http://www.aifactory.co.uk/newsletter/2006_01_fuzzy_books.htm Fuzzy books - Approximate opening knowledge]''. [[AI Factory]], Spring 2006
* [[Jeff Rollason]] ('''2007'''). ''[http://www.aifactory.co.uk/newsletter/2007_03_creating_book.htm Creating Book Knowledge]''. [[AI Factory]], Autumn 2007
* [[Mark Levene]], [[Judit Bar-Ilan]] ('''2007'''). ''[http://arxiv.org/abs/cs.AI/0610060 Comparing Typical Opening Move Choices Made by Humans and Chess Engines]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Computer_Journal Computer Journal], 50, [http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/cs/pdf/0610/0610060v1.pdf pdf]
* [http://gobase.org/information/players/?pp=Pierre%20Audouard Pierre Audouard], [[Guillaume Chaslot]], [[Jean-Baptiste Hoock]], [[Arpad Rimmel]], [[Julien Pérez]], [[Olivier Teytaud]] ('''2009'''). ''Grid co-evolution for adaptive simulations; application to the building of opening books in the game of Go''. [http://www.lri.fr/~rimmel/publi/ouvertures.pdf pdf]
* [[Guillaume Chaslot]], [[Jean-Baptiste Hoock]], [[Julien Pérez]], [[Arpad Rimmel]], [[Olivier Teytaud]], [[Mark Winands]] ('''2009'''). ''Meta Monte-Carlo Tree Search for Automatic Opening Book Generation''. [http://www.personeel.unimaas.nl/m-winands/documents/ouvertures9x9.pdf pdf]
* [[Bernd Blasius]], [[Ralf Tönjes]] ('''2009'''). ''[http://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.218701 Zipf's Law in the Popularity Distribution of Chess Openings]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_Review_Letters Physical Review Letters], 103, 218701, [http://www.icbm.de/fileadmin/user_upload/icbm/ag/mathmod/download/BlasiusToenjes2009.pdf pdf] <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zipf%27s_law Zipf's law from WIkipedia]</ref>
==2010 ...==
* [[Romaric Gaudel]], [[Jean-Baptiste Hoock]], [[Julien Pérez]], [[Nataliya Sokolovska]], [[Olivier Teytaud]] ('''2010'''). ''A Principled Method for Exploiting Opening Books''. [[CG 2010]], [http://hal.inria.fr/docs/00/48/40/43/PDF/exploitingOB.pdf pdf]
* [[Liang Li]], [[Hong Huang]], [[Litao Deng]] ('''2011'''). ''[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5968713/ Dynamic Opening-Book in Computer Games]''. CCDC 2011 (Chinese)
* [[Bo-Nian Chen]], [[Tsan-sheng Hsu]] ('''2013'''). ''Automatic Generation of Chinese Dark Chess Opening Books''. [[CG 2013]]
==2015 ...==
* [[Ting-Han Wei]], [[I-Chen Wu]], [[Chao-Chin Liang]], [[Bing-Tsung Chiang]], [[Wen-Jie Tseng]], [[Shi-Jim Yen]], [[Chang-Shing Lee]] ('''2015'''). ''Job-Level Algorithms for Connect6 Opening Book Construction''. [[ICGA Journal#38_3|ICGA Journal, Vol. 38, No. 3]]
* [[John Philip Fishburn|John P. Fishburn]] ('''2016'''). ''Search-Based Opening Book Construction''. [https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B2pvWWlf39g-NWN0OUpkRE0tem8/view pdf] <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?p=698871 Search-Based Opening Book Construction] by [[John Philip Fishburn|John Fishburn]], [[CCC]], December 14, 2016</ref>, [https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B2pvWWlf39g-Z2ZmbHhtWTUwZFE/view 2017 edition] <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=63862 Search-Based Opening Book Construction] by [[John Philip Fishburn|John Fishburn]], [[CCC]], April 29, 2017</ref>
=Forum Posts=
==1990 ...==
* [http://groups.google.com/group/gnu.chess/browse_frm/thread/329b9401059f679b gnuchess.book in Lisp] by [[Steven Edwards]], [[GNU Chess#NewsGroup|gnu.chess]], January 23, 1990
==1995 ...==
* [http://groups.google.com/group/rec.games.chess.computer/browse_frm/thread/656439670bd7c7fb The MCHESS5 computer killer book...] by [[Ed Schroder|Ed Schröder]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rgcc]], October 14, 1996
* [http://groups.google.com/group/rec.games.chess.computer/browse_frm/thread/f14614c6bdebff95 Killer Books] by [[Andreas Mader]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rgcc]], October 29, 1996
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=17861 Book learning and rating bias] by [[Don Dailey]], [[CCC]], May 01, 1998
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=20650 How Rebel plays at SSDF the bare facts, just statistics and thoughts] by [[Vincent Diepeveen]], [[CCC]], June 15, 1998
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=20918 Re: Killer Book] by [[Ed Schroder|Ed Schröder]], [[CCC]], June 19, 1998
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=25754 BookLearning Under the Microscope!!!] by Robert Henry Durrett, [[CCC]], August 31, 1998
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=34711 MCP8 - Rebel8, SSDF] by [[Tony Hedlund]], [[CCC]], December 04, 1998 » [[MChess]]
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=37968 Book learning?] by [[Werner Inmann]], [[CCC]], December 31, 1998
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=43888 Re: A separate process for the chess engine - How do I do this?] by [[Eugene Nalimov]], [[CCC]], February 20, 1999
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=44407 Web site updated and new program Book Builder] by [[Marc-Philippe Huget]], [[CCC]], February 24, 1999
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=47747 Opening book] by [[Frank Phillips]], [[CCC]], April 01, 1999
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=68359 Book learning] by [[James Robertson]], [[CCC]], September 12, 1999
==2000 ...==
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=88292 random book moves/ random generator] by [[Vincent Diepeveen]], [[CCC]], January 13, 2000 » [[Pseudorandom Number Generator]]
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=185200 Gromitchess bookcheating (for Vincent DIEPEVEEN)] by [[Gian-Carlo Pascutto]], [[CCC]], August 23, 2001
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=226258 question about book and learning] by [[Uri Blass]], [[CCC]], April 26, 2002
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=267805 Book design] by [[Sune Fischer]], [[CCC]], November 28, 2002
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=330362 Why use opening books in machine-machine competitions?] by [[Mig Greengard]], [[CCC]], November 25, 2003
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=368697 Performance rating calculation] by [[Dan Wulff]], [[CCC]], June 02, 2004
==2005 ...==
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=460363 Nunn openings] by [[Jouni Uski]], [[CCC]], November 07, 2005 » [[Test-Positions#OpeningSuites|Opening Suites]]
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=460364 Nunn2 openings] by [[Kurt Utzinger]], [[CCC]], November 07, 2005
* [http://rybkaforum.net/cgi-bin/rybkaforum/topic_show.pl?tid=2319 CTG specification] by [[Steinar H. Gunderson|Sesse]], [[Computer Chess Forums|Rybka Forum]], September 30, 2007 » [[CTG]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=20661 Opening books format] by James Constance, [[CCC]], April 14, 2008
: [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=20661&start=5 Re: Opening books format] by [[Jury Osipov]], [[CCC]], April 15, 2008 » [[ABK]]
: [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=20661&start=6 Re: Opening books format] by [[Richard Pijl]], [[CCC]], April 15, 2008
: [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=20661&start=9 Re: Opening books format] by [[Dann Corbit]], [[CCC]], April 15, 2008
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=27746 Leaving/Returning to Book Annoyance] by [[John Merlino]], [[CCC]], May 05, 2009
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=31392 Book: KLO 150 ECO A00-E97 Variations] by [[Franklin Titus|kingliveson]], [[CCC]], December 31, 2009
==2010 ...==
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=34795 Opening book formats and UIs] by [[Vlad Stamate]], [[CCC]], June 08, 2010
* [http://www.open-chess.org/viewtopic.php?f=3&t=1073 Opening Books Battle..] by [[Swaminathan Natarajan|Swaminathan]], [[Computer Chess Forums|OpenChess Forum]], February 04, 2011
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=40853 ICGA rule #2 / opening books / Diep-Crafty, Turino 2006] by [[Peter Berger]], [[CCC]], October 22, 2011 » [[WCCC 2006]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=41529 Creating Books from .PGN files] by [[David Nash]], [[CCC]], December 20, 2011
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=41804 CookieCat's opening book implementation] by [[Steven Edwards]], [[CCC]], January 05, 2012 » [[CookieCat]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=44705 Bookbuilding 101] by [[Dan Honeycutt]], [[CCC]], August 06, 2012
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=44758 Book format for the new engine] by [[Dragan Zdravkovic]], [[CCC]], August 10, 2012
'''2013'''
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=46828 Ranking moves based on empirical information] by [[Edmund Moshammer]], [[CCC]], January 10, 2013
* [http://www.open-chess.org/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=2234 Opening Book (for Aquarium)] by andytl755, [[Computer Chess Forums|OpenChess Forum]], January 21, 2013 » [[Aquarium]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=48583 Search-based opening book] by [[Harm Geert Muller]], [[CCC]], July 07, 2013
* [http://hiarcs.net/forums/viewtopic.php?t=6083&sid=cbd0ee48fb78857cc4f62710aab154cc Opening Books - Something does not add up] by [[The Spacious Mind|Spacious Mind]], [[Computer Chess Forums|Hiarcs Forum]], July 17, 2013
* [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/fishcooking/08k5kE5yAhM/bWGGQgWk9P0J Opening book cleanup] by [[Dariusz Orzechowski]], [[Computer Chess Forums|FishCooking]], November 03, 2013
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=50358 2 Moves Engine Book] by [[Lyudmil Tsvetkov]], [[CCC]], December 07, 2013
: [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=50358&start=13 Re: 2 Moves Engine Book] by [[Miguel A. Ballicora]], [[CCC]], December 08, 2013 » [[Ruby]]
'''2014'''
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=50721 My new book] by [[Daniel Shawul]], [[CCC]], January 02, 2014 » [[UCT]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=51299 Perfect 2014 opening book is released] by [[Sedat Canbaz]], [[CCC]], February 16, 2014
* [https://www.mail-archive.com/scid-users@lists.sourceforge.net/msg06639.html Scid.eco] by [[Gregor Cramer]], [https://www.mail-archive.com/scid-users@lists.sourceforge.net/ scid-users], April 19, 2014
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=52661 UCI, ownbooks, and a potential problem] by [[Miguel A. Ballicora]], [[CCC]], June 16, 2014 » [[UCI]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=53126 Perfect 2014 Final (Full Package)] by [[Sedat Canbaz]], [[CCC]], July 30, 2014
==2015 ...==
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=55395&start=224 Re: ICGA's 2015 World Computer Chess Championship/Events] by [[Jon Dart]], [[CCC]], February 27, 2015
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=55569 On Opening books in 2015] by [[Peter Berger]], [[CCC]], March 06, 2015
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=56770 creating an opening book] by [[Folkert van Heusden]], [[CCC]], June 24, 2015
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=56995 Making Symbolic's opening book] by [[Steven Edwards]], [[CCC]], July 16, 2015 » [[Symbolic]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=57696 The future of chess and elo ratings] by [[Larry Kaufman]], [[CCC]], September 20, 2015 » [[Match Statistics]]
'''2016'''
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=58913 Introducing the *.EBF project] by [[Ed Schroder]], [[CCC]], January 14, 2016
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=59374 Statistical assessment of chess opening book moves] by [[Edmund Moshammer]], [[CCC]], February 27, 2016
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=59435 REBEL | ProDeo book available in Polyglot format] by [[Ed Schroder|Ed Schröder]], [[CCC]], March 05, 2016 » [[Rebel]], [[Pro Deo]], [[PolyGlot]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?p=662580 How much benefit from opening book?] by [[John Philip Fishburn|John Fishburn]], [[CCC]], March 06, 2016 » [[Playing Strength]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?p=663148 reversed-color transpositions] by [[John Philip Fishburn|John Fishburn]], [[CCC]], March 11, 2016 » [[Color Flipping]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=60237 My new book is out: Noomen.ctg] by [[Jeroen Noomen]], [[CCC]], May 22, 2016 <ref>[http://rebel13.nl/download/books/ Books] hosted by [[Ed Schroder|Ed Schröder]]</ref>
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=60939 How to use openings books?] by [[Luis Babboni]], [[CCC]], July 25, 2016
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=60961 CCRL - CEGT matches] by [[Norbert Raimund Leisner]], [[CCC]], July 28, 2016 » [[CCRL]], [[CEGT]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=60980 Opening book from a statistical point of view] by [[Stefano Gemma]], [[CCC]], July 29, 2016
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=61092 opening book standards] by [[Jan Kaan|Jef Kaan]], [[CCC]], August 10, 2016
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=61176 Noomen.ctg: UPDATE] by [[Jeroen Noomen]], [[CCC]], August 20, 2016
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=61245 Properties of unbalanced openings using Bayeselo model] by [[Kai Laskos]], [[CCC]], August 27, 2016 » [[Match Statistics]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=61506 The scaling with time of opening books] by [[Kai Laskos]], [[CCC]], September 23, 2016 » [[Match Statistics]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=61780 Winboard book settings] by [[Erin Dame]], [[CCC]], October 20, 2016 » [[WinBoard]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?p=698871 Search-Based Opening Book Construction] by [[John Philip Fishburn|John Fishburn]], [[CCC]], December 14, 2016
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=62639 Cumulative building of a shared search tree] by [[Bojun Guo]], [[CCC]], December 28, 2016 » [[Chinese Chess]], [[Persistent Hash Table]]
'''2017'''
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=63287 Opening book trees] by [[Robert Pope]], [[CCC]], February 27, 2017
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=63291 Generate Opening Book from Scratch] by [[Stefan Edlich]], [[CCC]], February 27, 2017
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=63478 Book ChessGUI] by Krzysztof Grzelak, [[CCC]], March 17, 2017 » [[ChessGUI]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=63862 Search-Based Opening Book Construction] by [[John Philip Fishburn|John Fishburn]], [[CCC]], April 29, 2017
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=63877 FEOBOS 2.0 is available ...] by [[Frank Quisinsky]], [[CCC]], May 01, 2017
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=64358 Opening testing suites efficiency] by [[Kai Laskos]], [[CCC]], June 21, 2017 » [[Engine Testing]], [[Opening]], [[Match Statistics]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=64894 HERT - brand new openings-set by Thomas Zipproth] by [[Stefan Pohl]], [[CCC]], August 14, 2017
* [http://rybkaforum.net/cgi-bin/rybkaforum/topic_show.pl?tid=32336 New: Noomen 2-move Testsuite ] by [[[Jeroen Noomen]], [[Computer Chess Forums|Rybka Forum]], October 22, 2017 » [[ TCEC Season 10]]
'''2018'''
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=66311 SALC V5 openings and books launched] by [[Stefan Pohl]], [[CCC]], January 13, 2018
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=66657 Some opening book design questions] by [[Pham Hong Nguyen|Nguyen Pham]], [[CCC]], February 21, 2018
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=66680 Is there a program to build opening books based on engines?] by [[Uri Blass]], [[CCC]], February 23, 2018
=External Links=
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_opening_book Chess opening book from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_opening_book_(computers) Chess opening book (computers) from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_opening_book_%28literature%29 Chess opening book (literature) from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chess_openings List of chess openings from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Chess_Openings Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings (ECO) from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_opening_theory_table Chess opening theory table from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Chess_Opening_Theory Chess Opening Theory - Wikibooks]
* [http://www.fierz.ch/strategy4.htm Opening Books] from [http://www.fierz.ch/strategy.htm Strategy Game Programming] by [[Martin Fierz]]
* [https://www.game-ai-forum.org/icga-tournaments/news_item.php?id=35 The use of openings books] by the [[ICGA]], September 15, 2008
==Engine Books==
* [http://www.top-5000.nl/tools.htm Source code Pro Deo Book] by [[Ed Schroder|Ed Schröder]] » [[Pro Deo]]
* [http://www.top-5000.nl/eoc.htm Source code ProDeo EOC database] by [[Ed Schroder|Ed Schröder]]
* [http://chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=7069 HIARCS 13 – the Professional Openings Book] by [[Mark Uniacke]], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], March 10, 2011 » [[Hiarcs]] <ref>[http://www.open-chess.org/viewtopic.php?f=3&t=1073#p11368 Re: Opening Books Battle..] by BB+ ([[Mark Watkins]]), [[Computer Chess Forums|OpenChess Forum]], March 12, 2011</ref>
* [http://hardy.uhasselt.be/Toga/book_format.html Polyglot book format]
* [http://www.playwitharena.com/?User_Files%2C_Engines:Opening_Books_%2821%29%26nbsp%3B Arena Chess GUI - Opening Books] » [[Arena]]
* [http://www.quarkchess.de/ladameblanche/ Book Bilder of La Dame Blanche] by [[Marc-Philippe Huget]], hosted by [[Thomas Mayer]]
* [http://www.sedatcanbaz.com/chess/?page_id=127 Perfect 2014 book] by [[Sedat Canbaz]] <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=53126 Perfect 2014 Final (Full Package)] by [[Sedat Canbaz]], [[CCC]], July 30, 2014</ref>
* [http://www.g-sei.org/wp-content/Users/Fauzi/fauzi.html Fauzi's Opening Books] by [[Fauzi Akram Dabat]], [[G 6]] site
==Online Opening Tree==
* [https://database.chessbase.com/?lang=en/ Chess database with eight million games. Openings, players, tournaments - Online] - [[ChessBase (Database)|ChessBase]]
* [http://www.chessgames.com/perl/explorer Chess Opening Explorer] from [http://www.chessgames.com/index.html chessgames.com]
* [https://secure.newinchess.com/NICBase/Default.aspx?PageID=400 NICBase Online - New In Chess] - [[NICBase]]
* [http://chessok.com/?page_id=352 Opening Tree Mode] - [[ChessOK]]
* [https://opex.ebemunk.com/ OPEX - Chess Openings Explorer] by [[Buğra Fırat]]
* [http://www.shredderchess.com/online-chess/online-databases/opening-database.html Shredder Computer Chess Download - Opening Database] - [[Shredder]]
==Misc==
* [[Videos#JanKlare|Jan Klare's]] [[Videos#TheDorf|The Dorf]] - Overtüre/Pose, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moers_Festival Moers Festival] 2013, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube YouTube] Video
: {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OhMwMEP52Os|alignment=left|valignment=top}}
=References=
<references />
'''[[Knowledge|Up one level]]'''
[[FILE:380px-Modern_Chess_Openings_Second_Edition.jpg|border|right|thumb|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Modern_Chess_Openings_Second_Edition.jpg|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Chess_Openings Modern Chess Openings] <ref>Worn copy of second edition of Modern Chess Openings (1913) by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Griffith_%28chess_player%29 Richard Clewin Griffith] (1872–1955) and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Herbert_White John Herbert White] (1880–1920), with an introduction by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ernest_Atkins Henry Ernest Atkins] (1872–1955), [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Chess_Openings Modern Chess Openings from Wikipedia]</ref> ]]
Chess programs often look up the positions at the [[Opening|beginning of the game]] in an '''Opening Book'''. Chess programs could use [[Search|search]] from the beginning and look through all possible continuations in detail to find the best next move, but as this is quite time-consuming and there already exists a lot of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_opening_book_%28literature%29 literature] about different opening lines, opening books save time and provide higher quality of play. Another reason that opening books are used commonly is to provide variety, as book moves are usually chosen [[Pseudorandom Number Generator|randomly]], whereas searches are more or less deterministic.
This opening database can then be used as long as the opponent plays a new move from the database, so usually more common opening lines will be stored to a much higher depth than the uncommon ones. As soon as the program is "out of book" it has to continue using the normal search routines.
=Types=
There are two ways to store an opening database:
* Opening lines
* Positions
Some [[Databases|databases]] use a list of common opening lines, while others hold a list of positions that arise in common openings. The first option is probably easier to implement, while the second has some important advantages.
Opening databases built on positions are usually more space efficient and overcome the problem of [[Transposition|transpositions]]. Often these positions are stored as hash value to allow fast access. Some opening database formats store with each positions as well some information about it. (e.g. number of times occurred, number of games won by white/black / drawn with this position, average/maximum Elo of players playing to this opening position, chess program's success with the position) So when a chess program has to decide on a move, it will look up all positions that could arise after moving in the database and then make a decision upon the information given with each position.
=Generation=
All in all the information stored in an opening database should guide the chess game into a type of middle game in which the chess program proves itself most successful. But to achieve this there are two main ways.
==Handcrafted==
If the opening database designer has some special preference of a certain opening line, he might create it fully manually. This is often the case if a chess program is about to play an important game against a grandmaster. Then the opening style will probably be chosen to be difficult and dangerous for the opponent. Another option is to first automatically generate a database and then fine tune it manually.
==Automated==
Another option is to select a number of games (the type of which will effect the openings played: e.g. drawn games only, GM games only, etc) and then up to a certain depth store all positions in the opening database. It is true that by using this way of database generation some severe errors might by copied as well, but usually the chess programs are set to stop playing according from the book if a position occurred less than a certain number times before.
==Book Building Tools==
* [[Bookbuilder]]
* [[Bookup]]
* [[Chess Opening Wizard]] (COW)
<span id="BookBuilder"></span>
==Book Builder==
In 1999, [[Marc-Philippe Huget]] published a '''Book Builder''' <ref>[https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=44407 Web site updated and new program Book Builder] by [[Marc-Philippe Huget]], [[CCC]], February 24, 1999</ref> in conjunction with his engine [[La Dame Blanche]], a standalone open source program <ref>[http://www.quarkchess.de/ladameblanche/ Book Bilder of La Dame Blanche] by [[Marc-Philippe Huget]], hosted by [[Thomas Mayer]]</ref> to convert a [[Portable Game Notation|PGN file]] into an opening book of the format proposed by [[Kathe Spracklen]] <ref>[[Kathe Spracklen]] ('''1983'''). ''Tutorial: Representation of an Opening Tree''. [[ICGA Journal#6_1|ICCA Newsletter, Vol. 6, No. 1]]</ref>:
<pre>
(e4(e5)(c5))(d4d5)) etc.
</pre>
=Quotes=
[[Jonathan Schaeffer]] in ''[http://www.springer.com/computer/ai/book/978-0-387-76575-4 One Jump Ahead]'' <ref>[[Jonathan Schaeffer]] ('''1997'''). ''[http://www.springer.com/computer/ai/book/978-0-387-76575-4 One Jump Ahead]''. 11. I Feel Like a Teenager Again, pp. 184</ref> :
To solve the opening problems of his chess machine, [[Belle]], [[Ken Thompson]] typed in opening lines from the ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Chess_Openings Encyclopedia of Chess Openings]'' (in five thick volumes). Religiously, he dedicated one hour a day for almost three years (!) to the tedious pursuit of entering lines of play from the books and having his Belle computer verify them. The result was an opening library of roughly three-hundred thousand moves. The results were immediate and obvious: Belle became a much stronger chess program, and Ken probably aged prematurely. Later Ken developed a program to automatically read the ''Encyclopedia'', allowing him to do in a few days what had taken him three years to do manually. <ref>[[Mathematician#HSBaird|Henry S. Baird]], [[Ken Thompson]] ('''1990'''). ''[http://doc.cat-v.org/bell_labs/reading_chess/ Reading Chess]''. [[IEEE#TPAMI|IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence]], Vol. 12, No. 6, [http://doc.cat-v.org/bell_labs/reading_chess/reading_chess.pdf pdf]</ref>
<span id="Formats"></span>
=Formats=
* [[ABK]] - [[Arena|Arena's]] book format
* [[Polyglot|BIN]] - [[Polyglot]] book fomat
* [[CTG]] - [[ChessBase]] book format
=Classification of Chess Openings=
* [[ECO|Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings (ECO)]]
* [[NIC-Key]]
<span id="BookIssues"></span>
=Book Issues=
* [[WCCC 1980#BookIssues|Chaos vs. Nuchess @ WCCC 1980]]
* [[Boris Baczynskyj#CrayBlitzFidelity|Cray Blitz vs. Fidelity X @ ACM 1984]]
=See also=
* [[Book Learning]]
* [[Brainfish]]
* [[CPW-Engine_book]]
* [[Databases|Chess Databases]]
* [[La Dame Blanche]] (Book Builder)
* [[Opening]]
* [[Opening Book Authors]]
* [[Test-Positions#OpeningSuites|Opening Suites]]
* [[Portable Game Notation]]
* [[Transposition]]
=Selected Publications=
==1980 ...==
* [[John F. White]] ('''1982'''). ''[http://yourcomputeronline.wordpress.com/2011/01/19/chess-book-openings/ Chess-Book Openings]''. [[Your Computer]], [http://yourcomputeronline.wordpress.com/2011/01/15/february-1982-contents-and-editorial/ February 1982]
* [[Kathe Spracklen]] ('''1983'''). ''Tutorial: Representation of an Opening Tree''. [[ICGA Journal#6_1|ICCA Newsletter, Vol. 6, No. 1]]
* [[Joe Condon]] and [[Ken Thompson]] ('''1983'''). ''BELLE''. [[Chess Skill in Man and Machine]]
==1990 ...==
* [[John F. White]] ('''1990'''). ''The Amateur's Book-Opening Routine''. [[ICGA Journal#13_1|ICCA Journal, Vol. 13, No. 1]]
* [[Mathematician#HSBaird|Henry S. Baird]], [[Ken Thompson]] ('''1990'''). ''[http://doc.cat-v.org/bell_labs/reading_chess/ Reading Chess]''. [[IEEE#TPAMI|IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence]], Vol. 12, No. 6, [http://doc.cat-v.org/bell_labs/reading_chess/reading_chess.pdf pdf]
* [[Steven Walczak]] ('''1996'''). ''[http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=228334&dl=ACM&coll=DL&CFID=34101495&CFTOKEN=18614940 Improving Opening Book Performance Through Modeling of Chess Opponents]''. [[ACM]] Conference on Computer Science 1996: 53-57
* [[Robert Hyatt]] ('''1999'''). ''[http://www.craftychess.com/hyatt/learning.html Book Learning - a Methodology to Tune an Opening Book Automatically]''. [[ICGA Journal#22_1|ICCA Journal, Vol. 22, No. 1]]
* [[Michael Buro]] ('''1999'''). ''Toward Opening Book Learning.'' [[ICGA Journal#22_2|ICCA Journal, Vol. 22, No. 2]], [http://www.cs.ualberta.ca/%7Emburo/ps/book.pdf pdf]
==2000 ...==
* [[Thomas Lincke]] ('''2000'''). ''[http://www.springerlink.com/content/detrvtjevmqd5p2g/ Strategies for the Automatic Construction of Opening Books]''. [[CG 2000]]
* [[Marty Hirsch]] ('''2001'''). ''Machine Learning in MChess Professional''. [[Advances in Computer Games 9]] » [[MChess]]
* [[Thomas Lincke]] ('''2002'''). ''Exploring the Computational Limits of Large Exhaustive Search Problems''. Ph.D thesis, [[ETH Zurich]], [http://e-collection.library.ethz.ch/eserv/eth:25905/eth-25905-02.pdf pdf]
* [[Thomas Lincke]] ('''2002'''). ''[http://www.springerlink.com/content/aqbcher49k48affn/ Position-Value Representation in Opening Books]''. [[CG 2002]]
* [[Marek Strejczek]] ('''2004'''). ''Some aspects of chess programming''. [[Technical University of Łódź]] , Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Department of Computer Science, [http://nesik.republika.pl/download//SomeAspectsOfChessProgramming.zip zipped pdf], 4.2 Experiments with book learning
* [[Thomas Widjaja]] ('''2004'''). ''Knowledge Engineering und Lernen in Spielen - Opening Book Learning''. [http://www.ke.tu-darmstadt.de/lehre/archiv/ss04/se-spiele/OpeningBookLearning.pdf slides as pdf] (German)
==2005 ...==
* [[Chrilly Donninger]], [[Ulf Lorenz]] ('''2005'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/11922155_1 Innovative Opening-Book Handling]''. [[Advances in Computer Games 11]], [http://www2.cs.uni-paderborn.de/cs/ag-monien/PERSONAL/FLULO/publications/icga_open_springer.pdf pdf]
* [[Jeff Rollason]] ('''2006'''). ''[http://www.aifactory.co.uk/newsletter/2006_01_fuzzy_books.htm Fuzzy books - Approximate opening knowledge]''. [[AI Factory]], Spring 2006
* [[Jeff Rollason]] ('''2007'''). ''[http://www.aifactory.co.uk/newsletter/2007_03_creating_book.htm Creating Book Knowledge]''. [[AI Factory]], Autumn 2007
* [[Mark Levene]], [[Judit Bar-Ilan]] ('''2007'''). ''[http://arxiv.org/abs/cs.AI/0610060 Comparing Typical Opening Move Choices Made by Humans and Chess Engines]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Computer_Journal Computer Journal], 50, [http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/cs/pdf/0610/0610060v1.pdf pdf]
* [http://gobase.org/information/players/?pp=Pierre%20Audouard Pierre Audouard], [[Guillaume Chaslot]], [[Jean-Baptiste Hoock]], [[Arpad Rimmel]], [[Julien Pérez]], [[Olivier Teytaud]] ('''2009'''). ''Grid co-evolution for adaptive simulations; application to the building of opening books in the game of Go''. [http://www.lri.fr/~rimmel/publi/ouvertures.pdf pdf]
* [[Guillaume Chaslot]], [[Jean-Baptiste Hoock]], [[Julien Pérez]], [[Arpad Rimmel]], [[Olivier Teytaud]], [[Mark Winands]] ('''2009'''). ''Meta Monte-Carlo Tree Search for Automatic Opening Book Generation''. [http://www.personeel.unimaas.nl/m-winands/documents/ouvertures9x9.pdf pdf]
* [[Bernd Blasius]], [[Ralf Tönjes]] ('''2009'''). ''[http://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.218701 Zipf's Law in the Popularity Distribution of Chess Openings]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_Review_Letters Physical Review Letters], 103, 218701, [http://www.icbm.de/fileadmin/user_upload/icbm/ag/mathmod/download/BlasiusToenjes2009.pdf pdf] <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zipf%27s_law Zipf's law from WIkipedia]</ref>
==2010 ...==
* [[Romaric Gaudel]], [[Jean-Baptiste Hoock]], [[Julien Pérez]], [[Nataliya Sokolovska]], [[Olivier Teytaud]] ('''2010'''). ''A Principled Method for Exploiting Opening Books''. [[CG 2010]], [http://hal.inria.fr/docs/00/48/40/43/PDF/exploitingOB.pdf pdf]
* [[Liang Li]], [[Hong Huang]], [[Litao Deng]] ('''2011'''). ''[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5968713/ Dynamic Opening-Book in Computer Games]''. CCDC 2011 (Chinese)
* [[Bo-Nian Chen]], [[Tsan-sheng Hsu]] ('''2013'''). ''Automatic Generation of Chinese Dark Chess Opening Books''. [[CG 2013]]
==2015 ...==
* [[Ting-Han Wei]], [[I-Chen Wu]], [[Chao-Chin Liang]], [[Bing-Tsung Chiang]], [[Wen-Jie Tseng]], [[Shi-Jim Yen]], [[Chang-Shing Lee]] ('''2015'''). ''Job-Level Algorithms for Connect6 Opening Book Construction''. [[ICGA Journal#38_3|ICGA Journal, Vol. 38, No. 3]]
* [[John Philip Fishburn|John P. Fishburn]] ('''2016'''). ''Search-Based Opening Book Construction''. [https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B2pvWWlf39g-NWN0OUpkRE0tem8/view pdf] <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?p=698871 Search-Based Opening Book Construction] by [[John Philip Fishburn|John Fishburn]], [[CCC]], December 14, 2016</ref>, [https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B2pvWWlf39g-Z2ZmbHhtWTUwZFE/view 2017 edition] <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=63862 Search-Based Opening Book Construction] by [[John Philip Fishburn|John Fishburn]], [[CCC]], April 29, 2017</ref>
=Forum Posts=
==1990 ...==
* [http://groups.google.com/group/gnu.chess/browse_frm/thread/329b9401059f679b gnuchess.book in Lisp] by [[Steven Edwards]], [[GNU Chess#NewsGroup|gnu.chess]], January 23, 1990
==1995 ...==
* [http://groups.google.com/group/rec.games.chess.computer/browse_frm/thread/656439670bd7c7fb The MCHESS5 computer killer book...] by [[Ed Schroder|Ed Schröder]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rgcc]], October 14, 1996
* [http://groups.google.com/group/rec.games.chess.computer/browse_frm/thread/f14614c6bdebff95 Killer Books] by [[Andreas Mader]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rgcc]], October 29, 1996
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=17861 Book learning and rating bias] by [[Don Dailey]], [[CCC]], May 01, 1998
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=20650 How Rebel plays at SSDF the bare facts, just statistics and thoughts] by [[Vincent Diepeveen]], [[CCC]], June 15, 1998
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=20918 Re: Killer Book] by [[Ed Schroder|Ed Schröder]], [[CCC]], June 19, 1998
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=25754 BookLearning Under the Microscope!!!] by Robert Henry Durrett, [[CCC]], August 31, 1998
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=34711 MCP8 - Rebel8, SSDF] by [[Tony Hedlund]], [[CCC]], December 04, 1998 » [[MChess]]
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=37968 Book learning?] by [[Werner Inmann]], [[CCC]], December 31, 1998
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=43888 Re: A separate process for the chess engine - How do I do this?] by [[Eugene Nalimov]], [[CCC]], February 20, 1999
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=44407 Web site updated and new program Book Builder] by [[Marc-Philippe Huget]], [[CCC]], February 24, 1999
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=47747 Opening book] by [[Frank Phillips]], [[CCC]], April 01, 1999
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=68359 Book learning] by [[James Robertson]], [[CCC]], September 12, 1999
==2000 ...==
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=88292 random book moves/ random generator] by [[Vincent Diepeveen]], [[CCC]], January 13, 2000 » [[Pseudorandom Number Generator]]
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=185200 Gromitchess bookcheating (for Vincent DIEPEVEEN)] by [[Gian-Carlo Pascutto]], [[CCC]], August 23, 2001
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=226258 question about book and learning] by [[Uri Blass]], [[CCC]], April 26, 2002
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=267805 Book design] by [[Sune Fischer]], [[CCC]], November 28, 2002
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=330362 Why use opening books in machine-machine competitions?] by [[Mig Greengard]], [[CCC]], November 25, 2003
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=368697 Performance rating calculation] by [[Dan Wulff]], [[CCC]], June 02, 2004
==2005 ...==
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=460363 Nunn openings] by [[Jouni Uski]], [[CCC]], November 07, 2005 » [[Test-Positions#OpeningSuites|Opening Suites]]
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=460364 Nunn2 openings] by [[Kurt Utzinger]], [[CCC]], November 07, 2005
* [http://rybkaforum.net/cgi-bin/rybkaforum/topic_show.pl?tid=2319 CTG specification] by [[Steinar H. Gunderson|Sesse]], [[Computer Chess Forums|Rybka Forum]], September 30, 2007 » [[CTG]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=20661 Opening books format] by James Constance, [[CCC]], April 14, 2008
: [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=20661&start=5 Re: Opening books format] by [[Jury Osipov]], [[CCC]], April 15, 2008 » [[ABK]]
: [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=20661&start=6 Re: Opening books format] by [[Richard Pijl]], [[CCC]], April 15, 2008
: [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=20661&start=9 Re: Opening books format] by [[Dann Corbit]], [[CCC]], April 15, 2008
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=27746 Leaving/Returning to Book Annoyance] by [[John Merlino]], [[CCC]], May 05, 2009
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=31392 Book: KLO 150 ECO A00-E97 Variations] by [[Franklin Titus|kingliveson]], [[CCC]], December 31, 2009
==2010 ...==
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=34795 Opening book formats and UIs] by [[Vlad Stamate]], [[CCC]], June 08, 2010
* [http://www.open-chess.org/viewtopic.php?f=3&t=1073 Opening Books Battle..] by [[Swaminathan Natarajan|Swaminathan]], [[Computer Chess Forums|OpenChess Forum]], February 04, 2011
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=40853 ICGA rule #2 / opening books / Diep-Crafty, Turino 2006] by [[Peter Berger]], [[CCC]], October 22, 2011 » [[WCCC 2006]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=41529 Creating Books from .PGN files] by [[David Nash]], [[CCC]], December 20, 2011
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=41804 CookieCat's opening book implementation] by [[Steven Edwards]], [[CCC]], January 05, 2012 » [[CookieCat]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=44705 Bookbuilding 101] by [[Dan Honeycutt]], [[CCC]], August 06, 2012
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=44758 Book format for the new engine] by [[Dragan Zdravkovic]], [[CCC]], August 10, 2012
'''2013'''
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=46828 Ranking moves based on empirical information] by [[Edmund Moshammer]], [[CCC]], January 10, 2013
* [http://www.open-chess.org/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=2234 Opening Book (for Aquarium)] by andytl755, [[Computer Chess Forums|OpenChess Forum]], January 21, 2013 » [[Aquarium]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=48583 Search-based opening book] by [[Harm Geert Muller]], [[CCC]], July 07, 2013
* [http://hiarcs.net/forums/viewtopic.php?t=6083&sid=cbd0ee48fb78857cc4f62710aab154cc Opening Books - Something does not add up] by [[The Spacious Mind|Spacious Mind]], [[Computer Chess Forums|Hiarcs Forum]], July 17, 2013
* [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/fishcooking/08k5kE5yAhM/bWGGQgWk9P0J Opening book cleanup] by [[Dariusz Orzechowski]], [[Computer Chess Forums|FishCooking]], November 03, 2013
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=50358 2 Moves Engine Book] by [[Lyudmil Tsvetkov]], [[CCC]], December 07, 2013
: [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=50358&start=13 Re: 2 Moves Engine Book] by [[Miguel A. Ballicora]], [[CCC]], December 08, 2013 » [[Ruby]]
'''2014'''
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=50721 My new book] by [[Daniel Shawul]], [[CCC]], January 02, 2014 » [[UCT]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=51299 Perfect 2014 opening book is released] by [[Sedat Canbaz]], [[CCC]], February 16, 2014
* [https://www.mail-archive.com/scid-users@lists.sourceforge.net/msg06639.html Scid.eco] by [[Gregor Cramer]], [https://www.mail-archive.com/scid-users@lists.sourceforge.net/ scid-users], April 19, 2014
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=52661 UCI, ownbooks, and a potential problem] by [[Miguel A. Ballicora]], [[CCC]], June 16, 2014 » [[UCI]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=53126 Perfect 2014 Final (Full Package)] by [[Sedat Canbaz]], [[CCC]], July 30, 2014
==2015 ...==
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=55395&start=224 Re: ICGA's 2015 World Computer Chess Championship/Events] by [[Jon Dart]], [[CCC]], February 27, 2015
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=55569 On Opening books in 2015] by [[Peter Berger]], [[CCC]], March 06, 2015
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=56770 creating an opening book] by [[Folkert van Heusden]], [[CCC]], June 24, 2015
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=56995 Making Symbolic's opening book] by [[Steven Edwards]], [[CCC]], July 16, 2015 » [[Symbolic]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=57696 The future of chess and elo ratings] by [[Larry Kaufman]], [[CCC]], September 20, 2015 » [[Match Statistics]]
'''2016'''
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=58913 Introducing the *.EBF project] by [[Ed Schroder]], [[CCC]], January 14, 2016
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=59374 Statistical assessment of chess opening book moves] by [[Edmund Moshammer]], [[CCC]], February 27, 2016
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=59435 REBEL | ProDeo book available in Polyglot format] by [[Ed Schroder|Ed Schröder]], [[CCC]], March 05, 2016 » [[Rebel]], [[Pro Deo]], [[PolyGlot]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?p=662580 How much benefit from opening book?] by [[John Philip Fishburn|John Fishburn]], [[CCC]], March 06, 2016 » [[Playing Strength]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?p=663148 reversed-color transpositions] by [[John Philip Fishburn|John Fishburn]], [[CCC]], March 11, 2016 » [[Color Flipping]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=60237 My new book is out: Noomen.ctg] by [[Jeroen Noomen]], [[CCC]], May 22, 2016 <ref>[http://rebel13.nl/download/books/ Books] hosted by [[Ed Schroder|Ed Schröder]]</ref>
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=60939 How to use openings books?] by [[Luis Babboni]], [[CCC]], July 25, 2016
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=60961 CCRL - CEGT matches] by [[Norbert Raimund Leisner]], [[CCC]], July 28, 2016 » [[CCRL]], [[CEGT]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=60980 Opening book from a statistical point of view] by [[Stefano Gemma]], [[CCC]], July 29, 2016
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=61092 opening book standards] by [[Jan Kaan|Jef Kaan]], [[CCC]], August 10, 2016
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=61176 Noomen.ctg: UPDATE] by [[Jeroen Noomen]], [[CCC]], August 20, 2016
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=61245 Properties of unbalanced openings using Bayeselo model] by [[Kai Laskos]], [[CCC]], August 27, 2016 » [[Match Statistics]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=61506 The scaling with time of opening books] by [[Kai Laskos]], [[CCC]], September 23, 2016 » [[Match Statistics]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=61780 Winboard book settings] by [[Erin Dame]], [[CCC]], October 20, 2016 » [[WinBoard]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?p=698871 Search-Based Opening Book Construction] by [[John Philip Fishburn|John Fishburn]], [[CCC]], December 14, 2016
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=62639 Cumulative building of a shared search tree] by [[Bojun Guo]], [[CCC]], December 28, 2016 » [[Chinese Chess]], [[Persistent Hash Table]]
'''2017'''
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=63287 Opening book trees] by [[Robert Pope]], [[CCC]], February 27, 2017
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=63291 Generate Opening Book from Scratch] by [[Stefan Edlich]], [[CCC]], February 27, 2017
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=63478 Book ChessGUI] by Krzysztof Grzelak, [[CCC]], March 17, 2017 » [[ChessGUI]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=63862 Search-Based Opening Book Construction] by [[John Philip Fishburn|John Fishburn]], [[CCC]], April 29, 2017
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=63877 FEOBOS 2.0 is available ...] by [[Frank Quisinsky]], [[CCC]], May 01, 2017
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=64358 Opening testing suites efficiency] by [[Kai Laskos]], [[CCC]], June 21, 2017 » [[Engine Testing]], [[Opening]], [[Match Statistics]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=64894 HERT - brand new openings-set by Thomas Zipproth] by [[Stefan Pohl]], [[CCC]], August 14, 2017
* [http://rybkaforum.net/cgi-bin/rybkaforum/topic_show.pl?tid=32336 New: Noomen 2-move Testsuite ] by [[[Jeroen Noomen]], [[Computer Chess Forums|Rybka Forum]], October 22, 2017 » [[ TCEC Season 10]]
'''2018'''
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=66311 SALC V5 openings and books launched] by [[Stefan Pohl]], [[CCC]], January 13, 2018
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=66657 Some opening book design questions] by [[Pham Hong Nguyen|Nguyen Pham]], [[CCC]], February 21, 2018
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=66680 Is there a program to build opening books based on engines?] by [[Uri Blass]], [[CCC]], February 23, 2018
=External Links=
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_opening_book Chess opening book from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_opening_book_(computers) Chess opening book (computers) from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_opening_book_%28literature%29 Chess opening book (literature) from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chess_openings List of chess openings from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Chess_Openings Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings (ECO) from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_opening_theory_table Chess opening theory table from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Chess_Opening_Theory Chess Opening Theory - Wikibooks]
* [http://www.fierz.ch/strategy4.htm Opening Books] from [http://www.fierz.ch/strategy.htm Strategy Game Programming] by [[Martin Fierz]]
* [https://www.game-ai-forum.org/icga-tournaments/news_item.php?id=35 The use of openings books] by the [[ICGA]], September 15, 2008
==Engine Books==
* [http://www.top-5000.nl/tools.htm Source code Pro Deo Book] by [[Ed Schroder|Ed Schröder]] » [[Pro Deo]]
* [http://www.top-5000.nl/eoc.htm Source code ProDeo EOC database] by [[Ed Schroder|Ed Schröder]]
* [http://chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=7069 HIARCS 13 – the Professional Openings Book] by [[Mark Uniacke]], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], March 10, 2011 » [[Hiarcs]] <ref>[http://www.open-chess.org/viewtopic.php?f=3&t=1073#p11368 Re: Opening Books Battle..] by BB+ ([[Mark Watkins]]), [[Computer Chess Forums|OpenChess Forum]], March 12, 2011</ref>
* [http://hardy.uhasselt.be/Toga/book_format.html Polyglot book format]
* [http://www.playwitharena.com/?User_Files%2C_Engines:Opening_Books_%2821%29%26nbsp%3B Arena Chess GUI - Opening Books] » [[Arena]]
* [http://www.quarkchess.de/ladameblanche/ Book Bilder of La Dame Blanche] by [[Marc-Philippe Huget]], hosted by [[Thomas Mayer]]
* [http://www.sedatcanbaz.com/chess/?page_id=127 Perfect 2014 book] by [[Sedat Canbaz]] <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=53126 Perfect 2014 Final (Full Package)] by [[Sedat Canbaz]], [[CCC]], July 30, 2014</ref>
* [http://www.g-sei.org/wp-content/Users/Fauzi/fauzi.html Fauzi's Opening Books] by [[Fauzi Akram Dabat]], [[G 6]] site
==Online Opening Tree==
* [https://database.chessbase.com/?lang=en/ Chess database with eight million games. Openings, players, tournaments - Online] - [[ChessBase (Database)|ChessBase]]
* [http://www.chessgames.com/perl/explorer Chess Opening Explorer] from [http://www.chessgames.com/index.html chessgames.com]
* [https://secure.newinchess.com/NICBase/Default.aspx?PageID=400 NICBase Online - New In Chess] - [[NICBase]]
* [http://chessok.com/?page_id=352 Opening Tree Mode] - [[ChessOK]]
* [https://opex.ebemunk.com/ OPEX - Chess Openings Explorer] by [[Buğra Fırat]]
* [http://www.shredderchess.com/online-chess/online-databases/opening-database.html Shredder Computer Chess Download - Opening Database] - [[Shredder]]
==Misc==
* [[Videos#JanKlare|Jan Klare's]] [[Videos#TheDorf|The Dorf]] - Overtüre/Pose, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moers_Festival Moers Festival] 2013, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube YouTube] Video
: {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OhMwMEP52Os|alignment=left|valignment=top}}
=References=
<references />
'''[[Knowledge|Up one level]]'''
