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'''[[Main Page|Home]] * [[Knowledge]] * Chunking'''
'''Chunking''',
a term in [[Cognition|cognitive science]] where individual units of information are structured into larger meaningful units to improve memory performance. The concept of chunking was first put forward in 1956 by psychologist [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Armitage_Miller George A. Miller] in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magical_Number_Seven,_Plus_or_Minus_Two The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two], where he researched how many numbers we can reliably remember a few minutes after we've been told them only once.
=Chunking in Chess=
In chess and computer chess, chunking is about to [[Pattern Recognition|recognize relevant patterns]] of a [[Chess Position|chess position]]. A chunk is a group of [[Pieces|pieces]], in some sense a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics semantic] unit, a meaningful pattern that is recognized at a glance by a chess master. Reasoning about a position in terms of such chunks as atomic units, instead of individual pieces, reduces the complexity of a position from, say, 30 units to about 7 units, assuming that each chunk consists of 4 or 5 pieces. Pieces within a single chunk are closely related in terms of attack- and defense properties of the pieces as well as common color, type and proximity.
<span id="Hypothesis"></span>
=Chunking Hypothesis=
In chess, the Chunking Hypothesis was researched in various cognitive experiments by [[Adriaan de Groot]] and others, where chess masters were able to reconstruct a chess position from a albeit unknown chess game almost perfectly after viewing it for only 5 sec, while players below the master level had sharp drop off in this ability. However, this result could not be attributed to the masters’ generally superior memory ability, since masters had almost the same difficulty to reconstruct the positions constructed by placing the same numbers of pieces randomly on the board.
=Chess Patterns=
* [[Evaluation Patterns]]
: [[Fianchetto]]
: [[Outposts]]
: [[Returning Bishop]]
: [[Trapped Pieces]]
* [[King Pattern]]
: [[King Safety#Patterns|King Safety Pattern]]
: [[Mate at a Glance]]
* [[Knight Pattern]]
* [[Pawn Pattern and Properties]]
=See also=
* [[CHREST]]
* [[CHUMP]]
* [[Chunker]]
* [[Cognition]]
* [[Design Principles]]
* [[EPAM]]
* [[MAPP]]
* [[Pattern Recognition]]
* [[Perceiver]]
* [[Rookie]]
=Publications=
==1920 ...==
* I.N. Djakov ('''1926'''). ''Psihologia Shakhmatnoi Igry''. (Chess psychology) edited by N.B. Petrovskij and P.A. Rudik, Moscow: Avtorov
* I.N. Djakov ('''1927'''). ''[http://www.buchhandel.de/detailansicht.aspx?isbn=9783111262604 Psychologie des Schachspiels]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter Walter de Gruyter], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin Berlin] & [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig Leipzig], reprinted 2001 Bigli-Press, [http://www.amazon.de/Psychologie-Schachspiels-psychotechnischer-Experimente-Schachturniers/dp/B004SG3X9C amazon] <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_1925_chess_tournament Moscow 1925 chess tournament from Wikipedia]</ref>
==1940 ...==
* [[Adriaan de Groot]] ('''1946'''). ''Het denken van den Schaker, een experimenteel-psychologische studie.'' Ph.D. thesis, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Amsterdam University of Amsterdam]; N.V. Noord-Hollandse Uitgevers Maatschappij, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam Amsterdam]. Translated with the help of [[George Baylor]], with additions, (in '''1965''') as ''Thought and Choice in Chess''. Mouton Publishers, The Hague. ISBN 90-279-7914-6.
==1950 ...==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Armitage_Miller George Armitage Miller] ('''1956'''). ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magical_Number_Seven,_Plus_or_Minus_Two The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_Review Psychological Review], Vol. 101, No. 2, [http://www.psych.utoronto.ca/users/peterson/psy430s2001/Miller%20GA%20Magical%20Seven%20Psych%20Review%201955.pdf pdf]
* [[Edward Feigenbaum]] ('''1959'''). ''[http://www.rand.org/pubs/papers/P1817.html An Information Processing Theory of Verbal Learning]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAND_Corporation RAND Paper] » [[EPAM]]
==1960 ...==
* [[Adriaan de Groot]] ('''1965, 1978'''). ''Thought and Choice in Chess''. Mouton & Co Publishers, The Hague, The Netherlands. ISBN 90-279-7914-6, [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/9027979146/ref=sib_dp_pt#reader-link amazon], [http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN9789053569986 google]
* [[Adriaan de Groot]] ('''1966'''). ''Perception and Memory versus Thought: Some Old Ideas and Recent Findings''. Problem Solving: Research, Method, and Theory (ed. B. Kleinmuntz), pp. 19-50. John Wiley, New York.
* [[Herbert Simon]], [[Michael Barenfeld]] ('''1968'''). ''Information Processing in the Perception of Chess Positions''. [[Carnegie Mellon University]], Paper #127
* [[Herbert Simon]], [[Michael Barenfeld]] ('''1969'''). ''[http://libra.msra.cn/Publication/36921984/information-processing-analysis-of-perceptual-processes-in-problem-solving Information-processing analysis of perceptual processes in problem solving]''. Psychological Review, Vol. 76, No. 5
==1970 ...==
* [[Albert Zobrist]] ('''1970'''). ''A Pattern Recognition Program which uses a Geometry-Preserving Representation of Features''. Technical Report #85, [http://www.cs.wisc.edu/techreports/1970/TR85.pdf pdf]
* [[James R. Slagle]], [[Richard C. T. Lee]] ('''1971'''). ''[http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=362515.362562 Application of game tree searching techniques to sequential pattern recognition]''. [[ACM#Communications|Communications of the ACM]], Vol. 14, No. 2
* [[William Chase]], [[Herbert Simon]] ('''1973'''). ''[http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1974-08328-004 The Mind’s Eye in Chess]''. Visual Information Processing: Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Carnegie Psychology Symposium (ed. W. G. Chase), pp. 215-281. Academic Press, New York. Reprinted ('''1988''') in Readings in Cognitive Science (ed. A.M. Collins). Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, CA.
* [[William Chase]], [[Herbert Simon]] ('''1973'''). ''[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0010028573900042 Perception in chess]''. [http://www.journals.elsevier.com/cognitive-psychology/ Cognitive Psychology], Vol. 4, No. 1, [http://matt.colorado.edu/teaching/highcog/fall8/cs73.pdf pdf] <ref>[http://www.capyblanca.com/2007/10/chase-and-simon-1973-perception-in.html The Human Intuition Project: Chase and Simon (1973) Perception in chess, Cognitive Psychology 4:55-81. A scientific blunder] by [[Alexandre Linhares]], October 01, 2007</ref>
* [[Herbert Simon]], [[Kevin J. Gilmartin]] ('''1973'''). ''A Simulation of Memory for Chess Positions''. [http://www.journals.elsevier.com/cognitive-psychology/ Cognitive Psychology], Vol. 5 » [[MAPP]]
* [[Herbert Simon]], [[William Chase]] ('''1973'''). ''Skill in Chess''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Scientist American Scientist], Vol. 61, No. 4, reprinted ('''1988''') in [[Computer Chess Compendium]]
* [[Albert Zobrist]], [[Frederic Roy Carlson]] ('''1973'''). ''An Advice-Taking Chess Computer''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_American Scientific American], Vol. 228, No. 6
* [[Herbert Simon]] ('''1974'''). ''How big is a chunk''? [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_%28journal%29 Science], Vol. 183, [http://digitalcollections.library.cmu.edu/awweb/awarchive?type=file&item=44527 pdf]
==1975 ...==
* [[Ruslan Hajiev]] ('''1975'''). ''[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1624769 Experimental Studies of Human Decision-Making and its Simulation by Situation Control Technique.]''. (on the basis of a chess endgame). [http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/ijcai/ijcai75.html IJCAI 1975], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi Tbilisi], Georgia, USSR, [http://ijcai.org/Past%20Proceedings/IJCAI-75-VOL-1&2/PDF/136.pdf pdf]
* [[Judith Spencer Olson|Judith S. Reitman]] ('''1976'''). ''[http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/21741 Skilled Perception in Go: Deducing Memory Structures from Inter-Response Times]''. [http://www.journals.elsevier.com/cognitive-psychology/ Cognitive Psychology], Vol. 8, No, 3
* [[Neil Charness]] ('''1976'''). ''[http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/xlm/2/6/641/ Memory for Chess Positions: Resistance to Interference]''. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, Vol. 2, No. 6, pp. 641-653 » [[MAPP]]
* [[Peter W. Frey]], [[Peter Adesman]] ('''1976'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/article/10.3758%2FBF03213216?LI=true#page-1 Recall Memory for Visually Presented Chess Positions]''. [http://www.springer.com/psychology/cognitive+psychology/journal/13421 Memory & Cognition], Vol. 4, No. 5, 541-547
* [[Jürg Nievergelt]] ('''1977'''). ''[[Workshop Chess and Mathematics#Information|Information content of chess positions]].'' ACM SIGART Newsletter 62, pp. 13-14. Reprinted as: ''Information content of chess positions: Implications for game-specific knowledge of chess players'', pp. 283-289. [http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/%7Eshm/MI/mi12.html Machine Intelligence 12] (eds. [[Jean Hayes Michie]], [[Donald Michie]], [http://www.cs.ioc.ee/%7Etyugu/ E. Tyugu]). Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1991. ISBN 0-19-853823-5.
* [[Ivan Bratko]], [[Danny Kopec]], [[Donald Michie]] ('''1978'''). ''Pattern-Based Representation of Chess Endgame Knowledge''. [http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/content/21/2.toc The Computer Journal, Vol. 21, No. 2], pp. 149-153. [http://www.sci.brooklyn.cuny.edu/%7Ekopec/Publications/Publications/O_44_C.pdf pdf]
==1980 ...==
* [[Ivan Bratko]] and [[Donald Michie]] ('''1980'''). ''A Representation of Pattern-Knowledge in Chess Endgames''. [[Advances in Computer Chess 2]]
* [[Zdenek Zdrahal|Zdenek Zdráhal]], [[Ivan Bratko]], [[Alen Shapiro]] ('''1981'''). ''[http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/content/24/3/263.abstract Recognition of Complex Patterns Using Cellular Arrays]''. [http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/content/24/3.toc The Computer Journal, Vol. 24, No. 3]
* [[Murray Campbell]], [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1983'''). ''A Chess Program That Chunks''. [[AAAI|AAAAI 1983]]
* [[Hans Berliner]], [[Murray Campbell]] ('''1984'''). ''Using Chunking to Solve Chess Pawn Endgames.'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_%28journal%29 Artifical Intelligence], Vol. 23, No. 1
* [[Mathematician#JELaird|John E. Laird]], [[Paul S. Rosenbloom]], [[Allen Newell]] ('''1984'''). ''Towards Chunking as a General Learning Mechanism''. [[AAAI|AAAI 1984]]
* [[Edward Feigenbaum]], [[Herbert Simon]] ('''1984'''). ''[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0364021384800051 EPAMlike models of recognition and learning]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_Science_Society Cognitive Science], Vol. 8, 305-336, [http://csjarchive.cogsci.rpi.edu/1984v08/i04/p0305p0336/MAIN.PDF pdf]
* [[Ivan Bratko]], [[Peter Tancig]], [[Simona Tancig]] ('''1984'''). ''[[Simona Tancig#ChessExperiment|Detection of Positional Patterns in Chess]]''. [[ICGA Journal#7_2|ICCA Journal, Vol. 7, No. 2]] (abridged version)
* [[Pertti Saariluoma]] ('''1984'''). ''Coding problem spaces in chess: A Psychological study''. Societas Scientiarum Fennica. Commentationes Scientiarum Socialium 23/1984, [http://www.amazon.com/Coding-problem-spaces-chess-Commentationes/dp/9516531210 amazon]
* [[Ivan Bratko]], [[Peter Tancig]], [[Simona Tancig]] ('''1984,1986'''). ''[[Simona Tancig#ChessExperiment|Detection of Positional Patterns in Chess]]''. [[Advances in Computer Chess 4]] (full paper)
==1985 ...==
* [[Albrecht Heeffer]], [http://www.ipem.ugent.be/MarcLeman Marc Leman] ('''1986'''). ''[http://hdl.handle.net/1854/LU-411801 Chunking as a Method for Concept Acquisition]''. Proceedings of the 7th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence
* [[Murray Campbell]] ('''1988'''). ''Chunking as an Abstraction Mechanism''. Ph.D. thesis, [[Carnegie Mellon University]]
==1990 ...==
* [[Pertti Saariluoma]] ('''1990'''). ''[http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1990-98165-012 Chess players' search for task relevant cues: Are chunks relevant?]'' In: David Brogan: Visual search. pp. 115-121
* [[Michael George]], [[Jonathan Schaeffer]] ('''1990'''). ''[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.54.2766 Chunking for Experience]''. [[ICGA Journal#13_3|ICCA Journal, Vol. 13, No. 3]]
* [[Michael George]], [[Jonathan Schaeffer]] ('''1991'''). ''Chunking for Experience''. [[Advances in Computer Chess 6]]
* [[Steven Walczak]], [http://www.cise.ufl.edu/~ddd/ Douglas D. Dankel II] ('''1993'''). ''Acquiring Tactical and Strategic Knowledge with a Generalized Method for Chunking of Game Pieces''. International Journal of Intelligent Systems, Vol. 8, No. 2
* [[Fernand Gobet]], [[Peter Jansen]] ('''1994'''). ''[http://people.brunel.ac.uk/~hsstffg/abstracts/chess_program.html Towards a Chess Program Based on a Model of Human Memory].'' [[Advances in Computer Chess 7]]
==1995 ...==
* [[Stephen Flinter]], [[Mark Keane]] (''' 1995'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F3-540-60598-3_38 On the automatic generation of case libraries by chunking chess games]''. in [[Manuela Veloso]], [https://www.idi.ntnu.no/~agnar/eng.html Agnar Aamodt] (eds.) ''[http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/3-540-60598-3 Case-Based Reasoning Research and Development]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecture_Notes_in_Computer_Science Lecture Notes in Computer Science], Vol. 1010, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media Springer]
* [[Pertti Saariluoma]] ('''1995'''). ''Chess players' thinking''. Routledge. [http://www.amazon.com/Chess-Players-Thinking-Cognitive-Psychological/dp/0415120799 amazon]
* [[Fernand Gobet]], [[Herbert Simon]] ('''1996'''). ''Recall of random and distorted positions: Implications for the theory of expertise.'' Memory & Cognition, 24, 493-503.
* [[Fernand Gobet]], [[Herbert Simon]] ('''1996'''). ''Recall of rapidly presented random chess positions is a function of skill.'' Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 3, 159-163, [http://people.brunel.ac.uk/%7Ehsstffg/preprints/Recall_random_pos.doc word reprint].
* [[Fernand Gobet]], [[Herbert Simon]] ('''1998'''). ''Expert chess memory: Revisiting the chunking hypothesis.'' Memory, 6, 225-255, [http://v-scheiner.brunel.ac.uk/bitstream/2438/1343/1/Copy-Task-NEW-BJP.pdf pdf]
* [[Fernand Gobet]] ('''1998'''). ''[http://people.brunel.ac.uk/%7Ehsstffg/papers/Meaningless/Meaningless.html Memory for the Meaningless: How Chunks Help]'' Proceedings of the 20th Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society
==2000 ...==
* [[Fernand Gobet]], [[Herbert Simon]] ('''2000'''). ''[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1207/s15516709cog2404_4/abstract Five Seconds or Sixty? Presentation Time in Expert Memory]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_Science_Society Cognitive Science], Vol. 24, No. 4
* [[Pertti Saariluoma]] ('''2001'''). ''Chess and content-oriented psychology of thinking''. Psicológica, 22, 143-164, [http://www.uv.es/psicologica/articulos1.01/SAAmo.pdf pdf]
* [[Pertti Saariluoma]], [[Tei Laine]] ('''2001'''). ''[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9450.00223/abstract Novice construction of chess memory]''. [http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Scandinavian_Journal_of_Psychology Scandinavian Journal of Psychology], Vol. 42, No. 2
* [[Tristan Caulfield]] ('''2004'''). ''Acquiring and Using Knowledge in Computer Chess''. Undergraduate Dissertation, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bath University of Bath], [http://opus.bath.ac.uk/16854/1/CSBU pdf]
==2005 ...==
* [[Fernand Gobet]] ('''2005'''). ''[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/acp.1110/abstract Chunking Models of Expertise: Implications for Education]''. Applied Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 19, No. 2
* [[Tristan Caulfield]], [[Mathematician#JJBryson| Joanna J. Bryson]] ('''2005'''). ''Chess by Imitation''. Department of Computer Science, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bath University of Bath], [http://www.cs.bath.ac.uk/~cs1tjc/TCaisb05.pdf pdf]
* [http://hvandermaas.socsci.uva.nl/Homepage_Han_van_der_Maas/Home.html Han L.J. van der Maas], [http://www.ejwagenmakers.com/ Eric-Jan Wagenmakers] ('''2005'''). ''A psychometric analysis of chess expertise''. University of Amsterdam, [http://www.ejwagenmakers.com/2005/VanderMaasWagenmakersACTpaper.pdf pdf]
* [[Takeshi Ito]], [[Hitoshi Matsubara]], [[Reijer Grimbergen]] ('''2005'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/11922155_11 Chunking in Shogi: New Findings]''. [[Advances in Computer Games 11]]
* [[Richard L. Smith]], [[Fernand Gobet]], [[Peter Lane]] ('''2007'''). ''[http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/1064 An Investigation into the Effect of Ageing on Expert Memory with CHREST]''. UKCI 2007
* [[Guillermo Campitelli]], [[Fernand Gobet]], [http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/neuroscience/contact/a-z/G-L/head_kay.phtml Kay Head], [http://www.neuroscience.ox.ac.uk/directory/mark-buckley Mark Buckley], Amanda Parker ('''2007'''). ''Brain localisation of memory chunks in chessplayers.'' International Journal of Neuroscience, 117, 1641-1659.
* [[Alexandre Linhares]], [[Paulo Brum]] ('''2007'''). ''[http://perticles.blogspot.de/2008/01/linhares-brum-cognitive-science-2007.html Understanding our understanding of strategic scenarios: What role do chunks play]''. Cognitive Science, 31, 989-1007. [http://csjarchive.cogsci.rpi.edu/2007v31/6/HCOG_A_270264_O_NLM/HCOG_A_270264_O.pdf pdf]
* [[Merim Bilalić]], [[Fernand Gobet]] ('''2007'''). ''They do what they are told to do: The influence of instruction on (chess) expert perception - Commentary on Linhares and Brum (2007).'' Cognitive Science. [http://people.brunel.ac.uk/%7Ehsstffg/preprints/Chunks_and_instruction_short-3.pdf pdf]
* [[Fernand Gobet]] ('''2007'''). ''Chunk hierarchies and retrieval structures: Comments on Saariluoma and Laine. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 42''. [http://dspace.brunel.ac.uk/bitstream/2438/806/1/Saariluoma_Laine_reply.pdf pdf]
* [[Peter Lane]], [[Fernand Gobet]], [[Richard L. Smith]] ('''2008'''). ''[http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/2963 Attention mechanisms in the CHREST cognitive architecture]''. Proc. of the 5th International Workshop on Attention in Cognitive Systems
* [[Roy W. Roring III]] ('''2008'''). ''Reviewing Expert Chess Performance: A Production-Based Theory of Chess Skill''. Ph.D. thesis, advisor [[Neil Charness]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_State_University Florida State University]
* [[Andrew Cook]] ('''2008'''). ''Chunk Learning and Move Prompting: Making Moves in Chess''. Technical Report CSR-08-12, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Birmingham University of Birmingham]
* [[Jana Krivec]], [[Matej Guid]], [[Ivan Bratko]] ('''2009'''). ''Identification and Characteristic Descriptions of Procedural Chunks''. ComputationWorld conference: Cognitive 2009. [http://www.ailab.si/matej/doc/Identification_and_Characteristic_Descriptions_of_Procedural_Chunks.pdf pdf]
* [[Richard L. Smith]], [[Fernand Gobet]], [[Peter Lane]] ('''2009'''). ''[http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/3503 Checking chess checks with chunks: A model of simple check detection]''. [http://sideshow.psyc.bbk.ac.uk/rcooper/iccm2009/proceedings/ ICCM 2009]
=External Links=
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunking_%28psychology%29 Chunking (psychology) from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_acquisition#Chunking Language acquisition | Chunking from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunking Chunking (disambiguation) from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunking_%28computing%29 Chunking (computing) from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunking_%28writing%29 Chunking (writing) from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunking_%28division%29 Chunking (division) from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shallow_parsing Shallow parsing from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumpkin_chunking Pumpkin chunking from Wikipedia]
* [http://psychology.about.com/od/cindex/g/chunking.htm What Is Chunking?] by [http://psychology.about.com/bio/Kendra-Cherry-17268.htm Kendra Cherry], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/About.com About.com]
* [http://snitkof.com/cg156/index.php Expertise in Memory - A Guide To Expertise] by [http://snitkof.com/cg156/contact.php Victor Long], [http://snitkof.com/cg156/contact.php Chandra Singh] and [https://www.linkedin.com/in/davidsnitkof David Snitkof], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University Brown University]
: [http://snitkof.com/cg156/chunkingtheory.php Expertise in Memory - Chunking Theory]
: [http://snitkof.com/cg156/chesschunkingtheory.php Expertise in Memory - Evidence for Chunking Theory]
: [http://snitkof.com/cg156/chessexpertise.php Expertise in Memory - Chess Expertise]
: [http://snitkof.com/cg156/chesshistory.php Expertise in Memory - Chess Expertise - History: Building up the literature]
* [[Videos#JoePass|Joe Pass]] and [[Videos#PaulinhodaCosta|Paulinho da Costa]] - Que Que Há/Gentle Rain, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudo_Bem! Tudo Bem!] (1978), [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube YouTube] Video
: feat. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Castro-Neves Oscar Castro Neves], [http://www.discogs.com/artist/639753-Octavio-Bailly-Jr Octavio Bailly Jr], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Grusin Don Grusin], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudio_Slon Claudio Slon]
: {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f3E8jbKe9Js|alignment=left|valignment=top}}
=References=
<references />
'''[[Knowledge|Up one Level]]'''
'''Chunking''',
a term in [[Cognition|cognitive science]] where individual units of information are structured into larger meaningful units to improve memory performance. The concept of chunking was first put forward in 1956 by psychologist [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Armitage_Miller George A. Miller] in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magical_Number_Seven,_Plus_or_Minus_Two The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two], where he researched how many numbers we can reliably remember a few minutes after we've been told them only once.
=Chunking in Chess=
In chess and computer chess, chunking is about to [[Pattern Recognition|recognize relevant patterns]] of a [[Chess Position|chess position]]. A chunk is a group of [[Pieces|pieces]], in some sense a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics semantic] unit, a meaningful pattern that is recognized at a glance by a chess master. Reasoning about a position in terms of such chunks as atomic units, instead of individual pieces, reduces the complexity of a position from, say, 30 units to about 7 units, assuming that each chunk consists of 4 or 5 pieces. Pieces within a single chunk are closely related in terms of attack- and defense properties of the pieces as well as common color, type and proximity.
<span id="Hypothesis"></span>
=Chunking Hypothesis=
In chess, the Chunking Hypothesis was researched in various cognitive experiments by [[Adriaan de Groot]] and others, where chess masters were able to reconstruct a chess position from a albeit unknown chess game almost perfectly after viewing it for only 5 sec, while players below the master level had sharp drop off in this ability. However, this result could not be attributed to the masters’ generally superior memory ability, since masters had almost the same difficulty to reconstruct the positions constructed by placing the same numbers of pieces randomly on the board.
=Chess Patterns=
* [[Evaluation Patterns]]
: [[Fianchetto]]
: [[Outposts]]
: [[Returning Bishop]]
: [[Trapped Pieces]]
* [[King Pattern]]
: [[King Safety#Patterns|King Safety Pattern]]
: [[Mate at a Glance]]
* [[Knight Pattern]]
* [[Pawn Pattern and Properties]]
=See also=
* [[CHREST]]
* [[CHUMP]]
* [[Chunker]]
* [[Cognition]]
* [[Design Principles]]
* [[EPAM]]
* [[MAPP]]
* [[Pattern Recognition]]
* [[Perceiver]]
* [[Rookie]]
=Publications=
==1920 ...==
* I.N. Djakov ('''1926'''). ''Psihologia Shakhmatnoi Igry''. (Chess psychology) edited by N.B. Petrovskij and P.A. Rudik, Moscow: Avtorov
* I.N. Djakov ('''1927'''). ''[http://www.buchhandel.de/detailansicht.aspx?isbn=9783111262604 Psychologie des Schachspiels]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter Walter de Gruyter], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin Berlin] & [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig Leipzig], reprinted 2001 Bigli-Press, [http://www.amazon.de/Psychologie-Schachspiels-psychotechnischer-Experimente-Schachturniers/dp/B004SG3X9C amazon] <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_1925_chess_tournament Moscow 1925 chess tournament from Wikipedia]</ref>
==1940 ...==
* [[Adriaan de Groot]] ('''1946'''). ''Het denken van den Schaker, een experimenteel-psychologische studie.'' Ph.D. thesis, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Amsterdam University of Amsterdam]; N.V. Noord-Hollandse Uitgevers Maatschappij, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam Amsterdam]. Translated with the help of [[George Baylor]], with additions, (in '''1965''') as ''Thought and Choice in Chess''. Mouton Publishers, The Hague. ISBN 90-279-7914-6.
==1950 ...==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Armitage_Miller George Armitage Miller] ('''1956'''). ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magical_Number_Seven,_Plus_or_Minus_Two The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_Review Psychological Review], Vol. 101, No. 2, [http://www.psych.utoronto.ca/users/peterson/psy430s2001/Miller%20GA%20Magical%20Seven%20Psych%20Review%201955.pdf pdf]
* [[Edward Feigenbaum]] ('''1959'''). ''[http://www.rand.org/pubs/papers/P1817.html An Information Processing Theory of Verbal Learning]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAND_Corporation RAND Paper] » [[EPAM]]
==1960 ...==
* [[Adriaan de Groot]] ('''1965, 1978'''). ''Thought and Choice in Chess''. Mouton & Co Publishers, The Hague, The Netherlands. ISBN 90-279-7914-6, [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/9027979146/ref=sib_dp_pt#reader-link amazon], [http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN9789053569986 google]
* [[Adriaan de Groot]] ('''1966'''). ''Perception and Memory versus Thought: Some Old Ideas and Recent Findings''. Problem Solving: Research, Method, and Theory (ed. B. Kleinmuntz), pp. 19-50. John Wiley, New York.
* [[Herbert Simon]], [[Michael Barenfeld]] ('''1968'''). ''Information Processing in the Perception of Chess Positions''. [[Carnegie Mellon University]], Paper #127
* [[Herbert Simon]], [[Michael Barenfeld]] ('''1969'''). ''[http://libra.msra.cn/Publication/36921984/information-processing-analysis-of-perceptual-processes-in-problem-solving Information-processing analysis of perceptual processes in problem solving]''. Psychological Review, Vol. 76, No. 5
==1970 ...==
* [[Albert Zobrist]] ('''1970'''). ''A Pattern Recognition Program which uses a Geometry-Preserving Representation of Features''. Technical Report #85, [http://www.cs.wisc.edu/techreports/1970/TR85.pdf pdf]
* [[James R. Slagle]], [[Richard C. T. Lee]] ('''1971'''). ''[http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=362515.362562 Application of game tree searching techniques to sequential pattern recognition]''. [[ACM#Communications|Communications of the ACM]], Vol. 14, No. 2
* [[William Chase]], [[Herbert Simon]] ('''1973'''). ''[http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1974-08328-004 The Mind’s Eye in Chess]''. Visual Information Processing: Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Carnegie Psychology Symposium (ed. W. G. Chase), pp. 215-281. Academic Press, New York. Reprinted ('''1988''') in Readings in Cognitive Science (ed. A.M. Collins). Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, CA.
* [[William Chase]], [[Herbert Simon]] ('''1973'''). ''[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0010028573900042 Perception in chess]''. [http://www.journals.elsevier.com/cognitive-psychology/ Cognitive Psychology], Vol. 4, No. 1, [http://matt.colorado.edu/teaching/highcog/fall8/cs73.pdf pdf] <ref>[http://www.capyblanca.com/2007/10/chase-and-simon-1973-perception-in.html The Human Intuition Project: Chase and Simon (1973) Perception in chess, Cognitive Psychology 4:55-81. A scientific blunder] by [[Alexandre Linhares]], October 01, 2007</ref>
* [[Herbert Simon]], [[Kevin J. Gilmartin]] ('''1973'''). ''A Simulation of Memory for Chess Positions''. [http://www.journals.elsevier.com/cognitive-psychology/ Cognitive Psychology], Vol. 5 » [[MAPP]]
* [[Herbert Simon]], [[William Chase]] ('''1973'''). ''Skill in Chess''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Scientist American Scientist], Vol. 61, No. 4, reprinted ('''1988''') in [[Computer Chess Compendium]]
* [[Albert Zobrist]], [[Frederic Roy Carlson]] ('''1973'''). ''An Advice-Taking Chess Computer''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_American Scientific American], Vol. 228, No. 6
* [[Herbert Simon]] ('''1974'''). ''How big is a chunk''? [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_%28journal%29 Science], Vol. 183, [http://digitalcollections.library.cmu.edu/awweb/awarchive?type=file&item=44527 pdf]
==1975 ...==
* [[Ruslan Hajiev]] ('''1975'''). ''[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1624769 Experimental Studies of Human Decision-Making and its Simulation by Situation Control Technique.]''. (on the basis of a chess endgame). [http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/ijcai/ijcai75.html IJCAI 1975], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi Tbilisi], Georgia, USSR, [http://ijcai.org/Past%20Proceedings/IJCAI-75-VOL-1&2/PDF/136.pdf pdf]
* [[Judith Spencer Olson|Judith S. Reitman]] ('''1976'''). ''[http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/21741 Skilled Perception in Go: Deducing Memory Structures from Inter-Response Times]''. [http://www.journals.elsevier.com/cognitive-psychology/ Cognitive Psychology], Vol. 8, No, 3
* [[Neil Charness]] ('''1976'''). ''[http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/xlm/2/6/641/ Memory for Chess Positions: Resistance to Interference]''. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, Vol. 2, No. 6, pp. 641-653 » [[MAPP]]
* [[Peter W. Frey]], [[Peter Adesman]] ('''1976'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/article/10.3758%2FBF03213216?LI=true#page-1 Recall Memory for Visually Presented Chess Positions]''. [http://www.springer.com/psychology/cognitive+psychology/journal/13421 Memory & Cognition], Vol. 4, No. 5, 541-547
* [[Jürg Nievergelt]] ('''1977'''). ''[[Workshop Chess and Mathematics#Information|Information content of chess positions]].'' ACM SIGART Newsletter 62, pp. 13-14. Reprinted as: ''Information content of chess positions: Implications for game-specific knowledge of chess players'', pp. 283-289. [http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/%7Eshm/MI/mi12.html Machine Intelligence 12] (eds. [[Jean Hayes Michie]], [[Donald Michie]], [http://www.cs.ioc.ee/%7Etyugu/ E. Tyugu]). Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1991. ISBN 0-19-853823-5.
* [[Ivan Bratko]], [[Danny Kopec]], [[Donald Michie]] ('''1978'''). ''Pattern-Based Representation of Chess Endgame Knowledge''. [http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/content/21/2.toc The Computer Journal, Vol. 21, No. 2], pp. 149-153. [http://www.sci.brooklyn.cuny.edu/%7Ekopec/Publications/Publications/O_44_C.pdf pdf]
==1980 ...==
* [[Ivan Bratko]] and [[Donald Michie]] ('''1980'''). ''A Representation of Pattern-Knowledge in Chess Endgames''. [[Advances in Computer Chess 2]]
* [[Zdenek Zdrahal|Zdenek Zdráhal]], [[Ivan Bratko]], [[Alen Shapiro]] ('''1981'''). ''[http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/content/24/3/263.abstract Recognition of Complex Patterns Using Cellular Arrays]''. [http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/content/24/3.toc The Computer Journal, Vol. 24, No. 3]
* [[Murray Campbell]], [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1983'''). ''A Chess Program That Chunks''. [[AAAI|AAAAI 1983]]
* [[Hans Berliner]], [[Murray Campbell]] ('''1984'''). ''Using Chunking to Solve Chess Pawn Endgames.'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_%28journal%29 Artifical Intelligence], Vol. 23, No. 1
* [[Mathematician#JELaird|John E. Laird]], [[Paul S. Rosenbloom]], [[Allen Newell]] ('''1984'''). ''Towards Chunking as a General Learning Mechanism''. [[AAAI|AAAI 1984]]
* [[Edward Feigenbaum]], [[Herbert Simon]] ('''1984'''). ''[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0364021384800051 EPAMlike models of recognition and learning]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_Science_Society Cognitive Science], Vol. 8, 305-336, [http://csjarchive.cogsci.rpi.edu/1984v08/i04/p0305p0336/MAIN.PDF pdf]
* [[Ivan Bratko]], [[Peter Tancig]], [[Simona Tancig]] ('''1984'''). ''[[Simona Tancig#ChessExperiment|Detection of Positional Patterns in Chess]]''. [[ICGA Journal#7_2|ICCA Journal, Vol. 7, No. 2]] (abridged version)
* [[Pertti Saariluoma]] ('''1984'''). ''Coding problem spaces in chess: A Psychological study''. Societas Scientiarum Fennica. Commentationes Scientiarum Socialium 23/1984, [http://www.amazon.com/Coding-problem-spaces-chess-Commentationes/dp/9516531210 amazon]
* [[Ivan Bratko]], [[Peter Tancig]], [[Simona Tancig]] ('''1984,1986'''). ''[[Simona Tancig#ChessExperiment|Detection of Positional Patterns in Chess]]''. [[Advances in Computer Chess 4]] (full paper)
==1985 ...==
* [[Albrecht Heeffer]], [http://www.ipem.ugent.be/MarcLeman Marc Leman] ('''1986'''). ''[http://hdl.handle.net/1854/LU-411801 Chunking as a Method for Concept Acquisition]''. Proceedings of the 7th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence
* [[Murray Campbell]] ('''1988'''). ''Chunking as an Abstraction Mechanism''. Ph.D. thesis, [[Carnegie Mellon University]]
==1990 ...==
* [[Pertti Saariluoma]] ('''1990'''). ''[http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1990-98165-012 Chess players' search for task relevant cues: Are chunks relevant?]'' In: David Brogan: Visual search. pp. 115-121
* [[Michael George]], [[Jonathan Schaeffer]] ('''1990'''). ''[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.54.2766 Chunking for Experience]''. [[ICGA Journal#13_3|ICCA Journal, Vol. 13, No. 3]]
* [[Michael George]], [[Jonathan Schaeffer]] ('''1991'''). ''Chunking for Experience''. [[Advances in Computer Chess 6]]
* [[Steven Walczak]], [http://www.cise.ufl.edu/~ddd/ Douglas D. Dankel II] ('''1993'''). ''Acquiring Tactical and Strategic Knowledge with a Generalized Method for Chunking of Game Pieces''. International Journal of Intelligent Systems, Vol. 8, No. 2
* [[Fernand Gobet]], [[Peter Jansen]] ('''1994'''). ''[http://people.brunel.ac.uk/~hsstffg/abstracts/chess_program.html Towards a Chess Program Based on a Model of Human Memory].'' [[Advances in Computer Chess 7]]
==1995 ...==
* [[Stephen Flinter]], [[Mark Keane]] (''' 1995'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F3-540-60598-3_38 On the automatic generation of case libraries by chunking chess games]''. in [[Manuela Veloso]], [https://www.idi.ntnu.no/~agnar/eng.html Agnar Aamodt] (eds.) ''[http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/3-540-60598-3 Case-Based Reasoning Research and Development]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecture_Notes_in_Computer_Science Lecture Notes in Computer Science], Vol. 1010, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media Springer]
* [[Pertti Saariluoma]] ('''1995'''). ''Chess players' thinking''. Routledge. [http://www.amazon.com/Chess-Players-Thinking-Cognitive-Psychological/dp/0415120799 amazon]
* [[Fernand Gobet]], [[Herbert Simon]] ('''1996'''). ''Recall of random and distorted positions: Implications for the theory of expertise.'' Memory & Cognition, 24, 493-503.
* [[Fernand Gobet]], [[Herbert Simon]] ('''1996'''). ''Recall of rapidly presented random chess positions is a function of skill.'' Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 3, 159-163, [http://people.brunel.ac.uk/%7Ehsstffg/preprints/Recall_random_pos.doc word reprint].
* [[Fernand Gobet]], [[Herbert Simon]] ('''1998'''). ''Expert chess memory: Revisiting the chunking hypothesis.'' Memory, 6, 225-255, [http://v-scheiner.brunel.ac.uk/bitstream/2438/1343/1/Copy-Task-NEW-BJP.pdf pdf]
* [[Fernand Gobet]] ('''1998'''). ''[http://people.brunel.ac.uk/%7Ehsstffg/papers/Meaningless/Meaningless.html Memory for the Meaningless: How Chunks Help]'' Proceedings of the 20th Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society
==2000 ...==
* [[Fernand Gobet]], [[Herbert Simon]] ('''2000'''). ''[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1207/s15516709cog2404_4/abstract Five Seconds or Sixty? Presentation Time in Expert Memory]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_Science_Society Cognitive Science], Vol. 24, No. 4
* [[Pertti Saariluoma]] ('''2001'''). ''Chess and content-oriented psychology of thinking''. Psicológica, 22, 143-164, [http://www.uv.es/psicologica/articulos1.01/SAAmo.pdf pdf]
* [[Pertti Saariluoma]], [[Tei Laine]] ('''2001'''). ''[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9450.00223/abstract Novice construction of chess memory]''. [http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Scandinavian_Journal_of_Psychology Scandinavian Journal of Psychology], Vol. 42, No. 2
* [[Tristan Caulfield]] ('''2004'''). ''Acquiring and Using Knowledge in Computer Chess''. Undergraduate Dissertation, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bath University of Bath], [http://opus.bath.ac.uk/16854/1/CSBU pdf]
==2005 ...==
* [[Fernand Gobet]] ('''2005'''). ''[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/acp.1110/abstract Chunking Models of Expertise: Implications for Education]''. Applied Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 19, No. 2
* [[Tristan Caulfield]], [[Mathematician#JJBryson| Joanna J. Bryson]] ('''2005'''). ''Chess by Imitation''. Department of Computer Science, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bath University of Bath], [http://www.cs.bath.ac.uk/~cs1tjc/TCaisb05.pdf pdf]
* [http://hvandermaas.socsci.uva.nl/Homepage_Han_van_der_Maas/Home.html Han L.J. van der Maas], [http://www.ejwagenmakers.com/ Eric-Jan Wagenmakers] ('''2005'''). ''A psychometric analysis of chess expertise''. University of Amsterdam, [http://www.ejwagenmakers.com/2005/VanderMaasWagenmakersACTpaper.pdf pdf]
* [[Takeshi Ito]], [[Hitoshi Matsubara]], [[Reijer Grimbergen]] ('''2005'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/11922155_11 Chunking in Shogi: New Findings]''. [[Advances in Computer Games 11]]
* [[Richard L. Smith]], [[Fernand Gobet]], [[Peter Lane]] ('''2007'''). ''[http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/1064 An Investigation into the Effect of Ageing on Expert Memory with CHREST]''. UKCI 2007
* [[Guillermo Campitelli]], [[Fernand Gobet]], [http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/neuroscience/contact/a-z/G-L/head_kay.phtml Kay Head], [http://www.neuroscience.ox.ac.uk/directory/mark-buckley Mark Buckley], Amanda Parker ('''2007'''). ''Brain localisation of memory chunks in chessplayers.'' International Journal of Neuroscience, 117, 1641-1659.
* [[Alexandre Linhares]], [[Paulo Brum]] ('''2007'''). ''[http://perticles.blogspot.de/2008/01/linhares-brum-cognitive-science-2007.html Understanding our understanding of strategic scenarios: What role do chunks play]''. Cognitive Science, 31, 989-1007. [http://csjarchive.cogsci.rpi.edu/2007v31/6/HCOG_A_270264_O_NLM/HCOG_A_270264_O.pdf pdf]
* [[Merim Bilalić]], [[Fernand Gobet]] ('''2007'''). ''They do what they are told to do: The influence of instruction on (chess) expert perception - Commentary on Linhares and Brum (2007).'' Cognitive Science. [http://people.brunel.ac.uk/%7Ehsstffg/preprints/Chunks_and_instruction_short-3.pdf pdf]
* [[Fernand Gobet]] ('''2007'''). ''Chunk hierarchies and retrieval structures: Comments on Saariluoma and Laine. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 42''. [http://dspace.brunel.ac.uk/bitstream/2438/806/1/Saariluoma_Laine_reply.pdf pdf]
* [[Peter Lane]], [[Fernand Gobet]], [[Richard L. Smith]] ('''2008'''). ''[http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/2963 Attention mechanisms in the CHREST cognitive architecture]''. Proc. of the 5th International Workshop on Attention in Cognitive Systems
* [[Roy W. Roring III]] ('''2008'''). ''Reviewing Expert Chess Performance: A Production-Based Theory of Chess Skill''. Ph.D. thesis, advisor [[Neil Charness]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_State_University Florida State University]
* [[Andrew Cook]] ('''2008'''). ''Chunk Learning and Move Prompting: Making Moves in Chess''. Technical Report CSR-08-12, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Birmingham University of Birmingham]
* [[Jana Krivec]], [[Matej Guid]], [[Ivan Bratko]] ('''2009'''). ''Identification and Characteristic Descriptions of Procedural Chunks''. ComputationWorld conference: Cognitive 2009. [http://www.ailab.si/matej/doc/Identification_and_Characteristic_Descriptions_of_Procedural_Chunks.pdf pdf]
* [[Richard L. Smith]], [[Fernand Gobet]], [[Peter Lane]] ('''2009'''). ''[http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/3503 Checking chess checks with chunks: A model of simple check detection]''. [http://sideshow.psyc.bbk.ac.uk/rcooper/iccm2009/proceedings/ ICCM 2009]
=External Links=
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunking_%28psychology%29 Chunking (psychology) from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_acquisition#Chunking Language acquisition | Chunking from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunking Chunking (disambiguation) from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunking_%28computing%29 Chunking (computing) from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunking_%28writing%29 Chunking (writing) from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunking_%28division%29 Chunking (division) from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shallow_parsing Shallow parsing from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumpkin_chunking Pumpkin chunking from Wikipedia]
* [http://psychology.about.com/od/cindex/g/chunking.htm What Is Chunking?] by [http://psychology.about.com/bio/Kendra-Cherry-17268.htm Kendra Cherry], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/About.com About.com]
* [http://snitkof.com/cg156/index.php Expertise in Memory - A Guide To Expertise] by [http://snitkof.com/cg156/contact.php Victor Long], [http://snitkof.com/cg156/contact.php Chandra Singh] and [https://www.linkedin.com/in/davidsnitkof David Snitkof], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University Brown University]
: [http://snitkof.com/cg156/chunkingtheory.php Expertise in Memory - Chunking Theory]
: [http://snitkof.com/cg156/chesschunkingtheory.php Expertise in Memory - Evidence for Chunking Theory]
: [http://snitkof.com/cg156/chessexpertise.php Expertise in Memory - Chess Expertise]
: [http://snitkof.com/cg156/chesshistory.php Expertise in Memory - Chess Expertise - History: Building up the literature]
* [[Videos#JoePass|Joe Pass]] and [[Videos#PaulinhodaCosta|Paulinho da Costa]] - Que Que Há/Gentle Rain, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudo_Bem! Tudo Bem!] (1978), [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube YouTube] Video
: feat. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Castro-Neves Oscar Castro Neves], [http://www.discogs.com/artist/639753-Octavio-Bailly-Jr Octavio Bailly Jr], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Grusin Don Grusin], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudio_Slon Claudio Slon]
: {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f3E8jbKe9Js|alignment=left|valignment=top}}
=References=
<references />
'''[[Knowledge|Up one Level]]'''
