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Draw
,Created page with "'''Home * Chess * Draw''' border|right|thumb|link=http://www.elke-rehder.de/Chess_Woodcuts.htm|[[Arts#Rehder|Elke Rehder -..."
'''[[Main Page|Home]] * [[Chess]] * Draw'''
[[FILE:chess_painting_remis.jpg|border|right|thumb|link=http://www.elke-rehder.de/Chess_Woodcuts.htm|[[Arts#Rehder|Elke Rehder]] - Remis (1990) <ref>[[Arts#Rehder|Elke Rehder]] - Remis (1990) (two kings in a draw), [http://www.elke-rehder.de/Chess_Woodcuts.htm Holzschnitte zum Schach]</ref> ]]
'''Draw''',<br/>
the outcome of a [[Chess Game|chess game]] when it appears that neither side will win. Draws are codified by various rules of chess including [[Stalemate|stalemate]], threefold [[Repetitions|repetition]], and the [[Fifty-move Rule|fifty-move rule]]. A draw also occurs when neither player has [[Material#InsufficientMaterial|sufficient material]] to [[Checkmate|checkmate]] the opponent or when no sequence of legal moves can lead to checkmate.
Players may further [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draw_by_agreement agree to a draw], the side to move may not only claim, but offer a draw, the other side may accept or decline - in computer chess, conform to a protocol and considering [[Game Phases|game stage]], late [[Endgame|endgame]] [[Material|material]] configuration, [[Score|score]] history and forecast. In official over the board [[Tournaments|computer chess tournaments]] such as the [[World Computer Chess Championship]], operator draw agreements require confirmation by the tournament director or arbiter.
=Recognizing Draws=
The primary purpose to recognize draws is to direct the chess program to produce drawing moves if alternatives are likely losing, or to avoid draws if ahead and alternative moves most likely win as reflected by the [[Score|score]] of the [[Minimax |minimax search]].
<span id="Score"></span>
=Draw Score=
Usually, assuming symmetric [[Evaluation|evaluation]] and [[Negamax|negamaxed]] values, positive scores indicate the [[Side to move|side to move]] is ahead, and negative if behind, which defines the value of zero as a natural [[Score#DrawScore|draw score]]. However, a score of zero does not necessarily reflect a draw score, but a score of a equal or balanced position. Same is true, if programs apply a [[Contempt Factor|contempt factor]] considering the relative strength of the opponent.
<span id="CrayBlitz"></span>
=Cray Blitz=
[[Cray Blitz]] applied a special draw heuristic, not uniformly using zero as draw score, but rather zero plus the [[Ply|ply]] distance to the [[Root|root]] to prefer later draws rather than a draw now. Additionally, the draw score range is disjoint from [[Evaluation|evaluation]] scores, which then exclude values around zero by adding or subtracting appropriate offsets if either greater or equal, or less than zero <ref>[[Harry Nelson]], [[Robert Hyatt]] ('''1988'''). ''The Draw Heuristic of Cray Blitz''. [[ICGA Journal|ICCA Journal]], Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 3-9.</ref>.
=Draw Topics=
* [[Blockage Detection]]
* [[Contempt Factor]]
* [[Corresponding Squares]]
* [[Draw Evaluation]]
* [[Score#DrawScore|Draw Scores]]
* [[Fifty-move Rule]]
* [[Material#InsufficientMaterial|Insufficient Material]]
* [[Check#Perpetual|Perpetual Check]]
* [[Repetitions]]
* [[Stalemate]]
* [[Wrong color Bishop and Rook Pawn]]
=See also=
* [[Checkmate]]
* [[Chess Game]]
* [[Endgame Tablebases]]
* [[Graph History Interaction]] (GHI)
* [[Interior Node Recognizer]]
* [[KPK]]
* [[Match Statistics]]
* [[Path-Dependency]]
* [[Pursuit]]
* [[Rules of Chess]]
* [[Score]]
* [[Transposition]]
* [[Transposition Table]]
=Publications=
* [[David Slate]] ('''1984'''). ''Interior-node Score Bounds in a Brute-force Chess Program.'' [[ICGA Journal|ICCA Journal]], Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 184-192
* [[Harry Nelson]], [[Robert Hyatt]] ('''1988'''). ''The Draw Heuristic of Cray Blitz''. [[ICGA Journal|ICCA Journal]], Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 3-9.
* [[Ernst A. Heinz]] ('''1998''') ''[http://people.csail.mit.edu/heinz/dt/node33.html Efficient Interior-Node Recognition]''. [[ICGA Journal|ICCA Journal]], Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 156-167
* [[Vladan Vučković]], [[Đorđe Vidanović]] ('''2004'''). ''A New Approach to Draw Detection by Move Repetition in Computer Chess Programming.'' CoRR cs.AI/0406038, [http://arxiv.org/ftp/cs/papers/0406/0406038.pdf pdf] <ref>[https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=380201 Draw Detection by Move Repetition Procedure -- Comments] by [[Đorđe Vidanović]], [[CCC]], August 01, 2004</ref>
=Forum Posts=
==1995 ...==
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=49261 50 move rule question] by [[Uri Blass]], [[CCC]], April 20, 1999
==2000 ...==
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=156762 Shortest Stalemate by Samuel Loyd] by [[Ed Schroder|Ed Schröder]], [[CCC]], March 02, 2001
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=182927 "Don't trust draw score" <=Is it true?] by [[Teerapong Tovirat]], [[CCC]], August 08, 2001
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=233270 A new(?) technique to recognize draws] by [[Heiner Marxen]], [[CCC]], June 01, 2002 » [[Check#Perpetual|Perpetual Check]], [[Corresponding Squares]]
==2005 ...==
* [http://www.open-aurec.com/wbforum/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=2112 Quark 2.35 draw claim bug] by [[Igor Korshunov]], [[Computer Chess Forums|Winboard Forum]], March 28, 2005 » [[Quark]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=16942 Draw scores] by [[Carey Bloodworth|Carey]], [[CCC]], October 05, 2007 » [[Score#DrawScore|Draw Score]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=23257 When and how to return a draw evaluation?] by [[Mathieu Pagé]], [[CCC]], August 26, 2008 » [[Repetitions]]
==2010 ...==
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?topic_view=threads&p=354023&t=34673 Re: question on draw evaluation] by [[Robert Houdart]], [[CCC]], June 07, 2010
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=37592 Wrong draw claim by Naum 4.2 ?] by [[Matthias Gemuh]], [[CCC]], January 12, 2011 » [[Naum]], [[Material#InsufficientMaterial|Insufficient Material]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=38410 Playing better moves in drawish positions (anti-0.00)] by [[Onno Garms]], [[CCC]], March 13, 2011 » [[Onno]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=40386 final drawscore testing results] by [[Robert Hyatt]], [[CCC]], September, 13, 2011
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=40388 Repetitions/50 moves and TT] by [[Sergei Markoff]], [[CCC]], September 13, 2011 » [[Fifty-move Rule]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=44167 Texel recipe to fix TT draws scores] by [[Marco Costalba]], [[CCC]], June 23, 2012 » [[Texel]]
* [http://www.open-chess.org/viewtopic.php?f=5&t=2172 Draw aversion] by [[Don Dailey]], [[Computer Chess Forums|OpenChess Forum]], December 16, 2012
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=50321 Value draw] by [[Marek Kwiatkowski]], [[CCC]], December 04, 2013
==2015 ...==
* [http://rybkaforum.net/cgi-bin/rybkaforum/topic_show.pl?pid=552902 Final Report on Draw Problem in Correspondence Chess] by [[Arno Nickel|Ciron]], [[Computer Chess Forums|Rybka Forum]], August 26, 2015 <ref>[http://en.chessbase.com/post/how-many-points-should-you-get-for-a-draw How many points should you get for a draw?] by [[Arno Nickel]], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], August 20, 2015</ref>
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=57696 The future of chess and elo ratings] by [[Larry Kaufman]], [[CCC]], September 20, 2015 » [[Match Statistics]], [[Opening Book]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=57772 Test positions for draw detection] by [[Shawn Chidester]], [[CCC]], September 27, 2015 » [[Test-Positions]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=60906 Syzygy and draw by repetition] by [[Jon Dart]], [[CCC]], July 22, 2016 » [[Repetitions]], [[Syzygy Bases]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=61023 Some thoughts about draws] by [[Pio Korinth]], [[CCC]], August 03, 2016
* [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/fishcooking/M2bkzC3MuFQ/N3pHK4DcAgAJ The new chess rules (5-fold repetition and 75-move draw)] by [[Lyudmil Antonov]], [[Computer Chess Forums|FishCooking]], November 29, 2016 » [[Stockfish]], [[Repetitions]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=62956 Have engines updated for fide 2014 draw rules?] by [[Norm Pollock]], [[CCC]], January 28, 2017
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=63562 Managing draws in the tree search] by [[Stuart Cracraft]], [[CCC]], March 26, 2017
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=63906 Reporting a draw in UCI] by Vince Sempronio, [[CCC]], May 05, 2017 » [[UCI]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=64719 Ways to avoid "Draw Death" in Computer Chess] by [[Kai Laskos]], [[CCC]], July 25, 2017 » [[Match Statistics]], [[Playing Strength]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=67102 Draw scores in TT] by [[Srdja Matovic]], [[CCC]], April 14, 2018 » [[Score#DrawScore|Draw Score]], [[Transposition Table]]
=External Links=
* [http://www.fide.com/component/handbook/?id=124&view=article Fide Handbook - E.I.01A. Laws of Chess] - Article 9: The drawn game
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draw_%28chess%29 Draw (chess) from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draw_by_agreement Draw by agreement from Wikipedia]
: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draw_by_agreement#Grandmaster_draw Grandmaster draw from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#D D (Dead Draw, Draw, Drawing line, Drawish, Draw odds, Drawing weapon) - Glossary of chess from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#Book_draw Book draw - Glossary of chess from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draw Draw (disambiguation) from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/draw draw - Wiktionary]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tie_%28draw%29 Tie (draw) from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.chessbase.com/post/how-many-points-should-you-get-for-a-draw How many points should you get for a draw?] by [[Arno Nickel]], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], August 20, 2015 <ref>[http://rybkaforum.net/cgi-bin/rybkaforum/topic_show.pl?pid=552902 Final Report on Draw Problem in Correspondence Chess] by [[Arno Nickel|Ciron]], [[Computer Chess Forums|Rybka Forum]], August 26, 2015</ref>
=References=
<references />
'''[[Chess|Up one Level]]'''
[[FILE:chess_painting_remis.jpg|border|right|thumb|link=http://www.elke-rehder.de/Chess_Woodcuts.htm|[[Arts#Rehder|Elke Rehder]] - Remis (1990) <ref>[[Arts#Rehder|Elke Rehder]] - Remis (1990) (two kings in a draw), [http://www.elke-rehder.de/Chess_Woodcuts.htm Holzschnitte zum Schach]</ref> ]]
'''Draw''',<br/>
the outcome of a [[Chess Game|chess game]] when it appears that neither side will win. Draws are codified by various rules of chess including [[Stalemate|stalemate]], threefold [[Repetitions|repetition]], and the [[Fifty-move Rule|fifty-move rule]]. A draw also occurs when neither player has [[Material#InsufficientMaterial|sufficient material]] to [[Checkmate|checkmate]] the opponent or when no sequence of legal moves can lead to checkmate.
Players may further [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draw_by_agreement agree to a draw], the side to move may not only claim, but offer a draw, the other side may accept or decline - in computer chess, conform to a protocol and considering [[Game Phases|game stage]], late [[Endgame|endgame]] [[Material|material]] configuration, [[Score|score]] history and forecast. In official over the board [[Tournaments|computer chess tournaments]] such as the [[World Computer Chess Championship]], operator draw agreements require confirmation by the tournament director or arbiter.
=Recognizing Draws=
The primary purpose to recognize draws is to direct the chess program to produce drawing moves if alternatives are likely losing, or to avoid draws if ahead and alternative moves most likely win as reflected by the [[Score|score]] of the [[Minimax |minimax search]].
<span id="Score"></span>
=Draw Score=
Usually, assuming symmetric [[Evaluation|evaluation]] and [[Negamax|negamaxed]] values, positive scores indicate the [[Side to move|side to move]] is ahead, and negative if behind, which defines the value of zero as a natural [[Score#DrawScore|draw score]]. However, a score of zero does not necessarily reflect a draw score, but a score of a equal or balanced position. Same is true, if programs apply a [[Contempt Factor|contempt factor]] considering the relative strength of the opponent.
<span id="CrayBlitz"></span>
=Cray Blitz=
[[Cray Blitz]] applied a special draw heuristic, not uniformly using zero as draw score, but rather zero plus the [[Ply|ply]] distance to the [[Root|root]] to prefer later draws rather than a draw now. Additionally, the draw score range is disjoint from [[Evaluation|evaluation]] scores, which then exclude values around zero by adding or subtracting appropriate offsets if either greater or equal, or less than zero <ref>[[Harry Nelson]], [[Robert Hyatt]] ('''1988'''). ''The Draw Heuristic of Cray Blitz''. [[ICGA Journal|ICCA Journal]], Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 3-9.</ref>.
=Draw Topics=
* [[Blockage Detection]]
* [[Contempt Factor]]
* [[Corresponding Squares]]
* [[Draw Evaluation]]
* [[Score#DrawScore|Draw Scores]]
* [[Fifty-move Rule]]
* [[Material#InsufficientMaterial|Insufficient Material]]
* [[Check#Perpetual|Perpetual Check]]
* [[Repetitions]]
* [[Stalemate]]
* [[Wrong color Bishop and Rook Pawn]]
=See also=
* [[Checkmate]]
* [[Chess Game]]
* [[Endgame Tablebases]]
* [[Graph History Interaction]] (GHI)
* [[Interior Node Recognizer]]
* [[KPK]]
* [[Match Statistics]]
* [[Path-Dependency]]
* [[Pursuit]]
* [[Rules of Chess]]
* [[Score]]
* [[Transposition]]
* [[Transposition Table]]
=Publications=
* [[David Slate]] ('''1984'''). ''Interior-node Score Bounds in a Brute-force Chess Program.'' [[ICGA Journal|ICCA Journal]], Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 184-192
* [[Harry Nelson]], [[Robert Hyatt]] ('''1988'''). ''The Draw Heuristic of Cray Blitz''. [[ICGA Journal|ICCA Journal]], Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 3-9.
* [[Ernst A. Heinz]] ('''1998''') ''[http://people.csail.mit.edu/heinz/dt/node33.html Efficient Interior-Node Recognition]''. [[ICGA Journal|ICCA Journal]], Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 156-167
* [[Vladan Vučković]], [[Đorđe Vidanović]] ('''2004'''). ''A New Approach to Draw Detection by Move Repetition in Computer Chess Programming.'' CoRR cs.AI/0406038, [http://arxiv.org/ftp/cs/papers/0406/0406038.pdf pdf] <ref>[https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=380201 Draw Detection by Move Repetition Procedure -- Comments] by [[Đorđe Vidanović]], [[CCC]], August 01, 2004</ref>
=Forum Posts=
==1995 ...==
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=49261 50 move rule question] by [[Uri Blass]], [[CCC]], April 20, 1999
==2000 ...==
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=156762 Shortest Stalemate by Samuel Loyd] by [[Ed Schroder|Ed Schröder]], [[CCC]], March 02, 2001
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=182927 "Don't trust draw score" <=Is it true?] by [[Teerapong Tovirat]], [[CCC]], August 08, 2001
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=233270 A new(?) technique to recognize draws] by [[Heiner Marxen]], [[CCC]], June 01, 2002 » [[Check#Perpetual|Perpetual Check]], [[Corresponding Squares]]
==2005 ...==
* [http://www.open-aurec.com/wbforum/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=2112 Quark 2.35 draw claim bug] by [[Igor Korshunov]], [[Computer Chess Forums|Winboard Forum]], March 28, 2005 » [[Quark]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=16942 Draw scores] by [[Carey Bloodworth|Carey]], [[CCC]], October 05, 2007 » [[Score#DrawScore|Draw Score]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=23257 When and how to return a draw evaluation?] by [[Mathieu Pagé]], [[CCC]], August 26, 2008 » [[Repetitions]]
==2010 ...==
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?topic_view=threads&p=354023&t=34673 Re: question on draw evaluation] by [[Robert Houdart]], [[CCC]], June 07, 2010
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=37592 Wrong draw claim by Naum 4.2 ?] by [[Matthias Gemuh]], [[CCC]], January 12, 2011 » [[Naum]], [[Material#InsufficientMaterial|Insufficient Material]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=38410 Playing better moves in drawish positions (anti-0.00)] by [[Onno Garms]], [[CCC]], March 13, 2011 » [[Onno]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=40386 final drawscore testing results] by [[Robert Hyatt]], [[CCC]], September, 13, 2011
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=40388 Repetitions/50 moves and TT] by [[Sergei Markoff]], [[CCC]], September 13, 2011 » [[Fifty-move Rule]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=44167 Texel recipe to fix TT draws scores] by [[Marco Costalba]], [[CCC]], June 23, 2012 » [[Texel]]
* [http://www.open-chess.org/viewtopic.php?f=5&t=2172 Draw aversion] by [[Don Dailey]], [[Computer Chess Forums|OpenChess Forum]], December 16, 2012
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=50321 Value draw] by [[Marek Kwiatkowski]], [[CCC]], December 04, 2013
==2015 ...==
* [http://rybkaforum.net/cgi-bin/rybkaforum/topic_show.pl?pid=552902 Final Report on Draw Problem in Correspondence Chess] by [[Arno Nickel|Ciron]], [[Computer Chess Forums|Rybka Forum]], August 26, 2015 <ref>[http://en.chessbase.com/post/how-many-points-should-you-get-for-a-draw How many points should you get for a draw?] by [[Arno Nickel]], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], August 20, 2015</ref>
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=57696 The future of chess and elo ratings] by [[Larry Kaufman]], [[CCC]], September 20, 2015 » [[Match Statistics]], [[Opening Book]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=57772 Test positions for draw detection] by [[Shawn Chidester]], [[CCC]], September 27, 2015 » [[Test-Positions]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=60906 Syzygy and draw by repetition] by [[Jon Dart]], [[CCC]], July 22, 2016 » [[Repetitions]], [[Syzygy Bases]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=61023 Some thoughts about draws] by [[Pio Korinth]], [[CCC]], August 03, 2016
* [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/fishcooking/M2bkzC3MuFQ/N3pHK4DcAgAJ The new chess rules (5-fold repetition and 75-move draw)] by [[Lyudmil Antonov]], [[Computer Chess Forums|FishCooking]], November 29, 2016 » [[Stockfish]], [[Repetitions]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=62956 Have engines updated for fide 2014 draw rules?] by [[Norm Pollock]], [[CCC]], January 28, 2017
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=63562 Managing draws in the tree search] by [[Stuart Cracraft]], [[CCC]], March 26, 2017
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=63906 Reporting a draw in UCI] by Vince Sempronio, [[CCC]], May 05, 2017 » [[UCI]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=64719 Ways to avoid "Draw Death" in Computer Chess] by [[Kai Laskos]], [[CCC]], July 25, 2017 » [[Match Statistics]], [[Playing Strength]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=67102 Draw scores in TT] by [[Srdja Matovic]], [[CCC]], April 14, 2018 » [[Score#DrawScore|Draw Score]], [[Transposition Table]]
=External Links=
* [http://www.fide.com/component/handbook/?id=124&view=article Fide Handbook - E.I.01A. Laws of Chess] - Article 9: The drawn game
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draw_%28chess%29 Draw (chess) from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draw_by_agreement Draw by agreement from Wikipedia]
: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draw_by_agreement#Grandmaster_draw Grandmaster draw from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#D D (Dead Draw, Draw, Drawing line, Drawish, Draw odds, Drawing weapon) - Glossary of chess from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#Book_draw Book draw - Glossary of chess from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draw Draw (disambiguation) from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/draw draw - Wiktionary]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tie_%28draw%29 Tie (draw) from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.chessbase.com/post/how-many-points-should-you-get-for-a-draw How many points should you get for a draw?] by [[Arno Nickel]], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], August 20, 2015 <ref>[http://rybkaforum.net/cgi-bin/rybkaforum/topic_show.pl?pid=552902 Final Report on Draw Problem in Correspondence Chess] by [[Arno Nickel|Ciron]], [[Computer Chess Forums|Rybka Forum]], August 26, 2015</ref>
=References=
<references />
'''[[Chess|Up one Level]]'''
