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Created page with "'''Home * People * David Levy''' FILE:davidlevy.jpg|border|right|thumb|link=http://www.chessninja.com/davidlevy.htm|David Levy <ref>[http://www.chessninja..."
'''[[Main Page|Home]] * [[People]] * David Levy'''
[[FILE:davidlevy.jpg|border|right|thumb|link=http://www.chessninja.com/davidlevy.htm|David Levy <ref>[http://www.chessninja.com/davidlevy.htm Interview with David Levy] by [[Mig Greengrad]] at [http://www.chessninja.com/index.htm chessninja.com] January 8, 2002</ref> ]]
'''David Neil Lawrence Levy''', (born 1945 in London)<br/>
a Scottish [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Master International Master] chess player (IM Title 1969), Bachelor of Science in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_mathematics Pure Maths], Physics and Statistics <ref>Bachelor of Science in Pure Maths, Physics & Statistics at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews St Andrew University, Scotland] 1963-67</ref> , renowned computer chess expert and promoter, tournament organizer, businessman, and president of the [[ICGA]], the International Computer Games Association. David Levy authored and co-authored an enormous number of articles and books on Chess, Computer Chess and AI-Topics. Noteworthy is the commercial edition of his Ph.D. thesis ''Love and Sex With Robots: The Evolution of Human-Robot Relationships'' <ref>[[David Levy]] ('''2007'''). ''[http://www.harpercollins.com/books/Love-Sex-With-Robots-David-Levy/?isbn=9780061359804 Love and Sex With Robots: The Evolution of Human-Robot Relationships]''. Harper Collins ISBN: 978-0-06156-212-9, [http://www.amazon.com/Love-Sex-Robots-Human-Robot-Relationships/dp/0061359750 amazon]</ref> , which he defended successfully on October 11, 2007, at [[Maastricht University]], The Netherlands.
=Photos=
[[FILE:3-1.computer_chess.david_levy.102634531.lg.jpg|none|border|text-bottom|560px|link=http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=stl-42fa88358c245]]
David Levy [[Pondering|ponders]] next move against [[Chess (Program)|Chess 4.6]] <ref>[http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=stl-42fa88358c245 David Levy ponders next move against CHESS 4.6running on a CDC Cyber 176 supercomputer in Toronto] August 1978, Gift of David Levy, from [[The Computer History Museum]]</ref>
[[FILE:Chess_Pioneers_Mittman_Newborn_Marsland_Slate_Levy_Shannon_Thompson_Truscott.c1980.102665753.lg.jpg|none|border|text-bottom|560px|link=http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/accession/102665753]]
Chess pioneers in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_Sacher Sacher Hotel Vienna], Austria 1980: [[Ben Mittman]],[[Monroe Newborn|Monty Newborn]],<br/>
[[Tony Marsland]], [[David Slate|Dave Slate]], [[David Levy]], [[Claude Shannon]], [[Ken Thompson]], <br/>
Betty Shannon, [[Tom Truscott]] <ref>[http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/accession/102665753 Chess pioneers in Sacher Hotel Vienna, Austria], Gift of [[Ben Mittman|Benjamin Mittman]], [[The Computer History Museum]]</ref>
<span id="TheLevyBet"></span>
=The Gambler=
==The Levy Bet==
[[FILE:LevyCartoon.JPG|border|right|thumb|220px|link=Cartoons|[[Cartoons|Cartoon]] by Jeff Ragsdale <ref>[http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=doc-434fea055cbb3 King Moves - Welcome to the 1989 AGT World Computer Chess Championship.] Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, Courtesy of [[Peter Jennings]] from [[The Computer History Museum]], available as [http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/text/3-1%20and%203-2%20and%203-3%20and%204-3.1989_WCCC/1989%20WCCC.062302028.sm.pdf pdf reprint]</ref> ]]
In [[Timeline#1968|1968]], [[Donald Michie]], founder of the Department of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence Machine Intelligence] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perception Perception] at the [[University of Edinburgh]], invited Levy, already a strong international chess player and graduated computer scientist, to the Artificial Intelligence (AI) workshop in Edinburgh <ref>[http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/%7Eshm/MI/mi4.html Machine Intelligence Volume 4]</ref> . Levy played a friendly game of chess against [[John McCarthy]], which Levy won. McCarthy remarked that David was able to beat him, but predicted a computer program would beat David within ten years. David then offered the famous [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambling bet], that within that time no chess program would beat him in a tournament match. McCarthy took the bet after consulting Michie <ref>[http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/related_materials/oral-history/levy.oral_history.2005.102645437/index.php?iid=orl-4345632d88ad1 Oral History of David Levy] from [[The Computer History Museum]]</ref> . The two made a 500 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_sterling Pound] bet, which was later more than doubled when Donald Michie, [[Mathematician#SPapert|Seymour Papert]] from [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] and [[Ed Kozdrowicki]] from the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis University of California], joined in the wager <ref>[http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=1372 David Levy on Kasparov vs X3D Fritz], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], December 21, 2003</ref> . David Levy redeemed the bet ten years later, winning a [[Levy versus Chess 1978|match]] against [[Chess (Program)|Chess 4.7]] in Toronto, [[Timeline#1978|1978]] <ref>[http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=stl-42fa88358c200 International Master David Levy ponders next move against CHESS 4.6 running on a CDC Cyber 176 supercomputer in Toronto] from [[The Computer History Museum]]</ref> . He won a second 5 year bet in 1984, [[Advances in Computer Chess 4#LevyCrayBlitz|versus Cray Blitz]], and then offered a price for the first computer chess team beating him. He finally got crashed 0-4 by [[Levy versus Deep Thought 1989|Deep Thought in 1989]] <ref>[http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20151201-the-cyborg-chess-players-that-cant-be-beaten BBC - Future - The cyborg chess players that can’t be beaten] by [http://www.chrisbaraniuk.com/ Chris Baraniuk], December 04, 2015</ref>.
==Did they all pay up?==
Following letter by David Levy was published in the [[ICGA Journal#2_1|ICCA Newsletter, Vol. 2, No 1]], February 1979:
Since my [[Levy versus Chess 1978|match]] in Toronto, last August and September, in which I won my ten years old bet, many people have asked me the inevitable question, "Did they all pay up?", meaning the four people with whom I made the bet. I should like to use the pages of the Newsletter to answer this question and to save people from writing to me or asking me about it.
[[Donald Michie]], [[John McCarthy]] and [[Mathematician#SPapert|Seymour Papert]] all paid promptly and with good sportsmanship, just as I would have done had I lost. [[Ed Kozdrowicki|Edward Kozdrowicki]], currently of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Aerospace_Corporation Aerospace Corporation] in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Segundo,_California El Segundo, California], has not paid and has refused to respond in a positive fashion to a number of telephone calls and letters.
I trust that this answers all questions relating to the payment of the bet.
<span id="ScotchVersusVodka"></span>
==Advent of EGT==
===CHAOS failed===
Quote by David Levy from his [[Computer Chess Compendium]], The Endgame, pp. 293-294:
The Ending of [[Rook Endgame#KRPKR|KRPKR]], first attracted the attention of chess programmers in 1974. I was talking to the programmers of [[CHAOS]], during the [[ACM 1974]] in San Diego, and they expressed doubt at my statement that within a year they would not be able to program a computer to play this configuration correctly for both sides, winning with the extra pawn whenever a win was possible, drawing with a pawn less whenever the game really should end in a draw. The discussion closed with a $100 bet, and at the following year's tournament they paid up, admitting that the task was so difficult that they had not even been able to start on it.
===Thompson's Databases===
The discussion on [[Rook Endgame#KRPKR|KRPKR]] at [[ACM 1974]] further inspired [[Ken Thompson]] to work some 10 years on chess endgames and to develop the [[Thompson's Databases]] <ref>[http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/ken_thompson.oral_history_highlight.102645439/index.php?iid=orl-4334446157d96 Highlights Kenneth Thompson Oral History] March 7, 2005 Video © 2005 [[The Computer History Museum]]</ref> :
The second tournament I was in was in San Diego in about '75, '74. And in that tournament [[David Levy]], who is a famous chess personality, was the tournament director. And after the games we were in the bar talking and he was saying that "computers can't play endgames, even simple endgames and they never will." And he said "I am an expert in the rook and pawn against rook endgame and a computer will never play a rook and pawn against rook endgame." And so, I went to my room that evening and was calculating the numbers and came to the conclusion that this was doable, that you could solve that game, absolutely solve it by a different mechanism, you know, not by normal computer chess but by a different mechanism. You could just have the answer and look it up and make a table of everything you are supposed to do. And I came back the next day and told him about it and he say's "nah, it takes too many plys, you know", and I said "no, it is ply independent, this is a different method", so he say's "ah no" so he just "poo poo'd me" and I got sort of, angry is not the right word but I got, you know, you know, so I went home and I worked probably for about ten years on endgames.
===Scotch versus Vodka===
David Levy further on a second KRPKR bet in [[Computer Chess Compendium]], The Endgame, pp. 293-294:
Being rather greedy, I made a similar bet with [[Vladimir Arlazarov|Dr. Arlazarov]] of [[Kaissa]] fame during the [[WCCC 1977|1977 World Computer Championship]] in Toronto. This time the bet was a case of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotch_whisky Scotch] (if I lost) against a case of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka Vodka]. We agreed that [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Averbakh Yuri Averbakh], President of the U.S.S.R. Chess Federation and a renowned endgame expert, would act as arbiter. Just about one year later I heard that I owed Arlazarov a case of Scotch, and section 8.3 of this compendium describes how he and his colleagues collected the wager <ref>[[Vladimir Arlazarov]], [[Aaron L. Futer]] ('''1979'''). ''Computer Analysis of a Rook End-Game''. [http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~shm/MI/mi9.html Machine Intelligence 9] (eds. [[Jean Hayes Michie]], [[Donald Michie]] and L.I. Mikulich), pp. 361-371. Ellis Horwood, Chichester. Reprinted in [[Computer Chess Compendium]], already in August 1977 following paper appeared in Russian: [http://www.mathnet.ru/php/person.phtml?option_lang=eng&personid=55935 A. G. Alexandrov], [http://www.mathnet.ru/php/person.phtml?option_lang=eng&personid=96113 A. M. Baraev], [http://www.mathnet.ru/php/person.phtml?option_lang=eng&personid=96114 Ya. Yu. Gol'fand], [[Edward Komissarchik]], [[Aaron L. Futer]] ('''1977'''). ''[http://www.mathnet.ru/php/archive.phtml?wshow=paper&jrnid=at&paperid=7425&option_lang=eng Computer analysis of rook end game]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automation_and_Remote_Control Avtomatika i Telemekhanika], No. 8, 113–117, and further in 1977 [http://www.mathnet.ru/php/person.phtml?option_lang=eng&personid=55935 A. G. Alexandrov], [[Vladimir Arlazarov]], [http://www.mathnet.ru/php/person.phtml?option_lang=eng&personid=96113 A. M. Baraev], [http://www.mathnet.ru/php/person.phtml?option_lang=eng&personid=96114 Ya. Yu. Gol'fand], [https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:deza.v-n V. N. Deza], [https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:ilina.t-p T. P. Il’ina], [[Edward Komissarchik]], [[Anatoly Uskov]], [https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:faradzhev.i-a I. A. Faradzhev], [[Aaron L. Futer]] ('''1977'''). ''[https://zbmath.org/?q=an:03653550 Processing of large files of information on the example of the analysis of the rook’s end game]''. [http://www.springer.com/computer/journal/11086 Programming and Computer Software], No. 3</ref> .
=WCCC and ICCA=
==WCCC==
David Levy, already associated with [[Monroe Newborn]] and [[Ben Mittman]] from the early [[ACM North American Computer Chess Championship|ACM Computer Chess Championships]], was initiator and co-founder of the [[World Computer Chess Championship]] in 1974, as suggested by the Soviet programmers of [[Kaissa]] <ref>[http://www.computer-museum.ru/histsoft/kaissa1.htm История “Каиссы” Михаил Донской] [[Kaissa#HistoryofKaissa|History of Kaissa]] by [[Mikhail Donskoy]], (Russian), from [[Russian Virtual Computer Museum]]</ref> :
Since 1972 ''(1970 Editor)'' in the USA and Canada were hold the yearly championships of North America among the chess programs, organized by the [[ACM]]. The team of Kaissa directed the organizers of these tournaments to the thought to conduct a world championship, whose organization within the framework its regular congress took upon itself.
==ICCA==
Three years later at the 2nd [[WCCC 1977]] in Toronto, together with more enthusiastic chess programmers and suggested by [[Barend Swets]], David Levy co-founded the International Computer Chess Association [[ICCA]] - [[Ben Mittman]] was elected as its first president. David Levy organized a lot of computer chess championships, acting as tournament director, reporter or as participant. He was founder and organizer of the [[Computer Olympiad]] and the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_Sports_Olympiad Mind Sports Olympiads].
==President==
From 1986 to 1992, David Levy was president of the ICCA, then vice president until 1999 and since then until the present president again, since 2002 of the renamed [[ICGA]] <ref>[http://ilk.uvt.nl/icga/organisation/welcome.php A Welcome from the ICGA President]</ref> .
=Computer Chess and AI Business=
==Intelligent Software==
In 1979, along with his business partner [[Kevin O’Connell]], David Levy founded [[Philidor Software]], and in 1981 [[Intelligent Software]] <ref>[[Tony Harrington]] ('''1983'''). ''Intelligent Software''. [[Personal Computer World]], [http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/html/publication_archive_1983.html April 1983], [http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/PCW_April_1983.pdf pdf] hosted by [[Mike Watters]]</ref> . Business was developing and trading [[Dedicated Chess Computers|dedicated chess computers]] <ref>[http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/html/scisys_chess_computers_1979-19.html SciSys Chess Computers 1979-1986] from [http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/index.html Chess Computer UK] by [[Mike Watters]]</ref> <ref>[http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/html/intelligent_chess.html SciSys Intelligent Chess] from [http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/index.html Chess Computer UK] by [[Mike Watters]]</ref> and programs for home computers and PCs. Intelligent Software had several computer chess programmers under contract, [[Mark Taylor]], [[David Broughton]], [[Mike Johnson]], [[Richard Lang]] and a Checkers programmer called [[Martin Bryant]] <ref>[http://www.schach-computer.info/wiki/index.php/Levy,_David David Levy interview] from [http://www.schach-computer.info/wiki/index.php/Hauptseite_En Schachcomputer.info - Wiki]</ref> . Primary business and trading partners were [[Eric Winkler]] <ref>[http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/html/chess_computers_-_the_uk_story.html Chess Computers - The UK Story] from [http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/index.html Chess Computer UK] by [[Mike Watters]]</ref> and [[Eric White]] <ref>[http://www.schaakcomputers.nl/hein_veldhuis/database/files/Millennium%20information.pdf De firma Millennium 2000 GmbH Hegener & Weiner in vogelvlucht] by [[Hein Veldhuis]], Dutch and German pdf</ref> with their respective companies.
==Intelligent Toys==
David Levy is now [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Executive_Officer CEO] of [[Intelligent Toys Ltd.]], a London-based company founded in 2001 that develops toys that incorporate [[Artificial Intelligence|AI]], and led the teams that won the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loebner_Prize Loebner Prize] two times in 1997 and 2009 <ref>[http://www.worldsbestchatbot.com/ Home of the Worlds Best Chat Bot]</ref> <ref>[http://www.worldsbestchatbot.com/Corporate_History Corporate History]</ref> .
=Programs=
Levy is mentioned as co-author <ref>[https://www.game-ai-forum.org/icga-tournaments/person.php?id=387 David Levy's ICGA Tournaments]</ref> of following chess programs, competing at ICCA-tournaments, while he actually was not a programmer but advisor:
* [[Cyrus 68K]]
* [[Intelligent Chess Software]]
* [[Moby]]
* [[Philidor]]
* [[CXG Sphinx|The Sphinx]]
=Man vs. Machine=
* [[Levy versus Chess 1978]]
* [[Levy versus Chess 1978#1979|Levy versus Chess 1979]] ([[WCCC 1986#Video|WCCC 1986 Video]] at 3:52)
* [[Advances in Computer Chess 4#LevyCrayBlitz|Levy versus Cray Blitz 1984]]
* [[Levy versus Deep Thought 1989]]
=See also=
* [[Advances in Computer Games 13#Video|Advances in Computer Games 13 - Video]]
* [[ICGA Investigations]]
* [[History#AIPerspective|The History of Computer Chess - an AI Perspective - Video]]
* [[WCCC 1977#Video|The Mind Machines - WCCC 1977 Video]]
* [[WCCC 1986#Video|WCCC 1986 Video]] at 3:52 ([[Levy versus Chess 1978#1979|Levy versus Chess 1979]])
=Selected Publications=
<ref>[http://ilk.uvt.nl/icga/journal/docs/References.pdf ICGA Reference Database] (pdf)</ref> <ref>[http://www.amazon.com/s?ie=UTF8&applicationContextPath=%2Fgp%2Fsearch%2Fconstruct-application-context.mi&search-type=ss&index=books&field-author=David%20N.%20L.%20Levy&page=1 Books by David N. L. Levy] from [http://www.amazon.com/ amazon]</ref> <ref>[http://www.allbookstores.com/author/David_N_L_Levy.html Books by David Levy] from [http://www.allbookstores.com/ Bookstores.com]</ref>
==1976 ...==
* [[Jean Hayes Michie|Jean E. Hayes]], [[David Levy]] ('''1976'''). ''The world computer chess championship, Stockholm 1974''. University Press (Edinburgh) ISBN 0852242859
* [[David Levy]] ('''1976'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-642-85538-2 Chess and Computers]''. Batsford
* [[David Levy]] ('''1976'''). ''1975 U.S. Computer chess championship''. Computer Science Press » [[ACM 1975]]
* [[David Levy]] ('''1977'''). ''1976 US Computer Chess Championship''. Computer Science Press, Woodland Hills, CA » [[ACM 1976]]
* [[David Levy]] ('''1978'''). ''ACM '78''. [[ICGA Journal#1_1|ICCA Newsletter, Vol. 1, No. 1]] » [[ACM 1978]]
* [[David Levy]] ('''1978'''). ''[[Levy versus Chess 1978|How I won]]''. [[ICGA Journal#1_2|ICCA Newsletter, Vol. 1, No. 2]]
* [[David Levy]] ('''1978'''). ''The PCW Microcomputer Chess Championships'', [[Personal Computer World]], November 1978, [http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/PCW-MCC_1978.pdf pdf] <ref>[http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/html/publication_archive.html Publication Archive] from [http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/index.html Chess Computer UK] by [[Mike Watters]]</ref>
* [[David Levy]] ('''1979'''). ''Computer and Chess - How the monster thinks''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektor Elektor], January 1979 <ref>[http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/html/publication_archive.html Publication Archive] from [http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/index.html Chess Computer UK] by [[Mike Watters]]</ref>
* [[David Levy]] ('''1979'''). ''How I beat the monster''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektor Elektor], January 1979
* [[Mathematician#AGottlieb|Allan Gottlieb]], [[Peter W. Frey]], [[David Levy]], [[Johann Joss]] ('''1979'''). Letters on ''Handicapping Computer Chess Programs'', [[ICGA Journal#2_1|ICCA Newsletter, Vol. 2, No. 1]]
* [[David Levy]] ('''1979'''). ''Chess Programming - Before You Begin''. [[Personal Computer World]], May 1979
==1980 ...==
* [[David Levy]] ('''1980'''). ''[http://archive.org/stream/creativecomputing-1980-04/Creative_Computing_v06_n04_1980_Apr#page/n117/mode/2up Intelligent Games]''. [[Creative Computing]], Vol. 6, No. 4, hosted by the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive Internet Archive]
* [[David Levy]], [[Ben Mittman]], [[Monroe Newborn]] ('''1980'''). ''3rd World Computer Chess Championship''. [[ICGA Journal#3_3|ICCA Newsletter, Vol. 3, No. 3]] » [[WCCC 1980]]
* [[David Levy]], [[Kevin O’Connell]] ('''1981'''). ''The Best Chess Computer Yet?'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHESS_magazine Chess], July 1981 » [[Philidor]] <ref>''The Best Chess Computer Yet?'' [http://www.flickr.com/photos/10261668@N05/5856426830/in/photostream part 1], [http://www.flickr.com/photos/10261668@N05/5855873337/in/photostream part 2], [http://www.flickr.com/photos/10261668@N05/5855873365/in/photostream part 3] by [[Steve Blincoe|Chewbanta]]</ref>
* [[David Levy]], [[Kevin O’Connell]] ('''1981'''). ''A New World Champion''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHESS_magazine Chess], October/November 1981 » [[WMCCC 1981]] <ref>[http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/html/publication_archive.html Publication Archive] from [http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/index.html Chess Computer UK] by [[Mike Watters]]</ref>
* [[David Levy]], [[Monroe Newborn]] ('''1981'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-642-85538-2 More Chess and Computers, The Microcomputer Revolution, The Challenge Match]''. Computer Science Press, Inc., Potomac, Maryland. ISBN 0-914894-07-2
* [[David Levy]], [[Monroe Newborn]] ('''1982, 1983'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-642-85538-2 All About Chess and Computers]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media Springer]
: [[David Levy]] ('''1982'''). ''Robots''. Translation of [[Henri Vigneron]] ('''1914'''). ''Les Automates''. also in [[David Levy]] (ed.) ('''1988'''). ''[[Computer Chess Compendium]]'', pp. 273-278. [http://cyberneticzoo.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/Levy-Torres-Vigneron-Translation.pdf pdf] from [http://cyberneticzoo.com/ cyberneticzoo.com] » [[El Ajedrecista]]
* [[David Levy]] ('''1983'''). ''Computer Gamesmanship: Elements of Intelligent Game Design''. Simon & Schuster, ISBN 0-671-49532-1.
* [[David Levy]] ('''1984'''). ''Chess Master versus Computer''. [[ICGA Journal#7_2|ICCA Journal, Vol. 7, No. 2]]
==1985 ...==
* [[David Levy]] ('''1986'''). ''When will Brute Force Programs beat Kasparov?'' [[ICGA Journal#9_2|ICCA Journal, Vol. 9, No. 2]]
* [[David Levy]] ('''1986'''). ''ICCA's Future''. [[ICGA Journal#9_2|ICCA Journal, Vol. 9, No. 2]] » [[ICCA]]
* [[David Levy]] (ed.) ('''1988'''). ''[[Computer Chess Compendium]]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anova_Books Batsford], London
* [[David Levy]] (ed.) ('''1988'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4613-8716-9 Computer Games I]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media Springer], ISBN: 978-1-4613-8718-3
* [[David Levy]] (ed.) ('''1988'''). ''[http://www.springer.com/computer/ai/book/978-1-4613-8756-5 Computer Games II]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media Springer], ISBN: 978-1-4613-8756-5
* [[David Levy]] ('''1988'''). ''8th World Microcomputer Chess Championship''. [[ICGA Journal#11_4|ICCA Journal, Vol. 11, No. 4]] » [[WMCCC 1988]]
* [[David Levy]], [[David Broughton]], [[Mark Taylor]] ('''1989'''). ''The SEX Algorithm in Computer Chess''. [[ICGA Journal#12_1|ICCA Journal, Vol. 12, No. 1]] » [[SEX Algorithm]]
* [[David Levy]] ('''1989'''). ''Evaluation Functions from Chess Endgame Databases''. [[WCCC 1989#Workshop|Workshop on New Directions in Game-Tree Search]]
* [[David Levy]] ('''1989'''). ''The Netherlands versus the Computer World''. [[ICGA Journal#12_2|ICCA Journal, Vol. 12, No. 2]] » [[Netherlands-vs-Computers-1989]]
* [[Jaap van den Herik]], [[David Levy]] ('''1989'''). ''Disqualification at Portorož''. [[ICGA Journal#12_4|ICCA Journal, Vol. 12, No. 4]] » [[WMCCC 1989]]
* [[David Levy]] ('''1989'''). ''The 20th North American Computer-Chess Championship''. [[ICGA Journal#12_4|ICCA Journal, Vol. 12, No. 4]] » [[ACM 1989]]
* [[David Levy]], [[Don Beal]] (eds.) ('''1989'''). ''Heuristic Programming in Artificial Intelligence - The First Computer Olympiad''. Ellis Horwood » [[1st Computer Olympiad#Workshop|1st Computer Olympiad]]
==1990 ...==
* [[David Levy]] ('''1990'''). ''The End of an Era''. [[ICGA Journal#13_1|ICCA Journal, Vol. 13, No. 1]] » [[Levy versus Deep Thought 1989]]
* [[David Levy]] ('''1990'''). ''How Will Chess Programs Beat Kasparov''? [[Computers, Chess, and Cognition]]
* [[David Levy]], [[Don Beal]] (Eds.) ('''1991'''). ''Heuristic Programming in Artificial Intelligence - The Second Computer Olympiad''. Ellis Horwood » [[2nd Computer Olympiad#Workshop|2nd Computer Olympiad]]
* [[David Levy]], [[Monroe Newborn]] ('''1991'''). ''How Computers Play Chess''. Freeman & Co. ISBN 0-7167-8121-2
* [[David Levy]] ('''1991'''). ''First Among Equals.'' [[ICGA Journal#14_3|ICCA Journal, Vol. 14, No. 3]]
* [[David Levy]], [[Harry Nefkens]] ('''1992'''). ''Before Databases''. [[ICGA Journal#15_1|ICCA Journal, Vol. 15, No. 1]]
* [[David Levy]] ('''1994'''). ''Straight on to Kasparov''. [[ICGA Journal#17-2|ICCA Journal, Vol. 17, No. 2]]
==1995 ...==
* [[David Levy]] ('''1995'''). ''Extrapolation and Speculation.'' [[ICGA Journal#18_3|ICCA Journal, Vol. 18, No. 3]]
* [[David Levy]] ('''1997'''). ''Crystal Balls: The Meta-Science of Prediction in Computer Chess''. [[ICGA Journal#20-2|ICCA Journal, Vol. 20, No. 2]]
==2000 ...==
* [[David Levy]] ('''2002'''). ''[http://ilk.uvt.nl/icga/journal/contents/content25-3.htm#ICCA%20BECOMES%20ICGA ICCA BECOMES ICGA]''. [[ICGA Journal#25_3|ICGA Journal, Vol. 25, No. 3]]
* [[David Levy]] ('''2002'''). ''[http://ilk.uvt.nl/icga/journal/contents/content25-3.htm#SOME%20COMMENTS%20ON%20REALIZATION%20PROBABILITIES SOME COMMENTS ON REALIZATION PROBABILITIES AND THE SEX ALGORITHM]''. [[ICGA Journal#25_3|ICGA Journal, Vol. 25, No. 3]] <ref>[[Yoshimasa Tsuruoka]], [[Daisaku Yokoyama]], [[Takashi Chikayama]] ('''2002'''). ''[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.2.9258 Game-Tree Search Algorithm based on Realization Probability]''. [[ICGA Journal#25_3|ICGA Journal, Vol. 25, No. 3]], [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.2.9258&rep=rep1&type=pdf pdf], [http://www-tsujii.is.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~tsuruoka/papers/icga02.pdf pdf]</ref>
* [[David Levy]] ('''2003'''). ''[http://ilk.uvt.nl/icga/journal/contents/content26-1.htm#MANMACHINE The State of the Art in Man vs. “Machine” Chess]''. [[ICGA Journal#26_1|ICGA Journal, Vol. 26, No. 1]] » [[Kasparov versus Deep Junior 2003]]
* [[David Levy]] ('''2003'''). ''Kasparov vs X3D Fritz''. [[ICGA Journal#26_4|ICGA Journal, Vol. 26, No. 4]] » [[Kasparov versus X3D Fritz 2003]]
==2005 ...==
* [[ChessBase]], the Editor, [[John Nunn]], [[David Levy]] ('''2005'''). ''Adams Outclassed by HYDRA''. [[ICGA Journal#28_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 28, No. 2]] » [[Hydra]]
* [[David Levy]] ('''2005'''). ''Man vs. Machine – What Next?'' [[ICGA Journal#28_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 28, No. 2]]
* [[David Levy]] ('''2005'''). ''[http://www.akpeters.com/robotsunlimited/ Robots Unlimited: Life in a Virtual Age]''. AK Peters ISBN: 978-1-56881-239-7
* [[David Levy]] ('''2005'''). ''[[Man vs Machine Team Championship#2005|The 2nd Bilbao Man vs. Machine Team Championship]]''. [[ICGA Journal#28_4|ICGA Journal, Vol. 28, No. 4]]
* [[David Levy]] ('''2007'''). ''[http://www.harpercollins.com/books/Love-Sex-With-Robots-David-Levy/?isbn=9780061359804 Love and Sex With Robots: The Evolution of Human-Robot Relationships]''. Harper Collins ISBN: 978-0-06156-212-9, [http://www.amazon.com/Love-Sex-Robots-Human-Robot-Relationships/dp/0061359750 amazon], [http://www.amazon.com/Love-Sex-Robots-Human-Robot-Relationships/dp/1433247402 Audiobook MP3 CD from amazon]
* [[David Levy]] ('''2007'''). ''Obituary Donald Michie (1923-2007)''. [[ICGA Journal#30_3|ICGA Journal, Vol. 30, No. 3]] » [[Donald Michie]]
* [[David Levy]] ('''2009'''). ''Mikhail Donskoy - An Obituary''. [[ICGA Journal#32_1|ICGA Journal, Vol. 32, No. 1]] » [[Mikhail Donskoy]]
* [[David Levy]], [[Monroe Newborn|Monty Newborn]] ('''2009'''). ''How Computers Play Chess''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishi_Press Ishi Press], [http://www.amazon.com/Computers-Play-Chess-David-Levy/dp/4871878015/ref=sr_1_1 amazon]
==2010 ...==
* [[David Levy]] ('''2011'''). ''Attack of the Clones''. [[ICGA Journal#34_1|ICGA Journal, Vol. 34, No. 1]] <ref>[http://www.chessvibes.com/?q=reports/attack-of-the-clones Attack of the clones : ChessVibes] by David Levy, 19 February, 2011</ref>
* [[David Levy]] ('''2011'''). ''Rybka Disqualified and Banned from World Computer Chess Championships''. [[ICGA Journal#34_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 34, No. 2]] » [[Rybka]]
* [[David Levy]] ('''2011'''). ''A Very Sad Case''. [[ICGA Journal#34-2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 34, No. 2]] » [[ICGA Investigations]]
* [[David Levy]] ('''2012'''). ''No Miscarriage of Justice - Just Biased Reporting''. [http://www.harveywilliamson.com/ICGA/DL_Rebuttal_to_Riis_article.January7th2012.doc doc] <ref>''[[Søren Riis#Miscarriage|A Gross Miscarriage of Justice in Computer Chess]]'' by [[Søren Riis]]</ref>
* [[David Levy]] ('''2012'''). ''From Computer Games to a Global Brain''. [[ICGA Journal#35_4|ICGA Journal, Vol. 35, No. 4]] <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_brain Global brain from Wikipedia]</ref>
* [[Jaap van den Herik]], [[Aske Plaat]], [[David Levy]], [[Daniel Dimov]] ('''2014'''). ''[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875952114000093 Plagiarism in Game Programming Competitions]''. [http://www.journals.elsevier.com/entertainment-computing/ Entertainment Computing], Vol. 5, No. 3, [http://askeplaat.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/the-application-of-the-icga-rules-v15.pdf pdf preprint]
* [[David Levy]] ('''2014'''). ''The RYBKA Case – Progress and Verdict''. [[ICGA Journal#37_4|ICGA Journal, Vol. 37, No. 4]] » [[Rybka Controversy]]
==2015 ...==
* [[David Levy]] ('''2015'''). ''The "Horizon Effect" in Politics''. [[ICGA Journal#38_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 38, No. 2]] » [[Horizon Effect]]
=External Links=
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Levy_%28chess_player%29 David Levy from Wikipedia]
* [https://www.game-ai-forum.org/icga-tournaments/person.php?id=387 David Levy's ICGA Tournaments]
* [http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/html/chess_computers_-_the_uk_story.html Chess Computers - The UK Story] from [http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/index.html Chess Computer UK] by [[Mike Watters]]
* [http://www.schach-computer.info/wiki/index.php/Levy,_David David Levy interview] from [http://www.schach-computer.info/wiki/index.php/Hauptseite_En Schachcomputer.info - Wiki]
* [http://www.othello.dk/book/index.php/David_Levy David Levy - The Othello Wiki Book Project]
* [http://www.zxsoftware.co.uk/8bitgamer/?p=31 The History of 8bit Gaming in the UK - Popular Computing Weekly 11-17 Aug 1983]
* [http://www.powells.com/blog/?author=178 Author Archive: David Levy] from [http://www.powells.com/blog/ Powell's Blog]
* [http://www.chessedinburgh.co.uk/chandlerarticle.php?ChandID=197 Chandler Cornered Chess Sci-Fi + Traitors Mate + Blunder Table] covering David Levy by [http://www.chessedinburgh.co.uk/ Chess Edinburgh]
* [http://www.olimpbase.org/players/lx1l9bvp.html Levy, David Neil Lawrence(Scotland) Men's Chess Olympiads]
* [http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessplayer?pid=16097 David Levy's games] at [http://www.chessgames.com/index.html chessgames.com]
* [http://www.365chess.com/players/David_Neil_Lawrence_Levy David Neil Lawrence Levy chess games] at [http://www.365chess.com/ 365Chess.com]
* [http://www.kingpinchess.net/?p=1523 David Levy on the Brain Games Scandal, 2000-2003] from [http://www.kingpinchess.net/ Kingpin Chess Magazine — the satirical chess magazine]
* [http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=1372 David Levy on Kasparov vs X3D Fritz], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], December 21, 2003
* [http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=3075 Robots unlimited – life in a virtual age], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], May 02, 2006
* [http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=3092 Elections 2006: Does democracy work in FIDE?] by [[David Levy]], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], May 11, 2006
* [http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=3155 Breaking news: Kirsan Ilyumzhinov reelected] by [[David Levy]], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], June 02, 2006
* [http://gilkalai.wordpress.com/2008/06/25/amir-ban-on-deep-junior/ Amir Ban on Deep Junior] from [http://gilkalai.wordpress.com/ Combinatorics and more - Gil Kalai’s blog]
* [http://www.akpeters.com/robotsunlimited/ Robots Unlimited: Life in a Virtual Age] full Bibliography by David Levy
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riz_Khan Riz Khan] Love and sex with robots - February 12, 2008, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube YouTube] Video
: {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K7FENChv6v4|alignment=left|valignment=top}}
* [http://www.chessvibes.com/?q=reports/attack-of-the-clones Attack of the clones : ChessVibes] by David Levy, 19 February, 2011 » [[Rybka]], [[Fruit]], [[Strelka]]
* [http://sexuality.about.com/od/sexandtechnology/a/david_levy.htm David Levy - Sex with Robots] An Interview with Author David Levy by [http://sexuality.about.com/bio/Cory-Silverberg-17133.htm Cory Silverberg], [http://www.about.com/ About.com], May 18, 2011
* [http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=7899 ICGA/Rybka controversy: An interview with David Levy (1)], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], February 06, 2012
: [http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=7908 ICGA/Rybka controversy: An interview with David Levy (2)], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], February 10, 2012
=References=
<references />
'''[[People|Up one level]]'''
[[FILE:davidlevy.jpg|border|right|thumb|link=http://www.chessninja.com/davidlevy.htm|David Levy <ref>[http://www.chessninja.com/davidlevy.htm Interview with David Levy] by [[Mig Greengrad]] at [http://www.chessninja.com/index.htm chessninja.com] January 8, 2002</ref> ]]
'''David Neil Lawrence Levy''', (born 1945 in London)<br/>
a Scottish [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Master International Master] chess player (IM Title 1969), Bachelor of Science in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_mathematics Pure Maths], Physics and Statistics <ref>Bachelor of Science in Pure Maths, Physics & Statistics at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews St Andrew University, Scotland] 1963-67</ref> , renowned computer chess expert and promoter, tournament organizer, businessman, and president of the [[ICGA]], the International Computer Games Association. David Levy authored and co-authored an enormous number of articles and books on Chess, Computer Chess and AI-Topics. Noteworthy is the commercial edition of his Ph.D. thesis ''Love and Sex With Robots: The Evolution of Human-Robot Relationships'' <ref>[[David Levy]] ('''2007'''). ''[http://www.harpercollins.com/books/Love-Sex-With-Robots-David-Levy/?isbn=9780061359804 Love and Sex With Robots: The Evolution of Human-Robot Relationships]''. Harper Collins ISBN: 978-0-06156-212-9, [http://www.amazon.com/Love-Sex-Robots-Human-Robot-Relationships/dp/0061359750 amazon]</ref> , which he defended successfully on October 11, 2007, at [[Maastricht University]], The Netherlands.
=Photos=
[[FILE:3-1.computer_chess.david_levy.102634531.lg.jpg|none|border|text-bottom|560px|link=http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=stl-42fa88358c245]]
David Levy [[Pondering|ponders]] next move against [[Chess (Program)|Chess 4.6]] <ref>[http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=stl-42fa88358c245 David Levy ponders next move against CHESS 4.6running on a CDC Cyber 176 supercomputer in Toronto] August 1978, Gift of David Levy, from [[The Computer History Museum]]</ref>
[[FILE:Chess_Pioneers_Mittman_Newborn_Marsland_Slate_Levy_Shannon_Thompson_Truscott.c1980.102665753.lg.jpg|none|border|text-bottom|560px|link=http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/accession/102665753]]
Chess pioneers in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_Sacher Sacher Hotel Vienna], Austria 1980: [[Ben Mittman]],[[Monroe Newborn|Monty Newborn]],<br/>
[[Tony Marsland]], [[David Slate|Dave Slate]], [[David Levy]], [[Claude Shannon]], [[Ken Thompson]], <br/>
Betty Shannon, [[Tom Truscott]] <ref>[http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/accession/102665753 Chess pioneers in Sacher Hotel Vienna, Austria], Gift of [[Ben Mittman|Benjamin Mittman]], [[The Computer History Museum]]</ref>
<span id="TheLevyBet"></span>
=The Gambler=
==The Levy Bet==
[[FILE:LevyCartoon.JPG|border|right|thumb|220px|link=Cartoons|[[Cartoons|Cartoon]] by Jeff Ragsdale <ref>[http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=doc-434fea055cbb3 King Moves - Welcome to the 1989 AGT World Computer Chess Championship.] Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, Courtesy of [[Peter Jennings]] from [[The Computer History Museum]], available as [http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/text/3-1%20and%203-2%20and%203-3%20and%204-3.1989_WCCC/1989%20WCCC.062302028.sm.pdf pdf reprint]</ref> ]]
In [[Timeline#1968|1968]], [[Donald Michie]], founder of the Department of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence Machine Intelligence] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perception Perception] at the [[University of Edinburgh]], invited Levy, already a strong international chess player and graduated computer scientist, to the Artificial Intelligence (AI) workshop in Edinburgh <ref>[http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/%7Eshm/MI/mi4.html Machine Intelligence Volume 4]</ref> . Levy played a friendly game of chess against [[John McCarthy]], which Levy won. McCarthy remarked that David was able to beat him, but predicted a computer program would beat David within ten years. David then offered the famous [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambling bet], that within that time no chess program would beat him in a tournament match. McCarthy took the bet after consulting Michie <ref>[http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/related_materials/oral-history/levy.oral_history.2005.102645437/index.php?iid=orl-4345632d88ad1 Oral History of David Levy] from [[The Computer History Museum]]</ref> . The two made a 500 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_sterling Pound] bet, which was later more than doubled when Donald Michie, [[Mathematician#SPapert|Seymour Papert]] from [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] and [[Ed Kozdrowicki]] from the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis University of California], joined in the wager <ref>[http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=1372 David Levy on Kasparov vs X3D Fritz], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], December 21, 2003</ref> . David Levy redeemed the bet ten years later, winning a [[Levy versus Chess 1978|match]] against [[Chess (Program)|Chess 4.7]] in Toronto, [[Timeline#1978|1978]] <ref>[http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=stl-42fa88358c200 International Master David Levy ponders next move against CHESS 4.6 running on a CDC Cyber 176 supercomputer in Toronto] from [[The Computer History Museum]]</ref> . He won a second 5 year bet in 1984, [[Advances in Computer Chess 4#LevyCrayBlitz|versus Cray Blitz]], and then offered a price for the first computer chess team beating him. He finally got crashed 0-4 by [[Levy versus Deep Thought 1989|Deep Thought in 1989]] <ref>[http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20151201-the-cyborg-chess-players-that-cant-be-beaten BBC - Future - The cyborg chess players that can’t be beaten] by [http://www.chrisbaraniuk.com/ Chris Baraniuk], December 04, 2015</ref>.
==Did they all pay up?==
Following letter by David Levy was published in the [[ICGA Journal#2_1|ICCA Newsletter, Vol. 2, No 1]], February 1979:
Since my [[Levy versus Chess 1978|match]] in Toronto, last August and September, in which I won my ten years old bet, many people have asked me the inevitable question, "Did they all pay up?", meaning the four people with whom I made the bet. I should like to use the pages of the Newsletter to answer this question and to save people from writing to me or asking me about it.
[[Donald Michie]], [[John McCarthy]] and [[Mathematician#SPapert|Seymour Papert]] all paid promptly and with good sportsmanship, just as I would have done had I lost. [[Ed Kozdrowicki|Edward Kozdrowicki]], currently of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Aerospace_Corporation Aerospace Corporation] in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Segundo,_California El Segundo, California], has not paid and has refused to respond in a positive fashion to a number of telephone calls and letters.
I trust that this answers all questions relating to the payment of the bet.
<span id="ScotchVersusVodka"></span>
==Advent of EGT==
===CHAOS failed===
Quote by David Levy from his [[Computer Chess Compendium]], The Endgame, pp. 293-294:
The Ending of [[Rook Endgame#KRPKR|KRPKR]], first attracted the attention of chess programmers in 1974. I was talking to the programmers of [[CHAOS]], during the [[ACM 1974]] in San Diego, and they expressed doubt at my statement that within a year they would not be able to program a computer to play this configuration correctly for both sides, winning with the extra pawn whenever a win was possible, drawing with a pawn less whenever the game really should end in a draw. The discussion closed with a $100 bet, and at the following year's tournament they paid up, admitting that the task was so difficult that they had not even been able to start on it.
===Thompson's Databases===
The discussion on [[Rook Endgame#KRPKR|KRPKR]] at [[ACM 1974]] further inspired [[Ken Thompson]] to work some 10 years on chess endgames and to develop the [[Thompson's Databases]] <ref>[http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/ken_thompson.oral_history_highlight.102645439/index.php?iid=orl-4334446157d96 Highlights Kenneth Thompson Oral History] March 7, 2005 Video © 2005 [[The Computer History Museum]]</ref> :
The second tournament I was in was in San Diego in about '75, '74. And in that tournament [[David Levy]], who is a famous chess personality, was the tournament director. And after the games we were in the bar talking and he was saying that "computers can't play endgames, even simple endgames and they never will." And he said "I am an expert in the rook and pawn against rook endgame and a computer will never play a rook and pawn against rook endgame." And so, I went to my room that evening and was calculating the numbers and came to the conclusion that this was doable, that you could solve that game, absolutely solve it by a different mechanism, you know, not by normal computer chess but by a different mechanism. You could just have the answer and look it up and make a table of everything you are supposed to do. And I came back the next day and told him about it and he say's "nah, it takes too many plys, you know", and I said "no, it is ply independent, this is a different method", so he say's "ah no" so he just "poo poo'd me" and I got sort of, angry is not the right word but I got, you know, you know, so I went home and I worked probably for about ten years on endgames.
===Scotch versus Vodka===
David Levy further on a second KRPKR bet in [[Computer Chess Compendium]], The Endgame, pp. 293-294:
Being rather greedy, I made a similar bet with [[Vladimir Arlazarov|Dr. Arlazarov]] of [[Kaissa]] fame during the [[WCCC 1977|1977 World Computer Championship]] in Toronto. This time the bet was a case of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotch_whisky Scotch] (if I lost) against a case of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka Vodka]. We agreed that [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Averbakh Yuri Averbakh], President of the U.S.S.R. Chess Federation and a renowned endgame expert, would act as arbiter. Just about one year later I heard that I owed Arlazarov a case of Scotch, and section 8.3 of this compendium describes how he and his colleagues collected the wager <ref>[[Vladimir Arlazarov]], [[Aaron L. Futer]] ('''1979'''). ''Computer Analysis of a Rook End-Game''. [http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~shm/MI/mi9.html Machine Intelligence 9] (eds. [[Jean Hayes Michie]], [[Donald Michie]] and L.I. Mikulich), pp. 361-371. Ellis Horwood, Chichester. Reprinted in [[Computer Chess Compendium]], already in August 1977 following paper appeared in Russian: [http://www.mathnet.ru/php/person.phtml?option_lang=eng&personid=55935 A. G. Alexandrov], [http://www.mathnet.ru/php/person.phtml?option_lang=eng&personid=96113 A. M. Baraev], [http://www.mathnet.ru/php/person.phtml?option_lang=eng&personid=96114 Ya. Yu. Gol'fand], [[Edward Komissarchik]], [[Aaron L. Futer]] ('''1977'''). ''[http://www.mathnet.ru/php/archive.phtml?wshow=paper&jrnid=at&paperid=7425&option_lang=eng Computer analysis of rook end game]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automation_and_Remote_Control Avtomatika i Telemekhanika], No. 8, 113–117, and further in 1977 [http://www.mathnet.ru/php/person.phtml?option_lang=eng&personid=55935 A. G. Alexandrov], [[Vladimir Arlazarov]], [http://www.mathnet.ru/php/person.phtml?option_lang=eng&personid=96113 A. M. Baraev], [http://www.mathnet.ru/php/person.phtml?option_lang=eng&personid=96114 Ya. Yu. Gol'fand], [https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:deza.v-n V. N. Deza], [https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:ilina.t-p T. P. Il’ina], [[Edward Komissarchik]], [[Anatoly Uskov]], [https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:faradzhev.i-a I. A. Faradzhev], [[Aaron L. Futer]] ('''1977'''). ''[https://zbmath.org/?q=an:03653550 Processing of large files of information on the example of the analysis of the rook’s end game]''. [http://www.springer.com/computer/journal/11086 Programming and Computer Software], No. 3</ref> .
=WCCC and ICCA=
==WCCC==
David Levy, already associated with [[Monroe Newborn]] and [[Ben Mittman]] from the early [[ACM North American Computer Chess Championship|ACM Computer Chess Championships]], was initiator and co-founder of the [[World Computer Chess Championship]] in 1974, as suggested by the Soviet programmers of [[Kaissa]] <ref>[http://www.computer-museum.ru/histsoft/kaissa1.htm История “Каиссы” Михаил Донской] [[Kaissa#HistoryofKaissa|History of Kaissa]] by [[Mikhail Donskoy]], (Russian), from [[Russian Virtual Computer Museum]]</ref> :
Since 1972 ''(1970 Editor)'' in the USA and Canada were hold the yearly championships of North America among the chess programs, organized by the [[ACM]]. The team of Kaissa directed the organizers of these tournaments to the thought to conduct a world championship, whose organization within the framework its regular congress took upon itself.
==ICCA==
Three years later at the 2nd [[WCCC 1977]] in Toronto, together with more enthusiastic chess programmers and suggested by [[Barend Swets]], David Levy co-founded the International Computer Chess Association [[ICCA]] - [[Ben Mittman]] was elected as its first president. David Levy organized a lot of computer chess championships, acting as tournament director, reporter or as participant. He was founder and organizer of the [[Computer Olympiad]] and the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_Sports_Olympiad Mind Sports Olympiads].
==President==
From 1986 to 1992, David Levy was president of the ICCA, then vice president until 1999 and since then until the present president again, since 2002 of the renamed [[ICGA]] <ref>[http://ilk.uvt.nl/icga/organisation/welcome.php A Welcome from the ICGA President]</ref> .
=Computer Chess and AI Business=
==Intelligent Software==
In 1979, along with his business partner [[Kevin O’Connell]], David Levy founded [[Philidor Software]], and in 1981 [[Intelligent Software]] <ref>[[Tony Harrington]] ('''1983'''). ''Intelligent Software''. [[Personal Computer World]], [http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/html/publication_archive_1983.html April 1983], [http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/PCW_April_1983.pdf pdf] hosted by [[Mike Watters]]</ref> . Business was developing and trading [[Dedicated Chess Computers|dedicated chess computers]] <ref>[http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/html/scisys_chess_computers_1979-19.html SciSys Chess Computers 1979-1986] from [http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/index.html Chess Computer UK] by [[Mike Watters]]</ref> <ref>[http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/html/intelligent_chess.html SciSys Intelligent Chess] from [http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/index.html Chess Computer UK] by [[Mike Watters]]</ref> and programs for home computers and PCs. Intelligent Software had several computer chess programmers under contract, [[Mark Taylor]], [[David Broughton]], [[Mike Johnson]], [[Richard Lang]] and a Checkers programmer called [[Martin Bryant]] <ref>[http://www.schach-computer.info/wiki/index.php/Levy,_David David Levy interview] from [http://www.schach-computer.info/wiki/index.php/Hauptseite_En Schachcomputer.info - Wiki]</ref> . Primary business and trading partners were [[Eric Winkler]] <ref>[http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/html/chess_computers_-_the_uk_story.html Chess Computers - The UK Story] from [http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/index.html Chess Computer UK] by [[Mike Watters]]</ref> and [[Eric White]] <ref>[http://www.schaakcomputers.nl/hein_veldhuis/database/files/Millennium%20information.pdf De firma Millennium 2000 GmbH Hegener & Weiner in vogelvlucht] by [[Hein Veldhuis]], Dutch and German pdf</ref> with their respective companies.
==Intelligent Toys==
David Levy is now [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Executive_Officer CEO] of [[Intelligent Toys Ltd.]], a London-based company founded in 2001 that develops toys that incorporate [[Artificial Intelligence|AI]], and led the teams that won the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loebner_Prize Loebner Prize] two times in 1997 and 2009 <ref>[http://www.worldsbestchatbot.com/ Home of the Worlds Best Chat Bot]</ref> <ref>[http://www.worldsbestchatbot.com/Corporate_History Corporate History]</ref> .
=Programs=
Levy is mentioned as co-author <ref>[https://www.game-ai-forum.org/icga-tournaments/person.php?id=387 David Levy's ICGA Tournaments]</ref> of following chess programs, competing at ICCA-tournaments, while he actually was not a programmer but advisor:
* [[Cyrus 68K]]
* [[Intelligent Chess Software]]
* [[Moby]]
* [[Philidor]]
* [[CXG Sphinx|The Sphinx]]
=Man vs. Machine=
* [[Levy versus Chess 1978]]
* [[Levy versus Chess 1978#1979|Levy versus Chess 1979]] ([[WCCC 1986#Video|WCCC 1986 Video]] at 3:52)
* [[Advances in Computer Chess 4#LevyCrayBlitz|Levy versus Cray Blitz 1984]]
* [[Levy versus Deep Thought 1989]]
=See also=
* [[Advances in Computer Games 13#Video|Advances in Computer Games 13 - Video]]
* [[ICGA Investigations]]
* [[History#AIPerspective|The History of Computer Chess - an AI Perspective - Video]]
* [[WCCC 1977#Video|The Mind Machines - WCCC 1977 Video]]
* [[WCCC 1986#Video|WCCC 1986 Video]] at 3:52 ([[Levy versus Chess 1978#1979|Levy versus Chess 1979]])
=Selected Publications=
<ref>[http://ilk.uvt.nl/icga/journal/docs/References.pdf ICGA Reference Database] (pdf)</ref> <ref>[http://www.amazon.com/s?ie=UTF8&applicationContextPath=%2Fgp%2Fsearch%2Fconstruct-application-context.mi&search-type=ss&index=books&field-author=David%20N.%20L.%20Levy&page=1 Books by David N. L. Levy] from [http://www.amazon.com/ amazon]</ref> <ref>[http://www.allbookstores.com/author/David_N_L_Levy.html Books by David Levy] from [http://www.allbookstores.com/ Bookstores.com]</ref>
==1976 ...==
* [[Jean Hayes Michie|Jean E. Hayes]], [[David Levy]] ('''1976'''). ''The world computer chess championship, Stockholm 1974''. University Press (Edinburgh) ISBN 0852242859
* [[David Levy]] ('''1976'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-642-85538-2 Chess and Computers]''. Batsford
* [[David Levy]] ('''1976'''). ''1975 U.S. Computer chess championship''. Computer Science Press » [[ACM 1975]]
* [[David Levy]] ('''1977'''). ''1976 US Computer Chess Championship''. Computer Science Press, Woodland Hills, CA » [[ACM 1976]]
* [[David Levy]] ('''1978'''). ''ACM '78''. [[ICGA Journal#1_1|ICCA Newsletter, Vol. 1, No. 1]] » [[ACM 1978]]
* [[David Levy]] ('''1978'''). ''[[Levy versus Chess 1978|How I won]]''. [[ICGA Journal#1_2|ICCA Newsletter, Vol. 1, No. 2]]
* [[David Levy]] ('''1978'''). ''The PCW Microcomputer Chess Championships'', [[Personal Computer World]], November 1978, [http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/PCW-MCC_1978.pdf pdf] <ref>[http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/html/publication_archive.html Publication Archive] from [http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/index.html Chess Computer UK] by [[Mike Watters]]</ref>
* [[David Levy]] ('''1979'''). ''Computer and Chess - How the monster thinks''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektor Elektor], January 1979 <ref>[http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/html/publication_archive.html Publication Archive] from [http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/index.html Chess Computer UK] by [[Mike Watters]]</ref>
* [[David Levy]] ('''1979'''). ''How I beat the monster''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektor Elektor], January 1979
* [[Mathematician#AGottlieb|Allan Gottlieb]], [[Peter W. Frey]], [[David Levy]], [[Johann Joss]] ('''1979'''). Letters on ''Handicapping Computer Chess Programs'', [[ICGA Journal#2_1|ICCA Newsletter, Vol. 2, No. 1]]
* [[David Levy]] ('''1979'''). ''Chess Programming - Before You Begin''. [[Personal Computer World]], May 1979
==1980 ...==
* [[David Levy]] ('''1980'''). ''[http://archive.org/stream/creativecomputing-1980-04/Creative_Computing_v06_n04_1980_Apr#page/n117/mode/2up Intelligent Games]''. [[Creative Computing]], Vol. 6, No. 4, hosted by the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive Internet Archive]
* [[David Levy]], [[Ben Mittman]], [[Monroe Newborn]] ('''1980'''). ''3rd World Computer Chess Championship''. [[ICGA Journal#3_3|ICCA Newsletter, Vol. 3, No. 3]] » [[WCCC 1980]]
* [[David Levy]], [[Kevin O’Connell]] ('''1981'''). ''The Best Chess Computer Yet?'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHESS_magazine Chess], July 1981 » [[Philidor]] <ref>''The Best Chess Computer Yet?'' [http://www.flickr.com/photos/10261668@N05/5856426830/in/photostream part 1], [http://www.flickr.com/photos/10261668@N05/5855873337/in/photostream part 2], [http://www.flickr.com/photos/10261668@N05/5855873365/in/photostream part 3] by [[Steve Blincoe|Chewbanta]]</ref>
* [[David Levy]], [[Kevin O’Connell]] ('''1981'''). ''A New World Champion''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHESS_magazine Chess], October/November 1981 » [[WMCCC 1981]] <ref>[http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/html/publication_archive.html Publication Archive] from [http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/index.html Chess Computer UK] by [[Mike Watters]]</ref>
* [[David Levy]], [[Monroe Newborn]] ('''1981'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-642-85538-2 More Chess and Computers, The Microcomputer Revolution, The Challenge Match]''. Computer Science Press, Inc., Potomac, Maryland. ISBN 0-914894-07-2
* [[David Levy]], [[Monroe Newborn]] ('''1982, 1983'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-642-85538-2 All About Chess and Computers]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media Springer]
: [[David Levy]] ('''1982'''). ''Robots''. Translation of [[Henri Vigneron]] ('''1914'''). ''Les Automates''. also in [[David Levy]] (ed.) ('''1988'''). ''[[Computer Chess Compendium]]'', pp. 273-278. [http://cyberneticzoo.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/Levy-Torres-Vigneron-Translation.pdf pdf] from [http://cyberneticzoo.com/ cyberneticzoo.com] » [[El Ajedrecista]]
* [[David Levy]] ('''1983'''). ''Computer Gamesmanship: Elements of Intelligent Game Design''. Simon & Schuster, ISBN 0-671-49532-1.
* [[David Levy]] ('''1984'''). ''Chess Master versus Computer''. [[ICGA Journal#7_2|ICCA Journal, Vol. 7, No. 2]]
==1985 ...==
* [[David Levy]] ('''1986'''). ''When will Brute Force Programs beat Kasparov?'' [[ICGA Journal#9_2|ICCA Journal, Vol. 9, No. 2]]
* [[David Levy]] ('''1986'''). ''ICCA's Future''. [[ICGA Journal#9_2|ICCA Journal, Vol. 9, No. 2]] » [[ICCA]]
* [[David Levy]] (ed.) ('''1988'''). ''[[Computer Chess Compendium]]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anova_Books Batsford], London
* [[David Levy]] (ed.) ('''1988'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4613-8716-9 Computer Games I]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media Springer], ISBN: 978-1-4613-8718-3
* [[David Levy]] (ed.) ('''1988'''). ''[http://www.springer.com/computer/ai/book/978-1-4613-8756-5 Computer Games II]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media Springer], ISBN: 978-1-4613-8756-5
* [[David Levy]] ('''1988'''). ''8th World Microcomputer Chess Championship''. [[ICGA Journal#11_4|ICCA Journal, Vol. 11, No. 4]] » [[WMCCC 1988]]
* [[David Levy]], [[David Broughton]], [[Mark Taylor]] ('''1989'''). ''The SEX Algorithm in Computer Chess''. [[ICGA Journal#12_1|ICCA Journal, Vol. 12, No. 1]] » [[SEX Algorithm]]
* [[David Levy]] ('''1989'''). ''Evaluation Functions from Chess Endgame Databases''. [[WCCC 1989#Workshop|Workshop on New Directions in Game-Tree Search]]
* [[David Levy]] ('''1989'''). ''The Netherlands versus the Computer World''. [[ICGA Journal#12_2|ICCA Journal, Vol. 12, No. 2]] » [[Netherlands-vs-Computers-1989]]
* [[Jaap van den Herik]], [[David Levy]] ('''1989'''). ''Disqualification at Portorož''. [[ICGA Journal#12_4|ICCA Journal, Vol. 12, No. 4]] » [[WMCCC 1989]]
* [[David Levy]] ('''1989'''). ''The 20th North American Computer-Chess Championship''. [[ICGA Journal#12_4|ICCA Journal, Vol. 12, No. 4]] » [[ACM 1989]]
* [[David Levy]], [[Don Beal]] (eds.) ('''1989'''). ''Heuristic Programming in Artificial Intelligence - The First Computer Olympiad''. Ellis Horwood » [[1st Computer Olympiad#Workshop|1st Computer Olympiad]]
==1990 ...==
* [[David Levy]] ('''1990'''). ''The End of an Era''. [[ICGA Journal#13_1|ICCA Journal, Vol. 13, No. 1]] » [[Levy versus Deep Thought 1989]]
* [[David Levy]] ('''1990'''). ''How Will Chess Programs Beat Kasparov''? [[Computers, Chess, and Cognition]]
* [[David Levy]], [[Don Beal]] (Eds.) ('''1991'''). ''Heuristic Programming in Artificial Intelligence - The Second Computer Olympiad''. Ellis Horwood » [[2nd Computer Olympiad#Workshop|2nd Computer Olympiad]]
* [[David Levy]], [[Monroe Newborn]] ('''1991'''). ''How Computers Play Chess''. Freeman & Co. ISBN 0-7167-8121-2
* [[David Levy]] ('''1991'''). ''First Among Equals.'' [[ICGA Journal#14_3|ICCA Journal, Vol. 14, No. 3]]
* [[David Levy]], [[Harry Nefkens]] ('''1992'''). ''Before Databases''. [[ICGA Journal#15_1|ICCA Journal, Vol. 15, No. 1]]
* [[David Levy]] ('''1994'''). ''Straight on to Kasparov''. [[ICGA Journal#17-2|ICCA Journal, Vol. 17, No. 2]]
==1995 ...==
* [[David Levy]] ('''1995'''). ''Extrapolation and Speculation.'' [[ICGA Journal#18_3|ICCA Journal, Vol. 18, No. 3]]
* [[David Levy]] ('''1997'''). ''Crystal Balls: The Meta-Science of Prediction in Computer Chess''. [[ICGA Journal#20-2|ICCA Journal, Vol. 20, No. 2]]
==2000 ...==
* [[David Levy]] ('''2002'''). ''[http://ilk.uvt.nl/icga/journal/contents/content25-3.htm#ICCA%20BECOMES%20ICGA ICCA BECOMES ICGA]''. [[ICGA Journal#25_3|ICGA Journal, Vol. 25, No. 3]]
* [[David Levy]] ('''2002'''). ''[http://ilk.uvt.nl/icga/journal/contents/content25-3.htm#SOME%20COMMENTS%20ON%20REALIZATION%20PROBABILITIES SOME COMMENTS ON REALIZATION PROBABILITIES AND THE SEX ALGORITHM]''. [[ICGA Journal#25_3|ICGA Journal, Vol. 25, No. 3]] <ref>[[Yoshimasa Tsuruoka]], [[Daisaku Yokoyama]], [[Takashi Chikayama]] ('''2002'''). ''[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.2.9258 Game-Tree Search Algorithm based on Realization Probability]''. [[ICGA Journal#25_3|ICGA Journal, Vol. 25, No. 3]], [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.2.9258&rep=rep1&type=pdf pdf], [http://www-tsujii.is.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~tsuruoka/papers/icga02.pdf pdf]</ref>
* [[David Levy]] ('''2003'''). ''[http://ilk.uvt.nl/icga/journal/contents/content26-1.htm#MANMACHINE The State of the Art in Man vs. “Machine” Chess]''. [[ICGA Journal#26_1|ICGA Journal, Vol. 26, No. 1]] » [[Kasparov versus Deep Junior 2003]]
* [[David Levy]] ('''2003'''). ''Kasparov vs X3D Fritz''. [[ICGA Journal#26_4|ICGA Journal, Vol. 26, No. 4]] » [[Kasparov versus X3D Fritz 2003]]
==2005 ...==
* [[ChessBase]], the Editor, [[John Nunn]], [[David Levy]] ('''2005'''). ''Adams Outclassed by HYDRA''. [[ICGA Journal#28_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 28, No. 2]] » [[Hydra]]
* [[David Levy]] ('''2005'''). ''Man vs. Machine – What Next?'' [[ICGA Journal#28_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 28, No. 2]]
* [[David Levy]] ('''2005'''). ''[http://www.akpeters.com/robotsunlimited/ Robots Unlimited: Life in a Virtual Age]''. AK Peters ISBN: 978-1-56881-239-7
* [[David Levy]] ('''2005'''). ''[[Man vs Machine Team Championship#2005|The 2nd Bilbao Man vs. Machine Team Championship]]''. [[ICGA Journal#28_4|ICGA Journal, Vol. 28, No. 4]]
* [[David Levy]] ('''2007'''). ''[http://www.harpercollins.com/books/Love-Sex-With-Robots-David-Levy/?isbn=9780061359804 Love and Sex With Robots: The Evolution of Human-Robot Relationships]''. Harper Collins ISBN: 978-0-06156-212-9, [http://www.amazon.com/Love-Sex-Robots-Human-Robot-Relationships/dp/0061359750 amazon], [http://www.amazon.com/Love-Sex-Robots-Human-Robot-Relationships/dp/1433247402 Audiobook MP3 CD from amazon]
* [[David Levy]] ('''2007'''). ''Obituary Donald Michie (1923-2007)''. [[ICGA Journal#30_3|ICGA Journal, Vol. 30, No. 3]] » [[Donald Michie]]
* [[David Levy]] ('''2009'''). ''Mikhail Donskoy - An Obituary''. [[ICGA Journal#32_1|ICGA Journal, Vol. 32, No. 1]] » [[Mikhail Donskoy]]
* [[David Levy]], [[Monroe Newborn|Monty Newborn]] ('''2009'''). ''How Computers Play Chess''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishi_Press Ishi Press], [http://www.amazon.com/Computers-Play-Chess-David-Levy/dp/4871878015/ref=sr_1_1 amazon]
==2010 ...==
* [[David Levy]] ('''2011'''). ''Attack of the Clones''. [[ICGA Journal#34_1|ICGA Journal, Vol. 34, No. 1]] <ref>[http://www.chessvibes.com/?q=reports/attack-of-the-clones Attack of the clones : ChessVibes] by David Levy, 19 February, 2011</ref>
* [[David Levy]] ('''2011'''). ''Rybka Disqualified and Banned from World Computer Chess Championships''. [[ICGA Journal#34_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 34, No. 2]] » [[Rybka]]
* [[David Levy]] ('''2011'''). ''A Very Sad Case''. [[ICGA Journal#34-2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 34, No. 2]] » [[ICGA Investigations]]
* [[David Levy]] ('''2012'''). ''No Miscarriage of Justice - Just Biased Reporting''. [http://www.harveywilliamson.com/ICGA/DL_Rebuttal_to_Riis_article.January7th2012.doc doc] <ref>''[[Søren Riis#Miscarriage|A Gross Miscarriage of Justice in Computer Chess]]'' by [[Søren Riis]]</ref>
* [[David Levy]] ('''2012'''). ''From Computer Games to a Global Brain''. [[ICGA Journal#35_4|ICGA Journal, Vol. 35, No. 4]] <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_brain Global brain from Wikipedia]</ref>
* [[Jaap van den Herik]], [[Aske Plaat]], [[David Levy]], [[Daniel Dimov]] ('''2014'''). ''[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875952114000093 Plagiarism in Game Programming Competitions]''. [http://www.journals.elsevier.com/entertainment-computing/ Entertainment Computing], Vol. 5, No. 3, [http://askeplaat.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/the-application-of-the-icga-rules-v15.pdf pdf preprint]
* [[David Levy]] ('''2014'''). ''The RYBKA Case – Progress and Verdict''. [[ICGA Journal#37_4|ICGA Journal, Vol. 37, No. 4]] » [[Rybka Controversy]]
==2015 ...==
* [[David Levy]] ('''2015'''). ''The "Horizon Effect" in Politics''. [[ICGA Journal#38_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 38, No. 2]] » [[Horizon Effect]]
=External Links=
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Levy_%28chess_player%29 David Levy from Wikipedia]
* [https://www.game-ai-forum.org/icga-tournaments/person.php?id=387 David Levy's ICGA Tournaments]
* [http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/html/chess_computers_-_the_uk_story.html Chess Computers - The UK Story] from [http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/index.html Chess Computer UK] by [[Mike Watters]]
* [http://www.schach-computer.info/wiki/index.php/Levy,_David David Levy interview] from [http://www.schach-computer.info/wiki/index.php/Hauptseite_En Schachcomputer.info - Wiki]
* [http://www.othello.dk/book/index.php/David_Levy David Levy - The Othello Wiki Book Project]
* [http://www.zxsoftware.co.uk/8bitgamer/?p=31 The History of 8bit Gaming in the UK - Popular Computing Weekly 11-17 Aug 1983]
* [http://www.powells.com/blog/?author=178 Author Archive: David Levy] from [http://www.powells.com/blog/ Powell's Blog]
* [http://www.chessedinburgh.co.uk/chandlerarticle.php?ChandID=197 Chandler Cornered Chess Sci-Fi + Traitors Mate + Blunder Table] covering David Levy by [http://www.chessedinburgh.co.uk/ Chess Edinburgh]
* [http://www.olimpbase.org/players/lx1l9bvp.html Levy, David Neil Lawrence(Scotland) Men's Chess Olympiads]
* [http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessplayer?pid=16097 David Levy's games] at [http://www.chessgames.com/index.html chessgames.com]
* [http://www.365chess.com/players/David_Neil_Lawrence_Levy David Neil Lawrence Levy chess games] at [http://www.365chess.com/ 365Chess.com]
* [http://www.kingpinchess.net/?p=1523 David Levy on the Brain Games Scandal, 2000-2003] from [http://www.kingpinchess.net/ Kingpin Chess Magazine — the satirical chess magazine]
* [http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=1372 David Levy on Kasparov vs X3D Fritz], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], December 21, 2003
* [http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=3075 Robots unlimited – life in a virtual age], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], May 02, 2006
* [http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=3092 Elections 2006: Does democracy work in FIDE?] by [[David Levy]], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], May 11, 2006
* [http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=3155 Breaking news: Kirsan Ilyumzhinov reelected] by [[David Levy]], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], June 02, 2006
* [http://gilkalai.wordpress.com/2008/06/25/amir-ban-on-deep-junior/ Amir Ban on Deep Junior] from [http://gilkalai.wordpress.com/ Combinatorics and more - Gil Kalai’s blog]
* [http://www.akpeters.com/robotsunlimited/ Robots Unlimited: Life in a Virtual Age] full Bibliography by David Levy
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riz_Khan Riz Khan] Love and sex with robots - February 12, 2008, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube YouTube] Video
: {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K7FENChv6v4|alignment=left|valignment=top}}
* [http://www.chessvibes.com/?q=reports/attack-of-the-clones Attack of the clones : ChessVibes] by David Levy, 19 February, 2011 » [[Rybka]], [[Fruit]], [[Strelka]]
* [http://sexuality.about.com/od/sexandtechnology/a/david_levy.htm David Levy - Sex with Robots] An Interview with Author David Levy by [http://sexuality.about.com/bio/Cory-Silverberg-17133.htm Cory Silverberg], [http://www.about.com/ About.com], May 18, 2011
* [http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=7899 ICGA/Rybka controversy: An interview with David Levy (1)], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], February 06, 2012
: [http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=7908 ICGA/Rybka controversy: An interview with David Levy (2)], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], February 10, 2012
=References=
<references />
'''[[People|Up one level]]'''
