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Created page with "'''Home * Engines * The Bernstein Chess Program''' FILE:bernstein-alex.1958.l02645391.ibm-archives.jpg|border|right|thumb|link=http://www.computerhistory...."
'''[[Main Page|Home]] * [[Engines]] * The Bernstein Chess Program'''
[[FILE:bernstein-alex.1958.l02645391.ibm-archives.jpg|border|right|thumb|link=http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=stl-431614f6482e6| [[Alex Bernstein]], [[IBM 704]] console <ref>[http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=stl-431614f6482e6 IBM programmer Alex Bernstein] 1958 Courtesy of [[IBM]] Archives from [[The Computer History Museum]]</ref> ]]
'''The Bernstein Chess Program''',<br/>
was the first complete chess program, developed in [[Timeline#1957|1957]] at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_Bureau_Corporation Service Bureau Corporation], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Avenue Madison] & [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/59th_Street_%28Manhattan%29 59th Street], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan Manhattan], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City New York City] <ref>[http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1958/11/29/runner-up-4 Runner-Up - The New Yorker - November 29, 1958]</ref>, by chess player and programmer at [[IBM]], [[Alex Bernstein]] with his colleagues [[Michael de V. Roberts]], [[Timothy Arbuckle]] and [[Martin Belsky]], supported by chess advisor [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Bisguier Arthur Bisguier] <ref>[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Bisguier Arthur Bisguier from Wikipedia.de] (German)</ref>, who became IBM employee at that time and in 1957 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Grandmaster international chess grandmaster], and supervised by [[Nathaniel Rochester]] <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Rochester_%28computer_scientist%29 Nathaniel Rochester (computer scientist) from Wikipedia]</ref>.
=Shannon Type B=
The Bernstein Chess Program was the prototype of a selective forward pruning, [[Type B Strategy|Shannon Type B]] program. On an [[IBM 704]], one of the last vacuum tube computers, it searched four [[Ply|plies]] [[Minimax|minimax]] in around 8 minutes, considering seven most plausible moves from each position and [[Evaluation|evaluated]] [[Material|material]], [[Mobility|mobility]], [[Square Control|area control]] and [[King Safety|king defense]] <ref>[[Alex Bernstein]], [[Michael de V. Roberts]] ('''1958'''). ''[http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=doc-431614f690f16 Computer vs. Chess-Player]''. [[Scientific American]], Vol. 198, pp. 96-105. [http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/text/2-2.Computer_V_ChessPlayer.Bernstein_Roberts.Scientific_American.June-1958/Computer_V_ChessPlayer.Bernstein_Roberts.Scientific_American.June-1958.062303059.sm.pdf pdf] from [[The Computer History Museum]], reprinted in [[Computer Chess Compendium]] by [[David Levy]]</ref>.
=Publications=
* [[Alex Bernstein]], [[Michael de V. Roberts]] ('''1958'''). ''[http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=doc-431614f690f16 Computer vs. Chess-Player]''. [[Scientific American]], Vol. 198, pp. 96-105. [http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/text/2-2.Computer_V_ChessPlayer.Bernstein_Roberts.Scientific_American.June-1958/Computer_V_ChessPlayer.Bernstein_Roberts.Scientific_American.June-1958.062303059.sm.pdf pdf] from [[The Computer History Museum]], reprinted 1988 in [[Computer Chess Compendium]]
* [[Alex Bernstein ]] ('''1958'''). ''[http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=doc-4316153963418 A Chess Playing Program for the IBM 704]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_Review Chess Review] July 1958, [http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/text/2-2.Chess_Review.A_Chess_Playing_Program_for_the_IBM_704.Bernstein.1958/Chess_Review.A_Chess_Playing_Program_for_the_IBM_704.Bernstein.July-1958.062303058.sm.pdf pdf] from [[The Computer History Museum]]
* [[Alex Bernstein]], [[Michael de V. Roberts]], [[Timothy Arbuckle]], [[Martin Belsky]] ('''1958'''). ''[http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=doc-431e18a41d415 A chess playing program for the IBM 704]''. Proceedings of the 1958 Western Joint Computer Conference, pp. 157-159, Los Angeles, California. [http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/text/2-2.A_Chess_Playing_Program_for_the_IBM_704.Bernstein_Roberts_Arbuckle_Belsky/A_Chess_Playing_Program_for_the_IBM_704.Bernstein_Roberts_Arbuckle_Belsky.062303011.pdf pdf] from [[The Computer History Museum]]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Leiber Fritz Leiber] ('''1962'''). ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Leiber_bibliography#Short_stories The 64-Square Madhouse]''. [http://www.unz.org/Pub/WorldsIfSF-1962may-00064 Worlds of If] <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=49858 Fritz Leiber's "The 64-Square Madhouse"] by [[Ian Osgood]], [[CCC]], October 28, 2013</ref>
=External Links=
* [http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/search.php?more=&submitted=1&keywords=Bernstein&x=34&y=7&all=all&item_document=item_document&item_moving_image=item_moving_image&item_artifact=item_artifact&item_still_image=item_still_image&item_oral_history=item_oral_history&item_software=item_software The Bernstein Chess Program] from [[The Computer History Museum]]
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20071221115817/http://classicchess.googlepages.com/Chess.htm Classic Computer Chess - ... The programs of yesteryear] by [[Carey Bloodworth|Carey]], hosted by the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive Internet Archive] <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=56938&start=2 Re: Old programs CHAOS and USC] by [[Dann Corbit]], [[CCC]], July 11, 2015</ref>
* [http://www.gettyimages.de/search/2/image?phrase=IBM+704&editorialproducts=timelife&family=editorial Photos] by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Feininger Andreas Feininger], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getty_Images Getty Images]
* [http://www.research.ibm.com/deepblue/reference/html/i.3.html Chess Pieces - IBM Research] the [[Deep Blue]] site
* [http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1958/11/29/runner-up-4 Runner-Up - The New Yorker - November 29, 1958]
* Alex Bernstein: ''juega al ajedrez con un'' IBM 704 (Thinking Machines), [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube YouTube] Video
: {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NUjiUR0ZH58|alignment=left|valignment=top}}
=References=
<references />
'''[[Engines|Up one Level]]'''
[[FILE:bernstein-alex.1958.l02645391.ibm-archives.jpg|border|right|thumb|link=http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=stl-431614f6482e6| [[Alex Bernstein]], [[IBM 704]] console <ref>[http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=stl-431614f6482e6 IBM programmer Alex Bernstein] 1958 Courtesy of [[IBM]] Archives from [[The Computer History Museum]]</ref> ]]
'''The Bernstein Chess Program''',<br/>
was the first complete chess program, developed in [[Timeline#1957|1957]] at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_Bureau_Corporation Service Bureau Corporation], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Avenue Madison] & [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/59th_Street_%28Manhattan%29 59th Street], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan Manhattan], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City New York City] <ref>[http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1958/11/29/runner-up-4 Runner-Up - The New Yorker - November 29, 1958]</ref>, by chess player and programmer at [[IBM]], [[Alex Bernstein]] with his colleagues [[Michael de V. Roberts]], [[Timothy Arbuckle]] and [[Martin Belsky]], supported by chess advisor [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Bisguier Arthur Bisguier] <ref>[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Bisguier Arthur Bisguier from Wikipedia.de] (German)</ref>, who became IBM employee at that time and in 1957 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Grandmaster international chess grandmaster], and supervised by [[Nathaniel Rochester]] <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Rochester_%28computer_scientist%29 Nathaniel Rochester (computer scientist) from Wikipedia]</ref>.
=Shannon Type B=
The Bernstein Chess Program was the prototype of a selective forward pruning, [[Type B Strategy|Shannon Type B]] program. On an [[IBM 704]], one of the last vacuum tube computers, it searched four [[Ply|plies]] [[Minimax|minimax]] in around 8 minutes, considering seven most plausible moves from each position and [[Evaluation|evaluated]] [[Material|material]], [[Mobility|mobility]], [[Square Control|area control]] and [[King Safety|king defense]] <ref>[[Alex Bernstein]], [[Michael de V. Roberts]] ('''1958'''). ''[http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=doc-431614f690f16 Computer vs. Chess-Player]''. [[Scientific American]], Vol. 198, pp. 96-105. [http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/text/2-2.Computer_V_ChessPlayer.Bernstein_Roberts.Scientific_American.June-1958/Computer_V_ChessPlayer.Bernstein_Roberts.Scientific_American.June-1958.062303059.sm.pdf pdf] from [[The Computer History Museum]], reprinted in [[Computer Chess Compendium]] by [[David Levy]]</ref>.
=Publications=
* [[Alex Bernstein]], [[Michael de V. Roberts]] ('''1958'''). ''[http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=doc-431614f690f16 Computer vs. Chess-Player]''. [[Scientific American]], Vol. 198, pp. 96-105. [http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/text/2-2.Computer_V_ChessPlayer.Bernstein_Roberts.Scientific_American.June-1958/Computer_V_ChessPlayer.Bernstein_Roberts.Scientific_American.June-1958.062303059.sm.pdf pdf] from [[The Computer History Museum]], reprinted 1988 in [[Computer Chess Compendium]]
* [[Alex Bernstein ]] ('''1958'''). ''[http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=doc-4316153963418 A Chess Playing Program for the IBM 704]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_Review Chess Review] July 1958, [http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/text/2-2.Chess_Review.A_Chess_Playing_Program_for_the_IBM_704.Bernstein.1958/Chess_Review.A_Chess_Playing_Program_for_the_IBM_704.Bernstein.July-1958.062303058.sm.pdf pdf] from [[The Computer History Museum]]
* [[Alex Bernstein]], [[Michael de V. Roberts]], [[Timothy Arbuckle]], [[Martin Belsky]] ('''1958'''). ''[http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=doc-431e18a41d415 A chess playing program for the IBM 704]''. Proceedings of the 1958 Western Joint Computer Conference, pp. 157-159, Los Angeles, California. [http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/text/2-2.A_Chess_Playing_Program_for_the_IBM_704.Bernstein_Roberts_Arbuckle_Belsky/A_Chess_Playing_Program_for_the_IBM_704.Bernstein_Roberts_Arbuckle_Belsky.062303011.pdf pdf] from [[The Computer History Museum]]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Leiber Fritz Leiber] ('''1962'''). ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Leiber_bibliography#Short_stories The 64-Square Madhouse]''. [http://www.unz.org/Pub/WorldsIfSF-1962may-00064 Worlds of If] <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=49858 Fritz Leiber's "The 64-Square Madhouse"] by [[Ian Osgood]], [[CCC]], October 28, 2013</ref>
=External Links=
* [http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/search.php?more=&submitted=1&keywords=Bernstein&x=34&y=7&all=all&item_document=item_document&item_moving_image=item_moving_image&item_artifact=item_artifact&item_still_image=item_still_image&item_oral_history=item_oral_history&item_software=item_software The Bernstein Chess Program] from [[The Computer History Museum]]
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20071221115817/http://classicchess.googlepages.com/Chess.htm Classic Computer Chess - ... The programs of yesteryear] by [[Carey Bloodworth|Carey]], hosted by the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive Internet Archive] <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=56938&start=2 Re: Old programs CHAOS and USC] by [[Dann Corbit]], [[CCC]], July 11, 2015</ref>
* [http://www.gettyimages.de/search/2/image?phrase=IBM+704&editorialproducts=timelife&family=editorial Photos] by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Feininger Andreas Feininger], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getty_Images Getty Images]
* [http://www.research.ibm.com/deepblue/reference/html/i.3.html Chess Pieces - IBM Research] the [[Deep Blue]] site
* [http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1958/11/29/runner-up-4 Runner-Up - The New Yorker - November 29, 1958]
* Alex Bernstein: ''juega al ajedrez con un'' IBM 704 (Thinking Machines), [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube YouTube] Video
: {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NUjiUR0ZH58|alignment=left|valignment=top}}
=References=
<references />
'''[[Engines|Up one Level]]'''
