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'''[[Main Page|Home]] * [[People]] * Simona Tancig'''
[[FILE:Simona Tancig.jpg|border|right|thumb|link=https://www.simpoziji.jivatma.si/predstavitev_simona_tancig.php| Simona Tancig <ref>[https://www.simpoziji.jivatma.si/predstavitev_simona_tancig.php Predstavitev: Simona Tancig]</ref> ]]
'''Simona Tancig''', <br/>
a Slovenian [[Psychology|psychologist]], since 1991 associate professor of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_psychology developmental psychology] at Faculty of Education of [[University of Ljubljana]], where she already received her Ph.D. in psychology in 1983 with the thesis title ''Some Cognitive Processes in the Game of Chess'' <ref>[[Simona Tancig]] ('''1983'''). ''[http://books.google.com/books/about/Nekateri_kognitivni_procesi_v_%C5%A1ahovski.html?id=41VDNAAACAAJ&redir_esc=y Nekateri kognitivni procesi v šahovski igri]''. Some Cognitive Processes in the Game of Chess. Ph.D. thesis, [[University of Ljubljana]] (Slovenian)</ref>.
She was the main researcher and collaborator at multiple research projects in the areas of [[Cognition|cognition]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_making decision making], [[Learning|learning]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education education], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychomotor_learning psychomotor development], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_cognition mathematical cognition].
Her current research interests are in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacognition metacognition], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-regulated_learning self-regulation], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborative_learning collaborative learning] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expert_system expert knowledge], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embodied_cognition embodiment] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empathy empathy] <ref>[http://www.pef.uni-lj.si/index.php?id=475 Faculty of Education: EAEN Conference: Dr. Simona Tancig]</ref>. In 2010, Simona Tancig received the [https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagrada_Republike_Slovenije_na_podro%C4%8Dju_%C5%A1olstva Award of the Republic of Slovenia in the field of education].
<span id="ChessExperiment"></span>
=Chess experiments=
Along with [[Ivan Bratko]] and [[Peter Tancig]] in the early 80s, Simona Tancig researched on cognitive processes in the game of chess and on detection of positional patterns and [[Chunking|chunks]]. Similar to the attempts of [[Adriaan de Groot]] <ref> [[Adriaan de Groot]] ('''1965, 1978'''). ''Thought and Choice in Chess''. Mouton & Co Publishers </ref>, and [[William Chase]] and [[Herbert Simon]] <ref>[[William Chase]], [[Herbert Simon]] ('''1973'''). ''[http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1974-08328-004 The Mind’s Eye in Chess]''. Visual Information Processing: Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Carnegie Psychology Symposium (ed. W. G. Chase), pp. 215-281. Academic Press, New York. Reprinted ('''1988''') in Readings in Cognitive Science (ed. A.M. Collins). Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, CA. </ref> <ref>[[William Chase]], [[Herbert Simon]] ('''1973'''). ''[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0010028573900042 Perception in chess]''. [http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/622807/description#description Cognitive Psychology], Vol. 4, No. 1, [http://matt.colorado.edu/teaching/highcog/fall8/cs73.pdf pdf]</ref>, they conducted experiments where chess players had to reconstruct complicated [[Middlegame|middlegame]] [[Chess Position|positions]] after a short view on diagrams, with the novel aspects of collective reconstruction, as published in the [[ICGA Journal|ICCA Journal]] <ref>[[Ivan Bratko]], [[Peter Tancig]], [[Simona Tancig]] ('''1984'''). ''[[Simona Tancig#ChessExperiment|Detection of Positional Patterns in Chess]]''. [[ICGA Journal|ICCA Journal]], Vol. 7, No. 2, (abridged version)</ref> and [[Advances in Computer Chess 4]].
24 positions were chosen from a chess magazine with 28 [[Pieces|pieces]] on average.
The positions were of four types according to the [[Opening|opening]] from which the position arose (6 each [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruy_Lopez Ruy Lopez], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Defence Sicilian], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Indian_Defence King's Indian] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Indian_Defense Queen's Indian]).
20 players in two groups were the subjects, one group rated from 2300 to over 2500, the second from 1800 to 2100.
==Reconstruction Factor==
The success of reconstruction was measured by the so-called reconstruction factor:
[[FILE:ReconstructionFactor.png|140px|none|text-bottom]]
where P is the set of pieces (including the square information) in the original, and R is the set of pieces in the reconstructed position, with 0 <= F <= 1. Using a standard [[Bitboard Board-Definition|bitboard board-definition]] with arrays of 12 [[Bitboards|bitboards]] for each [[Pieces#PieceTypeCoding|piece-type]] and [[Color|color]], the reconstruction factor could be calculated with following routine aggregating [[Population Count|population counts]] of [[General Setwise Operations#Intersection|intersections]] and [[General Setwise Operations#Union|unions]], and the final [[Double|double floating point]] division:
<pre>
double reconstructionFactor(const BitBoard* P, const BitBoard* R) {
int i = 0, u = 0;
for (int pt = 0; pt < 12; pt++) {
i += popcount(P[pt] & R[pt]);
u += popcount(P[pt] | R[pt]);
}
return (i == u) ? 1.0 : ((double) i / (double) u); /* considers i == u == 0 */
}
</pre>
The measure is different from those used by De Groot, Chase and Simon. Its advantage is that it not only rewards correctly recalled pieces, but it also penalizes incorrectly added pieces, where the previous used measure was not sensitive of.
==Individual Results==
Following individual reconstruction results were determined for the two groups:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Group
! n
! F
! [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_deviation Std.dev] x √n
! Std.dev in F
|-
! 1
| style="text-align:center;" | 240
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.552
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.205
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.013
|-
! 2
| style="text-align:center;" | 240
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.236
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.131
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.008
|}
For each piece type the table indicates that pawns play a major role in human positional perception:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Piece type
! Group 1
! Group 2
|-
| [[King]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.785
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.354
|-
| [[Pawn]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.565
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.255
|-
| [[Queen]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.464
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.143
|-
| [[Rook]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.462
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.274
|-
| [[Bishop]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.439
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.082
|-
| [[Knight]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.383
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.107
|}
=See also=
* [[Chunking]]
* [[Cognition]]
* [[Psychology]]
=Selected Publications=
* [[Peter Tancig]], [[Simona Tancig]] ('''1976'''). ''[https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1978-26430-001 Analysis of symbolic structures with computers]''. Revija za Psihologiju, Vol. 6, No. 1-2
* [[Simona Tancig]] ('''1983'''). ''[https://books.google.com/books/about/Nekateri_kognitivni_procesi_v_%C5%A1ahovski.html?id=41VDNAAACAAJ&redir_esc=y Nekateri kognitivni procesi v šahovski igri]''. Some Cognitive Processes in the Game of Chess. Ph.D. thesis, [[University of Ljubljana]] (Slovenian)
* [[Ivan Bratko]], [[Peter Tancig]], [[Simona Tancig]] ('''1984'''). ''[[#ChessExperiment|Detection of Positional Patterns in Chess]]''. [[ICGA Journal|ICCA Journal]], Vol. 7, No. 2 (abridged version)
* [[Ivan Bratko]], [[Peter Tancig]], [[Simona Tancig]] ('''1986'''). ''[[#ChessExperiment|Detection of Positional Patterns in Chess]]''. [[Advances in Computer Chess 4]] (full paper)
* [[Simona Tancig]] ('''2009'''). ''Expert Team Decision Making and Problem Solving: Development and Learning''. in Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems, Vol. 7, No. 2, [http://www.indecs.eu/2009/indecs_7_2.pdf pdf]
=External Links=
* [http://www.pef.uni-lj.si/index.php?id=475 Faculty of Education: EAEN Conference: Dr. Simona Tancig]
* [http://www.pef.uni-lj.si/index.php?id=628 Pedagoška fakulteta: Simona Tancig] (Slovenian)
* [https://www.simpoziji.jivatma.si/predstavitev_simona_tancig.php Predstavitev: Simona Tancig]
=References=
<references />
'''[[People|Up one level]]'''
[[Category:Researcher|Tancig]]
[[FILE:Simona Tancig.jpg|border|right|thumb|link=https://www.simpoziji.jivatma.si/predstavitev_simona_tancig.php| Simona Tancig <ref>[https://www.simpoziji.jivatma.si/predstavitev_simona_tancig.php Predstavitev: Simona Tancig]</ref> ]]
'''Simona Tancig''', <br/>
a Slovenian [[Psychology|psychologist]], since 1991 associate professor of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_psychology developmental psychology] at Faculty of Education of [[University of Ljubljana]], where she already received her Ph.D. in psychology in 1983 with the thesis title ''Some Cognitive Processes in the Game of Chess'' <ref>[[Simona Tancig]] ('''1983'''). ''[http://books.google.com/books/about/Nekateri_kognitivni_procesi_v_%C5%A1ahovski.html?id=41VDNAAACAAJ&redir_esc=y Nekateri kognitivni procesi v šahovski igri]''. Some Cognitive Processes in the Game of Chess. Ph.D. thesis, [[University of Ljubljana]] (Slovenian)</ref>.
She was the main researcher and collaborator at multiple research projects in the areas of [[Cognition|cognition]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_making decision making], [[Learning|learning]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education education], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychomotor_learning psychomotor development], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_cognition mathematical cognition].
Her current research interests are in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacognition metacognition], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-regulated_learning self-regulation], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborative_learning collaborative learning] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expert_system expert knowledge], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embodied_cognition embodiment] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empathy empathy] <ref>[http://www.pef.uni-lj.si/index.php?id=475 Faculty of Education: EAEN Conference: Dr. Simona Tancig]</ref>. In 2010, Simona Tancig received the [https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagrada_Republike_Slovenije_na_podro%C4%8Dju_%C5%A1olstva Award of the Republic of Slovenia in the field of education].
<span id="ChessExperiment"></span>
=Chess experiments=
Along with [[Ivan Bratko]] and [[Peter Tancig]] in the early 80s, Simona Tancig researched on cognitive processes in the game of chess and on detection of positional patterns and [[Chunking|chunks]]. Similar to the attempts of [[Adriaan de Groot]] <ref> [[Adriaan de Groot]] ('''1965, 1978'''). ''Thought and Choice in Chess''. Mouton & Co Publishers </ref>, and [[William Chase]] and [[Herbert Simon]] <ref>[[William Chase]], [[Herbert Simon]] ('''1973'''). ''[http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1974-08328-004 The Mind’s Eye in Chess]''. Visual Information Processing: Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Carnegie Psychology Symposium (ed. W. G. Chase), pp. 215-281. Academic Press, New York. Reprinted ('''1988''') in Readings in Cognitive Science (ed. A.M. Collins). Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, CA. </ref> <ref>[[William Chase]], [[Herbert Simon]] ('''1973'''). ''[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0010028573900042 Perception in chess]''. [http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/622807/description#description Cognitive Psychology], Vol. 4, No. 1, [http://matt.colorado.edu/teaching/highcog/fall8/cs73.pdf pdf]</ref>, they conducted experiments where chess players had to reconstruct complicated [[Middlegame|middlegame]] [[Chess Position|positions]] after a short view on diagrams, with the novel aspects of collective reconstruction, as published in the [[ICGA Journal|ICCA Journal]] <ref>[[Ivan Bratko]], [[Peter Tancig]], [[Simona Tancig]] ('''1984'''). ''[[Simona Tancig#ChessExperiment|Detection of Positional Patterns in Chess]]''. [[ICGA Journal|ICCA Journal]], Vol. 7, No. 2, (abridged version)</ref> and [[Advances in Computer Chess 4]].
24 positions were chosen from a chess magazine with 28 [[Pieces|pieces]] on average.
The positions were of four types according to the [[Opening|opening]] from which the position arose (6 each [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruy_Lopez Ruy Lopez], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Defence Sicilian], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Indian_Defence King's Indian] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Indian_Defense Queen's Indian]).
20 players in two groups were the subjects, one group rated from 2300 to over 2500, the second from 1800 to 2100.
==Reconstruction Factor==
The success of reconstruction was measured by the so-called reconstruction factor:
[[FILE:ReconstructionFactor.png|140px|none|text-bottom]]
where P is the set of pieces (including the square information) in the original, and R is the set of pieces in the reconstructed position, with 0 <= F <= 1. Using a standard [[Bitboard Board-Definition|bitboard board-definition]] with arrays of 12 [[Bitboards|bitboards]] for each [[Pieces#PieceTypeCoding|piece-type]] and [[Color|color]], the reconstruction factor could be calculated with following routine aggregating [[Population Count|population counts]] of [[General Setwise Operations#Intersection|intersections]] and [[General Setwise Operations#Union|unions]], and the final [[Double|double floating point]] division:
<pre>
double reconstructionFactor(const BitBoard* P, const BitBoard* R) {
int i = 0, u = 0;
for (int pt = 0; pt < 12; pt++) {
i += popcount(P[pt] & R[pt]);
u += popcount(P[pt] | R[pt]);
}
return (i == u) ? 1.0 : ((double) i / (double) u); /* considers i == u == 0 */
}
</pre>
The measure is different from those used by De Groot, Chase and Simon. Its advantage is that it not only rewards correctly recalled pieces, but it also penalizes incorrectly added pieces, where the previous used measure was not sensitive of.
==Individual Results==
Following individual reconstruction results were determined for the two groups:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Group
! n
! F
! [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_deviation Std.dev] x √n
! Std.dev in F
|-
! 1
| style="text-align:center;" | 240
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.552
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.205
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.013
|-
! 2
| style="text-align:center;" | 240
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.236
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.131
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.008
|}
For each piece type the table indicates that pawns play a major role in human positional perception:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Piece type
! Group 1
! Group 2
|-
| [[King]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.785
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.354
|-
| [[Pawn]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.565
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.255
|-
| [[Queen]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.464
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.143
|-
| [[Rook]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.462
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.274
|-
| [[Bishop]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.439
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.082
|-
| [[Knight]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.383
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.107
|}
=See also=
* [[Chunking]]
* [[Cognition]]
* [[Psychology]]
=Selected Publications=
* [[Peter Tancig]], [[Simona Tancig]] ('''1976'''). ''[https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1978-26430-001 Analysis of symbolic structures with computers]''. Revija za Psihologiju, Vol. 6, No. 1-2
* [[Simona Tancig]] ('''1983'''). ''[https://books.google.com/books/about/Nekateri_kognitivni_procesi_v_%C5%A1ahovski.html?id=41VDNAAACAAJ&redir_esc=y Nekateri kognitivni procesi v šahovski igri]''. Some Cognitive Processes in the Game of Chess. Ph.D. thesis, [[University of Ljubljana]] (Slovenian)
* [[Ivan Bratko]], [[Peter Tancig]], [[Simona Tancig]] ('''1984'''). ''[[#ChessExperiment|Detection of Positional Patterns in Chess]]''. [[ICGA Journal|ICCA Journal]], Vol. 7, No. 2 (abridged version)
* [[Ivan Bratko]], [[Peter Tancig]], [[Simona Tancig]] ('''1986'''). ''[[#ChessExperiment|Detection of Positional Patterns in Chess]]''. [[Advances in Computer Chess 4]] (full paper)
* [[Simona Tancig]] ('''2009'''). ''Expert Team Decision Making and Problem Solving: Development and Learning''. in Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems, Vol. 7, No. 2, [http://www.indecs.eu/2009/indecs_7_2.pdf pdf]
=External Links=
* [http://www.pef.uni-lj.si/index.php?id=475 Faculty of Education: EAEN Conference: Dr. Simona Tancig]
* [http://www.pef.uni-lj.si/index.php?id=628 Pedagoška fakulteta: Simona Tancig] (Slovenian)
* [https://www.simpoziji.jivatma.si/predstavitev_simona_tancig.php Predstavitev: Simona Tancig]
=References=
<references />
'''[[People|Up one level]]'''
[[Category:Researcher|Tancig]]
