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Created page with "'''Home * History''' '''History''' of Computer Chess - about ancient programs, computer chess pioneers and chess programming history. =Early Theorists= <galle..."
'''[[Main Page|Home]] * History'''
'''History''' of Computer Chess - about ancient programs, computer chess pioneers and chess programming history.
=Early Theorists=
<gallery perrow="3">
File:Zermelo.jpeg|[[Ernst Zermelo]]<br/>1871 - 1953
File:norbert_wiener_3.jpg|[[Norbert Wiener]]<br/>1894 - 1964
File:JvNeumann.jpg|[[John von Neumann]]<br/>1903 - 1957
File:Zuse.JPG|[[Konrad Zuse]]<br/>1910 - 1995
File:Alan_Turing_photo.jpg|[[Alan Turing]]<br/>1912 - 1954
File:Claude_Elwood_Shannon.jpg|[[Claude Shannon]]<br/>1916 - 2001
</gallery>
=Famous Historic Computers and Programs=
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
! Computer - Program
! Author(s)
! Year
! Features
|-
| [[El Ajedrecista]]
| [[Leonardo Torres y Quevedo]]
| [[Timeline#1912|1912]]
| Electro-mechanical [[KRK]] Solver
|-
| [[Turochamp]]
| [[Alan Turing]], [[David Champernowne]]
| [[Timeline#1948|1948]]
| "paper machine"
|-
| [[Machiavelli]]
| [[Donald Michie]], [[Shaun Wylie]]
| [[Timeline#1948|1948]]
| "paper machine"
|-
| [[Tihamér Nemes#Machine|Nemes' Chess Machine]]
| [[Tihamér Nemes]]
| [[Timeline#1949|1949]]
| Design of electro-mechanical Mate-in-two Solver
|-
| [[Claude Shannon|Shannon's Chess Machine]]
| [[Claude Shannon]]
| [[Timeline#1950|1950]]
| Relay-based chess machine
|-
| [[Mate-in-two]]
| [[Dietrich Prinz]]
| [[Timeline#1951|1951]]
| Mate-in-two Solver
|-
| [[MANIAC I]]
| [[Stanislaw Ulam]] et al.
| [[Timeline#1956|1956]]
| [[Los Alamos Chess]] 6*6 board
|-
| [[The Bernstein Chess Program]]
| [[Alex Bernstein]] et al.
| [[Timeline#1958|1958]]
| [[Type B Strategy|Shannon Type B]]
|-
| [[NSS|NSS Chess Program]]
| [[Allen Newell]], [[Cliff Shaw]], [[Herbert Simon]]
| [[Timeline#1958|1958]]
| [[Type B Strategy|Shannon Type B]], [[Alpha-Beta]] approx.
|-
| [[Kotok-McCarthy-Program]]
| [[Alan Kotok]], [[John McCarthy]] et al.
| [[Timeline#1962|1962]]
| [[Type B Strategy|Shannon Type B]], [[Alpha-Beta]]
|-
| [[ITEP Chess Program]]
| [[Georgy Adelson-Velsky]] et al.
| [[Timeline#1963|1963]]
| [[Type A Strategy|Shannon Type A]], [[Alpha-Beta]]
|-
| [[Mac Hack|The Greenblatt Chess Program]]
| [[Richard Greenblatt]] et al.
| [[Timeline#1967|1967]]
| [[Type B Strategy|Shannon Type B]], [[Transposition Table]], [[Opening Book]]
|-
| [[Tech|The Technology Chess Program]]
| [[James Gillogly]] et al.
| [[Timeline#1970|1970]]
| [[Type A Strategy|Shannon Type A]], [[Pondering]]
|-
| [[Kaissa]]
| [[Mikhail Donskoy]] et al.
| [[Timeline#1970|1970]]
| [[Type A Strategy|Shannon Type A]], [[Bitboards]], [[Null Move Pruning]]
|-
| [[Chess (Program)|Chess 4.0]]
| [[David Slate]], [[Larry Atkin]]
| [[Timeline#1973|1973]]
| [[Type A Strategy|Shannon Type A]], [[Bitboards]]
|-
| [[Belle]]
| [[Ken Thompson]], [[Joe Condon]]
| [[Timeline#1978|1978]]
| [[Type A Strategy|Shannon Type A]], [[Hardware|Chess Hardware]]
|-
| [[Cray Blitz]]
| [[Robert Hyatt]], [[Albert Gower]], [[Harry Nelson]]
| [[Timeline#1983|1983]]
| [[Type A Strategy|Shannon Type A]], [[Dynamic Tree Splitting]]
|-
| [[HiTech]]
| [[Hans Berliner]] et al.
| [[Timeline#1985|1985]]
| [[Alpha-Beta]] or [[B*]], [[Hardware|Chess Hardware]]
|-
| [[Deep Thought]]
| [[Feng-hsiung Hsu]] et al.
| [[Timeline#1986|1986]]
| [[Type A Strategy|Shannon Type A]], [[Hardware|Chess Hardware]]
|}
=Famous Matches=
* [[Stanford-ITEP Match]]
* [[Levy versus Chess 1978]]
* [[Kasparov versus Deep Blue 1996]]
* [[Kasparov versus Deep Blue 1997]]
: [[Kasparov versus Deep Blue 1997#TheMachine|The Machine]]
=Tournaments=
* [[ACM North American Computer Chess Championship]] since 1970
* [[World Computer Chess Championship]] since 1974
=People=
''Pioneers in Computer Chess and [[Artificial Intelligence]]'':
* [[Georgy Adelson-Velsky]]
* [[Alex Bernstein]]
* [[Mikhail Botvinnik]]
* [[Alexander Brudno]]
* [[Edward Feigenbaum]]
* [[Edward Fredkin]]
* [[Jack Good]]
* [[Donald Knuth]]
* [[Alexander Kronrod]]
* [[John McCarthy]]
* [[Donald Michie]]
* [[Marvin Minsky]]
* [[Tihamér Nemes]]
* [[John von Neumann]]
* [[Allen Newell]]
* [[John Pasta]]
* [[Dietrich Prinz]]
* [[Arthur Samuel]]
* [[Claude Shannon]]
* [[Cliff Shaw]]
* [[Mikhail R. Shura-Bura]]
* [[Herbert Simon]]
* [[Christopher Strachey]]
* [[Leonardo Torres y Quevedo]]
* [[Alan Turing]]
* [[Stanislaw Ulam]]
* [[Norbert Wiener]]
* [[Ernst Zermelo]]
* [[Konrad Zuse]]
=Chess Programming History=
* [[Minimax#History|History of Minimax]]
* [[Alpha-Beta#HistoryAlphaBeta|History of Alpha-Beta]]
* [[Principal Variation Search#History|History of Principal Variation Search]]
* [[Retrograde Analysis#History|History of Retrograde Analysis]]
* [[Bitboards#BitboardHistory|Bitboard History]]
* [[Null Move Pruning#History|History of Null Move Pruning]]
=Museums=
''related to Computer Chess History'':
* [[The Computer History Museum]]
* [[Heinz Nixdorf MuseumsForum]]
* [[Russian Virtual Computer Museum]]
=See also=
* [[Mathematician]]
=Publications=
* [[Alexander Reinefeld]] ('''2005'''). ''Die Entwicklung der Spielprogrammierung: Von John von Neumann bis zu den hochparallelen Schachmaschinen''. [http://www.informatik.hu-berlin.de/studium/ringvorlesung/ss05/slides/05-06-02.pdf slides as pdf], Themen der Informatik im historischen Kontext Ringvorlesung an der [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin HU Berlin], 02.06.2005 (English paper, German title)
* [[Jill Cirasella]], [[Danny Kopec]] ('''2006'''). ''The History of Computer Games''. [https://jillcirasella.commons.gc.cuny.edu/files/2014/05/computer_games_handout.pdf pdf]
* [http://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/author/dspicer/ Dag Spicer], [http://www.computerhistory.org/staff/kirsten-tashev/ Kirsten Tashev] ('''2006'''). ''The Quest to build a Thinking Machine - A History of Computer Chess''. [http://s3data.computerhistory.org/core/core-2006.pdf Core 5.1] a publication of [[The Computer History Museum]]
=Forum Posts=
* [http://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=105970 What Chess programs existed in the '60s?] by Pete Galati, [[CCC]], April 13, 2000
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=46760 Computer Chess History, a lot of links inside] by [[Vincent Lejeune]], January 04, 2013
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=48797 Checkmate: IBM’s Deep Blue Team Discuss the World Comp Chess] by [[Vincent Lejeune]], July 30, 2013
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=56938 Old programs CHAOS and USC] by Eugene Piercy, [[CCC]], July 11, 2015
: [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=56938&start=2 Re: Old programs CHAOS and USC] by [[Dann Corbit]], [[CCC]], July 11, 2015
=External Links=
==History of AI==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_artificial_intelligence History of artificial intelligence from Wikipedia] » [[Artificial Intelligence]]
* [http://www.stottlerhenke.com/ai_general/history.htm History of Artificial Intelligence] from [http://www.stottlerhenke.com/index.htm Stottler Henke, Inc.]
* [http://philipps-welt.info/AI_history.htm Short History of Computing, AI and Robotics] by Philipp Schaumann
* [http://www.macalester.edu/psychology/whathap/ubnrp/intelligence05/MMhistory.html The “Modern” History of Artificial Intelligence and Programs] from [http://www.macalester.edu/academics/psychology/whathap/ubnrp/intelligence05/index.html Neuroscience Of Intelligence]
* [http://www.ecst.csuchico.edu/%7Eamk/foo/AIGames/notes/history.html Early History Artificial Intelligence and Games]
==History of Computer Chess==
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20071221115817/http://classicchess.googlepages.com/Chess.htm Classic Computer Chess - ... The programs of yesteryear] by [[Carey Bloodworth|Carey]], hosted by the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive Internet Archive] <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=56938&start=2 Re: Old programs CHAOS and USC] by [[Dann Corbit]], [[CCC]], July 11, 2015</ref>
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_chess#Chronology Computer chess chronology (1729-2011) in Wikipedia]
* [http://s3data.computerhistory.org/core/core-2006.pdf Core 5.1 Computer Chess] (pdf) from [[The Computer History Museum]]
* [http://www.drdobbs.com/high-performance-computing/184405171 Computer Chess: The Drosophila of AI] by [[L. Stephen Coles]], October 30, 2002, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Dobb%27s_Journal Dr. Dobbs]
* [http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/html/chess_computers_-_the_uk_story.html Chess Computers - The UK Story] from [http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/index.html Chess Computer UK] by [[Mike Watters]]
* [http://www.csvn.nl/index.php/historie-mainmenu-38 Computer Chess History Pages], [[CSVN]]
* [http://www.cs.toronto.edu/%7Ebrudno/essays/cchess.pdf Competitions, Controversies, and Computer Chess] (pdf) by [http://www.cs.toronto.edu/%7Ebrudno/ Michael Brudno] (May 2000)
* [http://www.blitzchess.fr/fr/histo/lespremiersautomates/index.html Les premiers automates], [http://www.blitzchess.fr/ blitzchess.fr] (French)
* [http://members.home.nl/matador/chess820.htm|Historic Pictures]] from the Rebel site of [[Ed Schroder|Ed Schröder]]
* [http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/index.php History of Computer Chess] from [[The Computer History Museum]]
* [[#AIPerspective]][http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102651382 The History of Computer Chess - an AI Perspective], September 08, 2005, [[The Computer History Museum]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube YouTube] Video no longer available <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?p=209262 An Oldie but a Goodie] by [[Stuart Cracraft]], [[CCC]], August 16, 2008</ref>
: [[Murray Campbell]], [[Edward Feigenbaum]], [[David Levy]], [[John McCarthy]], [[Monroe Newborn|Monty Newborn]]
* [https://thebestschools.org/magazine/brief-history-of-computer-chess/ A Brief History of Computer Chess | The Best Schools] by [https://evolutionnews.org/author/elarson/ Erik J. Larson]
* [https://de.chessbase.com/post/20-halbzuege-nach-30-millionen-jahren "20 Halbzüge nach 30 Millionen Jahren"] by [[Stephan Oliver Platz]], [[ChessBase|ChessBase Nachrichten]], November 20, 2017 (German) incorporated in
: [https://en.chessbase.com/post/tcec-superfinal-houdini-vs-komodo TCEC: Superfinal Houdini vs Komodo] by [[Stephan Oliver Platz]], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], November 23, 2017 » [[TCEC Season 10]]
==<span id="ComputerChess"></span>Computer Chess - A Movie==
* [http://www.usaprojects.org/project/computer_chess Computer Chess" by Andrew Bujalski - Media, Visual Arts - USA Projects - Artist Fundraising & Advocacy] » [[ACM North American Computer Chess Championship]]
* [http://www.computerchessmovie.com/index.html Compter Chess - A Movie] by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Bujalski Andrew Bujalski], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundance_Film_Festival Sundance Film Festival], 2013 <ref>[http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=8792 Computer Chess – the movie], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], January 21, 2013</ref>
* [http://www.cine-vue.com/2013/02/berlin-film-festival-2013-computer.html Berlin Film Festival 2013: 'Computer Chess' review] <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_International_Film_Festival Berlin International Film Festival - Wikipedia]</ref> <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=47230 they made a movie about us...] by [[Thorsten Czub]], [[CCC]], February 15, 2013</ref> <ref>[http://www.critic.de/film/computer-chess-5172/ Computer Chess | Film | Kritik | critic.de] (German)</ref>
* [http://filmguide.sundance.org/film/13102/computer_chess Computer Chess - Festival Program | Sundance Institute]
* [https://www.facebook.com/ComputerChess Computer Chess | Facebook]
* Computer Chess Official Trailer 1 (2013) - Comedy Movie HD, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube YouTube] Video
: {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NuGT_L13bQ8|alignment=left|valignment=top}}
* [http://worldsciencefestival.com/videos/panel_discussion_from_the_film_screening_icheckmate_i Checkmate: Members of IBM’s Deep Blue Team Discuss the World of Computer Chess], June 1, 2013 » [[Murray Campbell]], [[Deep Blue]]
=References=
<references />
=What links here?=
'''[[Main Page|Up one level]]'''
'''History''' of Computer Chess - about ancient programs, computer chess pioneers and chess programming history.
=Early Theorists=
<gallery perrow="3">
File:Zermelo.jpeg|[[Ernst Zermelo]]<br/>1871 - 1953
File:norbert_wiener_3.jpg|[[Norbert Wiener]]<br/>1894 - 1964
File:JvNeumann.jpg|[[John von Neumann]]<br/>1903 - 1957
File:Zuse.JPG|[[Konrad Zuse]]<br/>1910 - 1995
File:Alan_Turing_photo.jpg|[[Alan Turing]]<br/>1912 - 1954
File:Claude_Elwood_Shannon.jpg|[[Claude Shannon]]<br/>1916 - 2001
</gallery>
=Famous Historic Computers and Programs=
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
! Computer - Program
! Author(s)
! Year
! Features
|-
| [[El Ajedrecista]]
| [[Leonardo Torres y Quevedo]]
| [[Timeline#1912|1912]]
| Electro-mechanical [[KRK]] Solver
|-
| [[Turochamp]]
| [[Alan Turing]], [[David Champernowne]]
| [[Timeline#1948|1948]]
| "paper machine"
|-
| [[Machiavelli]]
| [[Donald Michie]], [[Shaun Wylie]]
| [[Timeline#1948|1948]]
| "paper machine"
|-
| [[Tihamér Nemes#Machine|Nemes' Chess Machine]]
| [[Tihamér Nemes]]
| [[Timeline#1949|1949]]
| Design of electro-mechanical Mate-in-two Solver
|-
| [[Claude Shannon|Shannon's Chess Machine]]
| [[Claude Shannon]]
| [[Timeline#1950|1950]]
| Relay-based chess machine
|-
| [[Mate-in-two]]
| [[Dietrich Prinz]]
| [[Timeline#1951|1951]]
| Mate-in-two Solver
|-
| [[MANIAC I]]
| [[Stanislaw Ulam]] et al.
| [[Timeline#1956|1956]]
| [[Los Alamos Chess]] 6*6 board
|-
| [[The Bernstein Chess Program]]
| [[Alex Bernstein]] et al.
| [[Timeline#1958|1958]]
| [[Type B Strategy|Shannon Type B]]
|-
| [[NSS|NSS Chess Program]]
| [[Allen Newell]], [[Cliff Shaw]], [[Herbert Simon]]
| [[Timeline#1958|1958]]
| [[Type B Strategy|Shannon Type B]], [[Alpha-Beta]] approx.
|-
| [[Kotok-McCarthy-Program]]
| [[Alan Kotok]], [[John McCarthy]] et al.
| [[Timeline#1962|1962]]
| [[Type B Strategy|Shannon Type B]], [[Alpha-Beta]]
|-
| [[ITEP Chess Program]]
| [[Georgy Adelson-Velsky]] et al.
| [[Timeline#1963|1963]]
| [[Type A Strategy|Shannon Type A]], [[Alpha-Beta]]
|-
| [[Mac Hack|The Greenblatt Chess Program]]
| [[Richard Greenblatt]] et al.
| [[Timeline#1967|1967]]
| [[Type B Strategy|Shannon Type B]], [[Transposition Table]], [[Opening Book]]
|-
| [[Tech|The Technology Chess Program]]
| [[James Gillogly]] et al.
| [[Timeline#1970|1970]]
| [[Type A Strategy|Shannon Type A]], [[Pondering]]
|-
| [[Kaissa]]
| [[Mikhail Donskoy]] et al.
| [[Timeline#1970|1970]]
| [[Type A Strategy|Shannon Type A]], [[Bitboards]], [[Null Move Pruning]]
|-
| [[Chess (Program)|Chess 4.0]]
| [[David Slate]], [[Larry Atkin]]
| [[Timeline#1973|1973]]
| [[Type A Strategy|Shannon Type A]], [[Bitboards]]
|-
| [[Belle]]
| [[Ken Thompson]], [[Joe Condon]]
| [[Timeline#1978|1978]]
| [[Type A Strategy|Shannon Type A]], [[Hardware|Chess Hardware]]
|-
| [[Cray Blitz]]
| [[Robert Hyatt]], [[Albert Gower]], [[Harry Nelson]]
| [[Timeline#1983|1983]]
| [[Type A Strategy|Shannon Type A]], [[Dynamic Tree Splitting]]
|-
| [[HiTech]]
| [[Hans Berliner]] et al.
| [[Timeline#1985|1985]]
| [[Alpha-Beta]] or [[B*]], [[Hardware|Chess Hardware]]
|-
| [[Deep Thought]]
| [[Feng-hsiung Hsu]] et al.
| [[Timeline#1986|1986]]
| [[Type A Strategy|Shannon Type A]], [[Hardware|Chess Hardware]]
|}
=Famous Matches=
* [[Stanford-ITEP Match]]
* [[Levy versus Chess 1978]]
* [[Kasparov versus Deep Blue 1996]]
* [[Kasparov versus Deep Blue 1997]]
: [[Kasparov versus Deep Blue 1997#TheMachine|The Machine]]
=Tournaments=
* [[ACM North American Computer Chess Championship]] since 1970
* [[World Computer Chess Championship]] since 1974
=People=
''Pioneers in Computer Chess and [[Artificial Intelligence]]'':
* [[Georgy Adelson-Velsky]]
* [[Alex Bernstein]]
* [[Mikhail Botvinnik]]
* [[Alexander Brudno]]
* [[Edward Feigenbaum]]
* [[Edward Fredkin]]
* [[Jack Good]]
* [[Donald Knuth]]
* [[Alexander Kronrod]]
* [[John McCarthy]]
* [[Donald Michie]]
* [[Marvin Minsky]]
* [[Tihamér Nemes]]
* [[John von Neumann]]
* [[Allen Newell]]
* [[John Pasta]]
* [[Dietrich Prinz]]
* [[Arthur Samuel]]
* [[Claude Shannon]]
* [[Cliff Shaw]]
* [[Mikhail R. Shura-Bura]]
* [[Herbert Simon]]
* [[Christopher Strachey]]
* [[Leonardo Torres y Quevedo]]
* [[Alan Turing]]
* [[Stanislaw Ulam]]
* [[Norbert Wiener]]
* [[Ernst Zermelo]]
* [[Konrad Zuse]]
=Chess Programming History=
* [[Minimax#History|History of Minimax]]
* [[Alpha-Beta#HistoryAlphaBeta|History of Alpha-Beta]]
* [[Principal Variation Search#History|History of Principal Variation Search]]
* [[Retrograde Analysis#History|History of Retrograde Analysis]]
* [[Bitboards#BitboardHistory|Bitboard History]]
* [[Null Move Pruning#History|History of Null Move Pruning]]
=Museums=
''related to Computer Chess History'':
* [[The Computer History Museum]]
* [[Heinz Nixdorf MuseumsForum]]
* [[Russian Virtual Computer Museum]]
=See also=
* [[Mathematician]]
=Publications=
* [[Alexander Reinefeld]] ('''2005'''). ''Die Entwicklung der Spielprogrammierung: Von John von Neumann bis zu den hochparallelen Schachmaschinen''. [http://www.informatik.hu-berlin.de/studium/ringvorlesung/ss05/slides/05-06-02.pdf slides as pdf], Themen der Informatik im historischen Kontext Ringvorlesung an der [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin HU Berlin], 02.06.2005 (English paper, German title)
* [[Jill Cirasella]], [[Danny Kopec]] ('''2006'''). ''The History of Computer Games''. [https://jillcirasella.commons.gc.cuny.edu/files/2014/05/computer_games_handout.pdf pdf]
* [http://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/author/dspicer/ Dag Spicer], [http://www.computerhistory.org/staff/kirsten-tashev/ Kirsten Tashev] ('''2006'''). ''The Quest to build a Thinking Machine - A History of Computer Chess''. [http://s3data.computerhistory.org/core/core-2006.pdf Core 5.1] a publication of [[The Computer History Museum]]
=Forum Posts=
* [http://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=105970 What Chess programs existed in the '60s?] by Pete Galati, [[CCC]], April 13, 2000
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=46760 Computer Chess History, a lot of links inside] by [[Vincent Lejeune]], January 04, 2013
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=48797 Checkmate: IBM’s Deep Blue Team Discuss the World Comp Chess] by [[Vincent Lejeune]], July 30, 2013
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=56938 Old programs CHAOS and USC] by Eugene Piercy, [[CCC]], July 11, 2015
: [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=56938&start=2 Re: Old programs CHAOS and USC] by [[Dann Corbit]], [[CCC]], July 11, 2015
=External Links=
==History of AI==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_artificial_intelligence History of artificial intelligence from Wikipedia] » [[Artificial Intelligence]]
* [http://www.stottlerhenke.com/ai_general/history.htm History of Artificial Intelligence] from [http://www.stottlerhenke.com/index.htm Stottler Henke, Inc.]
* [http://philipps-welt.info/AI_history.htm Short History of Computing, AI and Robotics] by Philipp Schaumann
* [http://www.macalester.edu/psychology/whathap/ubnrp/intelligence05/MMhistory.html The “Modern” History of Artificial Intelligence and Programs] from [http://www.macalester.edu/academics/psychology/whathap/ubnrp/intelligence05/index.html Neuroscience Of Intelligence]
* [http://www.ecst.csuchico.edu/%7Eamk/foo/AIGames/notes/history.html Early History Artificial Intelligence and Games]
==History of Computer Chess==
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20071221115817/http://classicchess.googlepages.com/Chess.htm Classic Computer Chess - ... The programs of yesteryear] by [[Carey Bloodworth|Carey]], hosted by the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive Internet Archive] <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=56938&start=2 Re: Old programs CHAOS and USC] by [[Dann Corbit]], [[CCC]], July 11, 2015</ref>
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_chess#Chronology Computer chess chronology (1729-2011) in Wikipedia]
* [http://s3data.computerhistory.org/core/core-2006.pdf Core 5.1 Computer Chess] (pdf) from [[The Computer History Museum]]
* [http://www.drdobbs.com/high-performance-computing/184405171 Computer Chess: The Drosophila of AI] by [[L. Stephen Coles]], October 30, 2002, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Dobb%27s_Journal Dr. Dobbs]
* [http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/html/chess_computers_-_the_uk_story.html Chess Computers - The UK Story] from [http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/index.html Chess Computer UK] by [[Mike Watters]]
* [http://www.csvn.nl/index.php/historie-mainmenu-38 Computer Chess History Pages], [[CSVN]]
* [http://www.cs.toronto.edu/%7Ebrudno/essays/cchess.pdf Competitions, Controversies, and Computer Chess] (pdf) by [http://www.cs.toronto.edu/%7Ebrudno/ Michael Brudno] (May 2000)
* [http://www.blitzchess.fr/fr/histo/lespremiersautomates/index.html Les premiers automates], [http://www.blitzchess.fr/ blitzchess.fr] (French)
* [http://members.home.nl/matador/chess820.htm|Historic Pictures]] from the Rebel site of [[Ed Schroder|Ed Schröder]]
* [http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/index.php History of Computer Chess] from [[The Computer History Museum]]
* [[#AIPerspective]][http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102651382 The History of Computer Chess - an AI Perspective], September 08, 2005, [[The Computer History Museum]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube YouTube] Video no longer available <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?p=209262 An Oldie but a Goodie] by [[Stuart Cracraft]], [[CCC]], August 16, 2008</ref>
: [[Murray Campbell]], [[Edward Feigenbaum]], [[David Levy]], [[John McCarthy]], [[Monroe Newborn|Monty Newborn]]
* [https://thebestschools.org/magazine/brief-history-of-computer-chess/ A Brief History of Computer Chess | The Best Schools] by [https://evolutionnews.org/author/elarson/ Erik J. Larson]
* [https://de.chessbase.com/post/20-halbzuege-nach-30-millionen-jahren "20 Halbzüge nach 30 Millionen Jahren"] by [[Stephan Oliver Platz]], [[ChessBase|ChessBase Nachrichten]], November 20, 2017 (German) incorporated in
: [https://en.chessbase.com/post/tcec-superfinal-houdini-vs-komodo TCEC: Superfinal Houdini vs Komodo] by [[Stephan Oliver Platz]], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], November 23, 2017 » [[TCEC Season 10]]
==<span id="ComputerChess"></span>Computer Chess - A Movie==
* [http://www.usaprojects.org/project/computer_chess Computer Chess" by Andrew Bujalski - Media, Visual Arts - USA Projects - Artist Fundraising & Advocacy] » [[ACM North American Computer Chess Championship]]
* [http://www.computerchessmovie.com/index.html Compter Chess - A Movie] by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Bujalski Andrew Bujalski], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundance_Film_Festival Sundance Film Festival], 2013 <ref>[http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=8792 Computer Chess – the movie], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], January 21, 2013</ref>
* [http://www.cine-vue.com/2013/02/berlin-film-festival-2013-computer.html Berlin Film Festival 2013: 'Computer Chess' review] <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_International_Film_Festival Berlin International Film Festival - Wikipedia]</ref> <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=47230 they made a movie about us...] by [[Thorsten Czub]], [[CCC]], February 15, 2013</ref> <ref>[http://www.critic.de/film/computer-chess-5172/ Computer Chess | Film | Kritik | critic.de] (German)</ref>
* [http://filmguide.sundance.org/film/13102/computer_chess Computer Chess - Festival Program | Sundance Institute]
* [https://www.facebook.com/ComputerChess Computer Chess | Facebook]
* Computer Chess Official Trailer 1 (2013) - Comedy Movie HD, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube YouTube] Video
: {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NuGT_L13bQ8|alignment=left|valignment=top}}
* [http://worldsciencefestival.com/videos/panel_discussion_from_the_film_screening_icheckmate_i Checkmate: Members of IBM’s Deep Blue Team Discuss the World of Computer Chess], June 1, 2013 » [[Murray Campbell]], [[Deep Blue]]
=References=
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