25,161
edits
Changes
Created page with "'''Home * Chess * Tactics * Zugzwang''' '''Zugzwang''' is a position in which it is disadvantageous to move, as every move leads to a worse, and often l..."
'''[[Main Page|Home]] * [[Chess]] * [[Tactics]] * Zugzwang'''
'''Zugzwang''' is a position in which it is disadvantageous to move, as every move leads to a worse, and often lost position. Most of the time it happens in late [[Endgame|endgames]], specially [[Pawn Endgame|pawn endings]], the most obvious example being a [[KPK|KPK endgame]], where [[Opposition|opposition]] can be regarded as a special case of zugzwang.
=Zugzwang and Null Move=
Zugzwang positions are known cause the [[Null Move Pruning]] go wrong. For that reason most programs do not use null move in the late endings. As far as [[Middlegame|middlegame]] positions are concerned, programmers either assume that they happen too rarely to bother with them, or use some sort of [[Null Move Pruning#ZugzwangVerification|verification]] pruning.
<span id="MutualZugzwang"></span>
=Mutual Zugzwang=
Mutual or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zugzwang#Reciprocal_zugzwang reciprocal zugzwang] is a rare position such that who ever is to move is in zugzwang, which may occur in late endings <ref>[http://chess.jaet.org/cgi-bin/mzugs List of All Known Mutual Zugzwangs]</ref>.
=Trébuchet=
A [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zugzwang#Tr.C3.A9buchet Trébuchet] is an extreme winning/losing type of reciprocal zugzwang in [[Pawn Endgame|pawn endgames]], also broached in [[Noam Elkies]] publication ''On numbers and endgames''. <ref>[[Noam Elkies|Noam D. Elkies]] ('''1999'''). ''On numbers and endgames: Combinatorial game theory in chess endgames''. [http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/math/pdf/9905/9905198v1.pdf pdf], differs only in trivial stylistic details from the ('''1996''') version published in [http://library.msri.org/books/Book29/index.html Games of No Chance] edited by [[Richard J. Nowakowski]], [http://www.msri.org/publications/books/Book29/index.html MSRI Publications Volume 29]</ref>.
=See Also=
* [[AlphaZero#ImmortalZugzwang|Alpha Zero's "Immortal Zugzwang Game"]]
* [[Chess Problems, Compositions and Studies]]
* [[Corresponding Squares]]
* [[Null Move Observation]]
* [[Null Move Pruning]]
* [[Null Move Reductions]]
* [[Null Move Test-Positions]], where Null Move may fail due to Zugzwang
* [[Fail-High Reductions]]
* [[Triangulation]]
* [[Zugzwang (Program)]]
=Publications=
<ref>[http://ilk.uvt.nl/icga/journal/docs/References.pdf ICGA Reference Database] (pdf)</ref>
* [[John Roycroft]] ('''1990'''). ''Identifying Three Types of Zugzwang''. [[ICGA Journal#13_4|ICCA Journal, Vol. 13, No. 4]]
* [[Lars Rasmussen]] ('''1991 - 2000'''). ''Mutual Zugzwang Results''. (various) [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EG_%28magazine%29 EG]
* [[Ingo Althöfer]], [[Bernhard Walter]] ('''1994'''). ''Weak Zugzwang: Statistics on some Chess Endgames''. [[ICGA Journal#17_2|ICCA Journal, Vol. 17, No. 2]]
* [[Stefan Plenkner]] ('''1995'''). ''A Null-Move Technique Impervious to Zugzwang.'' [[ICGA Journal#18_2|ICCA Journal, Vol. 18, No. 2]]
* [[Noam Elkies|Noam D. Elkies]] ('''1999'''). ''On numbers and endgames: Combinatorial game theory in chess endgames''. [http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/math/pdf/9905/9905198v1.pdf pdf], differs only in trivial stylistic details from the ('''1996''') version published in [http://library.msri.org/books/Book29/index.html Games of No Chance] edited by [[Richard J. Nowakowski]]
* [[Guy Haworth]], [[Peter Karrer]], [[John Tamplin]], [[Christoph Wirth]] ('''2001'''). ''[http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/4581/ 3-5-man chess: Maximals and mzugs]''. [[ICGA Journal#24_4|ICGA Journal, Vol. 24, No. 4]]
* [[Zvi Retchkiman Königsberg]] ('''2007'''). ''A Combinatorial Game Mathematical Strategy Planning Procedure for a Class of Chess Endgames''. [http://www.m-hikari.com/imf-password2007/65-68-2007/index.html International Mathematical Forum, Vol. 2, No. 68]
* [[Eiko Bleicher]], [[Guy Haworth]] ('''2010'''). ''[http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/4518/ 6-Man Chess and Zugzwangs]''. [[Advances in Computer Games 12]]
* [[Guy Haworth]], [[Harold van der Heijden]], [[Eiko Bleicher]] ('''2011'''). ''Zugzwangs in Chess Studies''. [[ICGA Journal#34_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 34, No. 2]]
=Forum Posts=
==2000 ...==
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=212698 Looking for "Zugzwang" positions] by [[Alex Kure|Alexander Kure]], [[CCC]], February 09, 2002
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=387057 Zugzwang] by Mihaly Szalai, [[CCC]], September 10, 2004
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=391553 New Zugzwang Testsuite] by [[Robert Allgeuer]], [[CCC]], October 14, 2004
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=392369 Zugzwang Test Suite ZPTS - updated version and results of Fruit] by [[Robert Allgeuer]], [[CCC]], October 19, 2004 <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=51249 Zugzwang Test Suite ZPTS by Robert Allgeuer] by Paul Henri, [[CCC]], February 12, 2014</ref>
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=472074 A zugzwang position] by [[Guy Haworth]], [[CCC]], December 21, 2005
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=29873 Null-moves and zugzwang] by [[Luca Hemmerich]], [[CCC]], September 25, 2009
==2010 ...==
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?topic_view=threads&p=361912&t=35338 Re: Mate in 17 revisited] by [[Robert Houdart]], [[CCC]], July 16, 2010
* [http://www.open-chess.org/viewtopic.php?f=5&t=1856 Zugzwang Collection] by [[Franklin Titus|kingliveson]], [[Computer Chess Forums|OpenChess Forum]], February 14, 2012 » [[Engine Testing]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=51071 test position: Rookie-Arasan] by [[Jon Dart]], [[CCC]], January 27, 2014 » [[Arasan]], [[Rookie]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=51249 Zugzwang Test Suite ZPTS by Robert Allgeuer] by Paul Henri, [[CCC]], February 12, 2014 <ref>[https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=392369 Zugzwang Test Suite ZPTS - updated version and results of Fruit] by [[Robert Allgeuer]], [[CCC]], October 19, 2004</ref>
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=58316 static mate/stalemate detection?] by [[Alexandru Mosoi]], [[CCC]], November 21, 2015 » [[Null Move Test-Positions]], [[Stalemate]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=60798 4 old zugzwangs where modern engines still have troubles] by [[Vincent Lejeune]], [[CCC]], July 12, 2016
=External Links=
==Zugzwang==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zugzwang Zugzwang from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?title=Talk:Zugzwang Talk:Zugzwang from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Zugzwang Zugzwang - Wiktionary]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immortal_Zugzwang_Game Immortal Zugzwang Game from Wikipedia]
* [http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/zugzwang.html Zugzwang] by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Winter_%28chess_historian%29 Edward Winter]
* [http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/earliest.html Earliest Occurrences of Chess Terms] by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Winter_%28chess_historian%29 Edward Winter]
==Misc==
* [http://crimealwayspays.blogspot.com/2007/11/chess-interlude-in-which-dominant-queen.html Crime Always Pays: The Chess Bit: In Which A Dominant Queen Bashes The Bishop]
* [http://en.chessbase.com/post/zugzwang-in-kristiansund Zugzwang in Kristiansund], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], September 30, 2010
* [http://catalogo.artium.org/dossieres/1/rudolf-herz/obra/zugzwang Zugzwang - Forced Movement] by [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Herz Rudolf Herz], an artistic thesis on [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_art Modern Art], [[Arts#Duchamp|Duchamp]] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler Hitler], various Exhibitions inter alia at [http://www.kunstvereinruhr.de/ Kunstverein Ruhr], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essen Essen] 1995, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Museum_(Manhattan) The Jewish Museum], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City New York City] 2002, [http://zkm.de/en/event/2015/05/zugzwang panel discussion] at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlsruhe_University_of_Arts_and_Design Karlsruhe University of Arts and Design (HfG)], May 12, 2015
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zugzwang_(musical_work) Zugzwang (musical work) from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Elliott_(musician) Matt Elliott] - Zugzwang, [http://www.fipradio.fr/emissions/live-fip/2016 Live à Fip] (2016), [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube YouTube] Video
: {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fVWeXobk0yk|alignment=left|valignment=top}}
=References=
<references />
'''[[Tactics|Up one Level]]'''
'''Zugzwang''' is a position in which it is disadvantageous to move, as every move leads to a worse, and often lost position. Most of the time it happens in late [[Endgame|endgames]], specially [[Pawn Endgame|pawn endings]], the most obvious example being a [[KPK|KPK endgame]], where [[Opposition|opposition]] can be regarded as a special case of zugzwang.
=Zugzwang and Null Move=
Zugzwang positions are known cause the [[Null Move Pruning]] go wrong. For that reason most programs do not use null move in the late endings. As far as [[Middlegame|middlegame]] positions are concerned, programmers either assume that they happen too rarely to bother with them, or use some sort of [[Null Move Pruning#ZugzwangVerification|verification]] pruning.
<span id="MutualZugzwang"></span>
=Mutual Zugzwang=
Mutual or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zugzwang#Reciprocal_zugzwang reciprocal zugzwang] is a rare position such that who ever is to move is in zugzwang, which may occur in late endings <ref>[http://chess.jaet.org/cgi-bin/mzugs List of All Known Mutual Zugzwangs]</ref>.
=Trébuchet=
A [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zugzwang#Tr.C3.A9buchet Trébuchet] is an extreme winning/losing type of reciprocal zugzwang in [[Pawn Endgame|pawn endgames]], also broached in [[Noam Elkies]] publication ''On numbers and endgames''. <ref>[[Noam Elkies|Noam D. Elkies]] ('''1999'''). ''On numbers and endgames: Combinatorial game theory in chess endgames''. [http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/math/pdf/9905/9905198v1.pdf pdf], differs only in trivial stylistic details from the ('''1996''') version published in [http://library.msri.org/books/Book29/index.html Games of No Chance] edited by [[Richard J. Nowakowski]], [http://www.msri.org/publications/books/Book29/index.html MSRI Publications Volume 29]</ref>.
=See Also=
* [[AlphaZero#ImmortalZugzwang|Alpha Zero's "Immortal Zugzwang Game"]]
* [[Chess Problems, Compositions and Studies]]
* [[Corresponding Squares]]
* [[Null Move Observation]]
* [[Null Move Pruning]]
* [[Null Move Reductions]]
* [[Null Move Test-Positions]], where Null Move may fail due to Zugzwang
* [[Fail-High Reductions]]
* [[Triangulation]]
* [[Zugzwang (Program)]]
=Publications=
<ref>[http://ilk.uvt.nl/icga/journal/docs/References.pdf ICGA Reference Database] (pdf)</ref>
* [[John Roycroft]] ('''1990'''). ''Identifying Three Types of Zugzwang''. [[ICGA Journal#13_4|ICCA Journal, Vol. 13, No. 4]]
* [[Lars Rasmussen]] ('''1991 - 2000'''). ''Mutual Zugzwang Results''. (various) [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EG_%28magazine%29 EG]
* [[Ingo Althöfer]], [[Bernhard Walter]] ('''1994'''). ''Weak Zugzwang: Statistics on some Chess Endgames''. [[ICGA Journal#17_2|ICCA Journal, Vol. 17, No. 2]]
* [[Stefan Plenkner]] ('''1995'''). ''A Null-Move Technique Impervious to Zugzwang.'' [[ICGA Journal#18_2|ICCA Journal, Vol. 18, No. 2]]
* [[Noam Elkies|Noam D. Elkies]] ('''1999'''). ''On numbers and endgames: Combinatorial game theory in chess endgames''. [http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/math/pdf/9905/9905198v1.pdf pdf], differs only in trivial stylistic details from the ('''1996''') version published in [http://library.msri.org/books/Book29/index.html Games of No Chance] edited by [[Richard J. Nowakowski]]
* [[Guy Haworth]], [[Peter Karrer]], [[John Tamplin]], [[Christoph Wirth]] ('''2001'''). ''[http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/4581/ 3-5-man chess: Maximals and mzugs]''. [[ICGA Journal#24_4|ICGA Journal, Vol. 24, No. 4]]
* [[Zvi Retchkiman Königsberg]] ('''2007'''). ''A Combinatorial Game Mathematical Strategy Planning Procedure for a Class of Chess Endgames''. [http://www.m-hikari.com/imf-password2007/65-68-2007/index.html International Mathematical Forum, Vol. 2, No. 68]
* [[Eiko Bleicher]], [[Guy Haworth]] ('''2010'''). ''[http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/4518/ 6-Man Chess and Zugzwangs]''. [[Advances in Computer Games 12]]
* [[Guy Haworth]], [[Harold van der Heijden]], [[Eiko Bleicher]] ('''2011'''). ''Zugzwangs in Chess Studies''. [[ICGA Journal#34_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 34, No. 2]]
=Forum Posts=
==2000 ...==
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=212698 Looking for "Zugzwang" positions] by [[Alex Kure|Alexander Kure]], [[CCC]], February 09, 2002
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=387057 Zugzwang] by Mihaly Szalai, [[CCC]], September 10, 2004
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=391553 New Zugzwang Testsuite] by [[Robert Allgeuer]], [[CCC]], October 14, 2004
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=392369 Zugzwang Test Suite ZPTS - updated version and results of Fruit] by [[Robert Allgeuer]], [[CCC]], October 19, 2004 <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=51249 Zugzwang Test Suite ZPTS by Robert Allgeuer] by Paul Henri, [[CCC]], February 12, 2014</ref>
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=472074 A zugzwang position] by [[Guy Haworth]], [[CCC]], December 21, 2005
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=29873 Null-moves and zugzwang] by [[Luca Hemmerich]], [[CCC]], September 25, 2009
==2010 ...==
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?topic_view=threads&p=361912&t=35338 Re: Mate in 17 revisited] by [[Robert Houdart]], [[CCC]], July 16, 2010
* [http://www.open-chess.org/viewtopic.php?f=5&t=1856 Zugzwang Collection] by [[Franklin Titus|kingliveson]], [[Computer Chess Forums|OpenChess Forum]], February 14, 2012 » [[Engine Testing]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=51071 test position: Rookie-Arasan] by [[Jon Dart]], [[CCC]], January 27, 2014 » [[Arasan]], [[Rookie]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=51249 Zugzwang Test Suite ZPTS by Robert Allgeuer] by Paul Henri, [[CCC]], February 12, 2014 <ref>[https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=392369 Zugzwang Test Suite ZPTS - updated version and results of Fruit] by [[Robert Allgeuer]], [[CCC]], October 19, 2004</ref>
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=58316 static mate/stalemate detection?] by [[Alexandru Mosoi]], [[CCC]], November 21, 2015 » [[Null Move Test-Positions]], [[Stalemate]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=60798 4 old zugzwangs where modern engines still have troubles] by [[Vincent Lejeune]], [[CCC]], July 12, 2016
=External Links=
==Zugzwang==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zugzwang Zugzwang from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?title=Talk:Zugzwang Talk:Zugzwang from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Zugzwang Zugzwang - Wiktionary]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immortal_Zugzwang_Game Immortal Zugzwang Game from Wikipedia]
* [http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/zugzwang.html Zugzwang] by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Winter_%28chess_historian%29 Edward Winter]
* [http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/earliest.html Earliest Occurrences of Chess Terms] by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Winter_%28chess_historian%29 Edward Winter]
==Misc==
* [http://crimealwayspays.blogspot.com/2007/11/chess-interlude-in-which-dominant-queen.html Crime Always Pays: The Chess Bit: In Which A Dominant Queen Bashes The Bishop]
* [http://en.chessbase.com/post/zugzwang-in-kristiansund Zugzwang in Kristiansund], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], September 30, 2010
* [http://catalogo.artium.org/dossieres/1/rudolf-herz/obra/zugzwang Zugzwang - Forced Movement] by [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Herz Rudolf Herz], an artistic thesis on [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_art Modern Art], [[Arts#Duchamp|Duchamp]] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler Hitler], various Exhibitions inter alia at [http://www.kunstvereinruhr.de/ Kunstverein Ruhr], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essen Essen] 1995, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Museum_(Manhattan) The Jewish Museum], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City New York City] 2002, [http://zkm.de/en/event/2015/05/zugzwang panel discussion] at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlsruhe_University_of_Arts_and_Design Karlsruhe University of Arts and Design (HfG)], May 12, 2015
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zugzwang_(musical_work) Zugzwang (musical work) from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Elliott_(musician) Matt Elliott] - Zugzwang, [http://www.fipradio.fr/emissions/live-fip/2016 Live à Fip] (2016), [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube YouTube] Video
: {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fVWeXobk0yk|alignment=left|valignment=top}}
=References=
<references />
'''[[Tactics|Up one Level]]'''
