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Created page with "'''Home * Chess * Tactics''' FILE:Mikhail Tal 1961 Oberhausen.jpg|border|right|thumb|Mikhail Tal <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Tal Mikhail T..."
'''[[Main Page|Home]] * [[Chess]] * Tactics'''
[[FILE:Mikhail Tal 1961 Oberhausen.jpg|border|right|thumb|Mikhail Tal <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Tal Mikhail Tal from Wikipedia], Photo by [[Gerhard Hund]], [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa-Mannschaftsmeisterschaft_im_Schach_1961 European Championship 1961] at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberhausen Oberhausen] ]</ref> a formidable Tactician!]]
'''Tactics''' in chess is the coordinated task in realizing short-term advantage or equilibration, yielding in [[Checkmate|mate]] attack, [[Material|material gain]], or forcing draw in inferior positions. [[Tactical Moves|Tactical moves]] either change the [[Material#Balance|material balance]] immediately, or in a wider sense, threaten to win [[Material|material]] and/or [[Checkmate|checkmate]] considering certain tactical motives. Often tactics of several types are conjoined in a [[Combination|combination]] including short-term [[Sacrifice|sacrifices]]. While tactics is most often a domain of the [[Middlegame|middlegame]], it already appears in various [[Opening|opening lines]], specially [[Gambit|gambits]], very early in the game. During the [[Endgame|endgame]], technical or strategical play seems to dominate, but there are many tactical motives like [[Pursuit|pursuits]], [[Stalemate|stalemate]], [[Zugzwang|zugzwang]], [[Pawns Breakthrough|pawns breakthrough]] and [[Passed Pawn|passed pawns]] to name a few, to be considered there as well.
The concepts of [[Strategy|strategy]] and tactics in chess and other sports are derived from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military military] origins as defined as a fourfold [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy hierarchy] of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategy strategy], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_objective operational objective], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_tactics tactic] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Task task].
=Quotes=
<ref>[http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Chess Chess - Wikiquote]</ref><ref>[http://www.chesscorner.com/quotes/chess_quotes.htm Chess Corner - Chess Quotes]</ref>
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Teichmann Richard Teichmann]: ''Chess is 99 percent tactics''. <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=66302 Is chess still 99% tactics?] by [[Alvaro Cardoso]], [[CCC]], January 11, 2018</ref>
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Abrahams Gerald Abrahams]: ''The tactician knows what to do when there is something to do; whereas the strategian knows what to do when there is nothing to do''.
* [[Max Euwe]]: ''Strategy requires thought, tactics require observation''.
=Tactical Positions=
Tactical [[Chess Position|positions]] usually involve tension and offer tactical motives and moves, possibilities to attack and counter attack kings or valuable pieces, often one [[Tempo|tempo]] is decisive. Tactical positions require concrete calculation rather than [[Strategy|strategic]] long-range [[Planning|planning]], and that is what makes most chess programs so strong compared to human players in these kind of positions. On the other hand, certain chess tactics, even if a domain of the computers, are still too complicated and deep for chess programs to solve in a reasonable time frame, and require hours or days of computer and/or human master analysis, to eventually discover the "truth of the position".
=Tactics in Chess Programs=
Todays rather [[Selectivity|selective]] chess programs almost perform an exhaustive [[Search|search]] of immediate tactical moves, and even tend to [[Extensions|extend]] them, or at least to don't [[Pruning|prune]] or [[Reductions|reduce]] them, and further perform a [[Quiescence Search|quiescence search]] at [[Horizon Node|horizon nodes]]. If the [[Iterative Deepening|iterative deepening]] search-routine of a chess program "suddenly" recognizes a "big" score jump at the [[Root|root]], there is almost certainly chess tactics involved.
==Search Control==
[[Search Tree|Search trees]] of highly tactical positions tend to be narrow and deep. Often, replies are singular due to forced recaptures or check evasions, triggering for instance [[Check Extensions|check extensions]], [[Recapture Extensions|recapture extensions]], [[Singular Extensions|singular extensions]] or [[One Reply Extensions|one reply extensions]]. The somehow complement set of non-tactical moves may be reduced by [[Null Move Pruning|null move pruning]], [[Multi-Cut|multi-cut]] and [[Late Move Reductions|late move reductions]]. Tactics is therefor covered by search, even with rudimentary [[Evaluation|evaluation]] (better with some [[King Safety|king safety]] terms involved) - but positional evaluation and strategical [[Knowledge|knowledge]] is necessary to drive the program into tactical positions, where it might out-search the opponent due to its superior search. Anyway, some programs consider some tactical motives in their evaluation or search control, which are usually not subject of a [[Quiescence Search|quiescence search]], to become aware before they occur two or more plies behind the horizon, especially in [[Node Types#PV|PV-nodes]] and to avoid [[Quiescence Search#StandPat|standing pat]] if the opponent has some threats.
==Evaluation==
Some programs consider some tactical features in [[Evaluation|evaluation]], i.e. penalties for pieces [[En prise|en prise]] of either side <ref>[http://www.top-5000.nl/authors/rebel/chess840.htm Programmer Stuff] by [[Ed Schroder|Ed Schröder]], (see hanging pieces)</ref>. One may also consider too many [[Hanging Piece|hanging pieces]], even if not actually attacked but the opponent has resources to perform [[Double Attack|double attacks]]. [[Pin|Pinned pieces]] may subject of respective penalties in evaluation as well.
=Terms and Motives=
* [[Annihilation of Defense]]
* [[Battery]]
* [[Blockade]]
* [[Check]]
* [[Checkmate]]
* [[Combination]]
* [[Decoying]]
* [[Deflection]]
* [[Demolition of Pawns]]
* [[Stalemate#Desperado|Desperado]]
* [[Discovered Attack]]
* [[Discovered Check]]
* [[Double Attack]]
* [[Double Check]]
* [[En prise]]
* [[Gambit]]
* [[Hanging Piece]]
* [[Interception]]
* [[Interference]]
* [[Loose Piece]]
* [[Overloading]]
* [[Pawns Breakthrough]]
* [[Passed Pawn]]
* [[Pin]]
* [[Promotions]]
* [[Pursuit]] (perpetual attack)
* [[Sacrifice]]
* [[Skewer]]
* [[Space Clearance]]
* [[Stalemate]]
* [[Tactical Moves]]
* [[Triangulation]]
* [[Undermining]]
* [[X-ray]]
* [[Zugzwang]]
* [[Zwischenzug]]
=Related=
* [[Checks and Pinned Pieces (Bitboards)]]
* [[Chunking]]
* [[Intersection Squares]]
* [[Knight Pattern#KnightForks|Knight Forks]] ([[Bitboards]])
* [[Mate at a Glance]]
* [[Mate Search]]
* [[Material]]
* [[Pattern Recognition]]
* [[Quiescence Search]]
* [[Tempo]]
* [[X-ray Attacks (Bitboards)]]
=See also=
* [[Anti-Computerchess]]
* [[CAPS]]
* [[Cognition]]
* [[Danny Kopec#HowTo|Danny Kopec - How to ... Video]]
* [[Evaluation]]
* [[Psychology]]
* [[Search]]
* [[Strategy]]
=Publications=
==Chess==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Krogius Nikolai Krogius], with A. Livsic, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Parma Bruno Parma] & [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Taimanov Mark Tajmanov] ('''1980'''). ''Encyclopedia of Chess Middlegames: Combinations''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_Informant Chess Informant], [http://www.amazon.com/Encyclopedia-Middlegames-Livsic-Tajmanov-Krogius/dp/B000UNPDTA amazon]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Averbakh Yuri Averbakh] ('''1985'''). ''Chess Tactics for Advanced Players''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergamon_Press Pergamon Press], [https://www.newinchess.com/Chess_Tactics_for_Advanced_Players-p-1888.html 2008 edition] by [https://www.newinchess.com/Labate_Chess-pp-149.html Labate Chess], [https://www.amazon.com/Chess-Tactics-Advanced-Players-Averbakh/dp/4871875083 2012 edition] by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishi_Press Ishi Press] with introduction by [[Sam Sloan]]
* [http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1n_Jen%C5%91 Jenő Bán] ('''1997'''). ''The tactics of endgames''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_Publications Dover Publications], ISBN-13: 978-0486297057, [http://www.amazon.com/The-Tactics-End-Games-Jeno-Ban/dp/0486297055 amazon.com]
* [http://www.werder-schach.de/index.php?id=dates Claus Dieter Meyer], [[Karsten Müller]] ('''2002'''). ''The Magic of Chess Tactics''. Russell Enterprises, ISBN-13: 978-1888690149, [http://www.scr-kuppenheim.de/test/magic.htm Rezension] from [http://www.scr-kuppenheim.de/rochade/index.html Schachgemeinschaft Caissa-Rochade Kuppenheim 1979 e. V.] (German), [http://www.amazon.com/Magic-Chess-Tactics-Claus-Dieter/dp/1888690143 amazon], [http://www.chessbase.com/shop/product.asp?pid=462 DVD] from [[ChessBase]]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Seirawan Yasser Seirawan] ('''2003'''). ''Winning Chess Tactics'', Everyman Chess, ISBN-13: 978-1857443332, [http://www.amazon.com/Winning-Chess-Tactics-Yasser-Seirawan/dp/1857443330 amazon]
* [[John Nunn]] ('''2003'''). ''[http://www.classicalgames.com/Merchant2/merchant.mvc?Screen=PROD&Product_Code=000590&Category_Code= Learn Chess Tactics]''. Gambit Publications, ISBN-13: 978-1901983982, [http://www.amazon.com/Learn-Chess-Tactics-John-Nunn/dp/1901983986 amazon]
* [[John Nunn]] ('''2003'''). ''Tactical Chess Endings''. Batsford, ISBN-13: 978-0713459371, [http://www.amazon.com/Tactical-Chess-Endings-Improve-Unlocking/dp/0713459379 amazon]
* [http://www.chessgames.com/player/paul_e_littlewood.html Paul Littlewood] ('''2004'''). ''[http://www.classicalgames.com/Merchant2/merchant.mvc?Screen=PROD&Product_Code=001138&AFFIL=JEREMY Chess Tactics]''. Batsford Chess Book, ISBN-13: 978-0713489347, [http://www.jeremysilman.com/book_reviews_jd/jd_chess_tactics.html Reviewed] by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_John_Donaldson John Donaldson], [http://www.amazon.com/Chess-Tactics-Batsford-Book/dp/0713489340 amazon]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Polgar Susan Polgar] ('''2006'''). ''Chess Tactics for Champions''. Random House Puzzles & Games, ISBN-13: 978-0812936711, [http://www.chess.com/article/view/book-review-chess-tactics-for-champions Book Review] from [http://www.chess.com/ Chess.com], [http://www.amazon.com/Chess-Tactics-Champions-step-step/dp/081293671X/ref=pd_sim_b_2 amazon]
==Computer Chess==
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1968'''). ''A Five-Year Plan for Automatic Chess''. Machine Intelligence II pp. 110-115, excerpts reprinted in [[Computer Chess Compendium]], covering Quiescence, Turbulence, and Agitation <ref>[[David Levy]], [[Computer Chess Compendium]], Chapter 3, Position Evaluation pp. 112: Perhaps non-linear evaluation functions will become popular at some future date, in which case some of Good's ideas will come into their own.</ref>
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1974'''). ''Chess as Problem Solving: The Development of a Tactics Analyser''. '''Ph.D. thesis''', [[Carnegie Mellon University]]
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1977'''). ''A Representation and Some Mechanisms for a Problem-Solving Chess Program.'' [[Advances in Computer Chess 1]]
* [[Alexander Szabo]] ('''1984'''). ''[https://circle.ubc.ca/handle/2429/24780 Computer-Chess Tactics and Strategy]''. M.Sc. Thesis, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia University of British Columbia]
* [[Steven Walczak]] ('''1992'''). ''Pattern-Based Tactical Planning''. IJPRAI 6(5)
* [[Steven Walczak]], [http://www.cise.ufl.edu/~ddd/ Douglas D. Dankel II] ('''1993'''). ''Acquiring Tactical and Strategic Knowledge with a Generalized Method for Chunking of Game Pieces''. International Journal of Intelligent Systems 8 (2), 249-270.
* [[Alexis Drogoul]] ('''1993, 1995'''). ''When Ants Play Chess (Or Can Strategies Emerge From Tactical Behaviors?)'' [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/conf/maamaw/maamaw1993.html#Drogoul93 MAAMAW ’93], [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.50.4902 CiteSeerX] [http://www2.hawaii.edu/~nreed/ics606/papers/drogoul95when.pdf pdf]
=Forum Posts=
* [http://groups.google.com/group/rec.games.chess.computer/browse_frm/thread/6a777c45b62ce3a1 Some Computer Chess Questions] by MWells, [[Computer Chess Forums|rgcc]], September 1, 1996
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=53387 Need ideas on recognize 'tactics' from game database] by [[Fermin Serrano]], [[CCC]], August 22, 2014
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=66302 Is chess still 99% tactics?] by [[Alvaro Cardoso]], [[CCC]], January 11, 2018
=External Links=
==[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia Wikipedia]==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_tactics Chess tactics]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combination_%28chess%29 Combination (chess)]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrifice_%28chess%29 Sacrifice (chess)]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactic Tactic]
: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactic_%28method%29 Tactic (method)]
: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_tactics Military tactics]
: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactical_politics Tactical politics]
: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactics_%28manga%29 Tactics (manga)]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactical_foul Tactical foul]
==Misc==
* [http://www.chesstactics.org/index.php Chess Tactics] by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward_Farnsworth Ward Farnsworth]
* [http://chess.emrald.net/ CTS - Chess Tactics Server]
* [http://www.chess-game-strategies.com/chess-tactics.html Chess Tactics Index - 15 Tactics, From Battery Attacks, to X-Ray Attacks]
* [http://www.mark-weeks.com/aboutcom/ble25tac.htm Tactical Play in Chess] by [[Mark Weeks]]
* [http://www.chessworld.net/chessclubs/learn_tacticsmenu.asp ChessWorld.net's Tactics technical paper suite!]
=References=
<references />
'''[[Chess|Up one Level]]'''
[[FILE:Mikhail Tal 1961 Oberhausen.jpg|border|right|thumb|Mikhail Tal <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Tal Mikhail Tal from Wikipedia], Photo by [[Gerhard Hund]], [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa-Mannschaftsmeisterschaft_im_Schach_1961 European Championship 1961] at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberhausen Oberhausen] ]</ref> a formidable Tactician!]]
'''Tactics''' in chess is the coordinated task in realizing short-term advantage or equilibration, yielding in [[Checkmate|mate]] attack, [[Material|material gain]], or forcing draw in inferior positions. [[Tactical Moves|Tactical moves]] either change the [[Material#Balance|material balance]] immediately, or in a wider sense, threaten to win [[Material|material]] and/or [[Checkmate|checkmate]] considering certain tactical motives. Often tactics of several types are conjoined in a [[Combination|combination]] including short-term [[Sacrifice|sacrifices]]. While tactics is most often a domain of the [[Middlegame|middlegame]], it already appears in various [[Opening|opening lines]], specially [[Gambit|gambits]], very early in the game. During the [[Endgame|endgame]], technical or strategical play seems to dominate, but there are many tactical motives like [[Pursuit|pursuits]], [[Stalemate|stalemate]], [[Zugzwang|zugzwang]], [[Pawns Breakthrough|pawns breakthrough]] and [[Passed Pawn|passed pawns]] to name a few, to be considered there as well.
The concepts of [[Strategy|strategy]] and tactics in chess and other sports are derived from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military military] origins as defined as a fourfold [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy hierarchy] of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategy strategy], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_objective operational objective], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_tactics tactic] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Task task].
=Quotes=
<ref>[http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Chess Chess - Wikiquote]</ref><ref>[http://www.chesscorner.com/quotes/chess_quotes.htm Chess Corner - Chess Quotes]</ref>
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Teichmann Richard Teichmann]: ''Chess is 99 percent tactics''. <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=66302 Is chess still 99% tactics?] by [[Alvaro Cardoso]], [[CCC]], January 11, 2018</ref>
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Abrahams Gerald Abrahams]: ''The tactician knows what to do when there is something to do; whereas the strategian knows what to do when there is nothing to do''.
* [[Max Euwe]]: ''Strategy requires thought, tactics require observation''.
=Tactical Positions=
Tactical [[Chess Position|positions]] usually involve tension and offer tactical motives and moves, possibilities to attack and counter attack kings or valuable pieces, often one [[Tempo|tempo]] is decisive. Tactical positions require concrete calculation rather than [[Strategy|strategic]] long-range [[Planning|planning]], and that is what makes most chess programs so strong compared to human players in these kind of positions. On the other hand, certain chess tactics, even if a domain of the computers, are still too complicated and deep for chess programs to solve in a reasonable time frame, and require hours or days of computer and/or human master analysis, to eventually discover the "truth of the position".
=Tactics in Chess Programs=
Todays rather [[Selectivity|selective]] chess programs almost perform an exhaustive [[Search|search]] of immediate tactical moves, and even tend to [[Extensions|extend]] them, or at least to don't [[Pruning|prune]] or [[Reductions|reduce]] them, and further perform a [[Quiescence Search|quiescence search]] at [[Horizon Node|horizon nodes]]. If the [[Iterative Deepening|iterative deepening]] search-routine of a chess program "suddenly" recognizes a "big" score jump at the [[Root|root]], there is almost certainly chess tactics involved.
==Search Control==
[[Search Tree|Search trees]] of highly tactical positions tend to be narrow and deep. Often, replies are singular due to forced recaptures or check evasions, triggering for instance [[Check Extensions|check extensions]], [[Recapture Extensions|recapture extensions]], [[Singular Extensions|singular extensions]] or [[One Reply Extensions|one reply extensions]]. The somehow complement set of non-tactical moves may be reduced by [[Null Move Pruning|null move pruning]], [[Multi-Cut|multi-cut]] and [[Late Move Reductions|late move reductions]]. Tactics is therefor covered by search, even with rudimentary [[Evaluation|evaluation]] (better with some [[King Safety|king safety]] terms involved) - but positional evaluation and strategical [[Knowledge|knowledge]] is necessary to drive the program into tactical positions, where it might out-search the opponent due to its superior search. Anyway, some programs consider some tactical motives in their evaluation or search control, which are usually not subject of a [[Quiescence Search|quiescence search]], to become aware before they occur two or more plies behind the horizon, especially in [[Node Types#PV|PV-nodes]] and to avoid [[Quiescence Search#StandPat|standing pat]] if the opponent has some threats.
==Evaluation==
Some programs consider some tactical features in [[Evaluation|evaluation]], i.e. penalties for pieces [[En prise|en prise]] of either side <ref>[http://www.top-5000.nl/authors/rebel/chess840.htm Programmer Stuff] by [[Ed Schroder|Ed Schröder]], (see hanging pieces)</ref>. One may also consider too many [[Hanging Piece|hanging pieces]], even if not actually attacked but the opponent has resources to perform [[Double Attack|double attacks]]. [[Pin|Pinned pieces]] may subject of respective penalties in evaluation as well.
=Terms and Motives=
* [[Annihilation of Defense]]
* [[Battery]]
* [[Blockade]]
* [[Check]]
* [[Checkmate]]
* [[Combination]]
* [[Decoying]]
* [[Deflection]]
* [[Demolition of Pawns]]
* [[Stalemate#Desperado|Desperado]]
* [[Discovered Attack]]
* [[Discovered Check]]
* [[Double Attack]]
* [[Double Check]]
* [[En prise]]
* [[Gambit]]
* [[Hanging Piece]]
* [[Interception]]
* [[Interference]]
* [[Loose Piece]]
* [[Overloading]]
* [[Pawns Breakthrough]]
* [[Passed Pawn]]
* [[Pin]]
* [[Promotions]]
* [[Pursuit]] (perpetual attack)
* [[Sacrifice]]
* [[Skewer]]
* [[Space Clearance]]
* [[Stalemate]]
* [[Tactical Moves]]
* [[Triangulation]]
* [[Undermining]]
* [[X-ray]]
* [[Zugzwang]]
* [[Zwischenzug]]
=Related=
* [[Checks and Pinned Pieces (Bitboards)]]
* [[Chunking]]
* [[Intersection Squares]]
* [[Knight Pattern#KnightForks|Knight Forks]] ([[Bitboards]])
* [[Mate at a Glance]]
* [[Mate Search]]
* [[Material]]
* [[Pattern Recognition]]
* [[Quiescence Search]]
* [[Tempo]]
* [[X-ray Attacks (Bitboards)]]
=See also=
* [[Anti-Computerchess]]
* [[CAPS]]
* [[Cognition]]
* [[Danny Kopec#HowTo|Danny Kopec - How to ... Video]]
* [[Evaluation]]
* [[Psychology]]
* [[Search]]
* [[Strategy]]
=Publications=
==Chess==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Krogius Nikolai Krogius], with A. Livsic, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Parma Bruno Parma] & [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Taimanov Mark Tajmanov] ('''1980'''). ''Encyclopedia of Chess Middlegames: Combinations''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_Informant Chess Informant], [http://www.amazon.com/Encyclopedia-Middlegames-Livsic-Tajmanov-Krogius/dp/B000UNPDTA amazon]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Averbakh Yuri Averbakh] ('''1985'''). ''Chess Tactics for Advanced Players''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergamon_Press Pergamon Press], [https://www.newinchess.com/Chess_Tactics_for_Advanced_Players-p-1888.html 2008 edition] by [https://www.newinchess.com/Labate_Chess-pp-149.html Labate Chess], [https://www.amazon.com/Chess-Tactics-Advanced-Players-Averbakh/dp/4871875083 2012 edition] by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishi_Press Ishi Press] with introduction by [[Sam Sloan]]
* [http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1n_Jen%C5%91 Jenő Bán] ('''1997'''). ''The tactics of endgames''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_Publications Dover Publications], ISBN-13: 978-0486297057, [http://www.amazon.com/The-Tactics-End-Games-Jeno-Ban/dp/0486297055 amazon.com]
* [http://www.werder-schach.de/index.php?id=dates Claus Dieter Meyer], [[Karsten Müller]] ('''2002'''). ''The Magic of Chess Tactics''. Russell Enterprises, ISBN-13: 978-1888690149, [http://www.scr-kuppenheim.de/test/magic.htm Rezension] from [http://www.scr-kuppenheim.de/rochade/index.html Schachgemeinschaft Caissa-Rochade Kuppenheim 1979 e. V.] (German), [http://www.amazon.com/Magic-Chess-Tactics-Claus-Dieter/dp/1888690143 amazon], [http://www.chessbase.com/shop/product.asp?pid=462 DVD] from [[ChessBase]]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Seirawan Yasser Seirawan] ('''2003'''). ''Winning Chess Tactics'', Everyman Chess, ISBN-13: 978-1857443332, [http://www.amazon.com/Winning-Chess-Tactics-Yasser-Seirawan/dp/1857443330 amazon]
* [[John Nunn]] ('''2003'''). ''[http://www.classicalgames.com/Merchant2/merchant.mvc?Screen=PROD&Product_Code=000590&Category_Code= Learn Chess Tactics]''. Gambit Publications, ISBN-13: 978-1901983982, [http://www.amazon.com/Learn-Chess-Tactics-John-Nunn/dp/1901983986 amazon]
* [[John Nunn]] ('''2003'''). ''Tactical Chess Endings''. Batsford, ISBN-13: 978-0713459371, [http://www.amazon.com/Tactical-Chess-Endings-Improve-Unlocking/dp/0713459379 amazon]
* [http://www.chessgames.com/player/paul_e_littlewood.html Paul Littlewood] ('''2004'''). ''[http://www.classicalgames.com/Merchant2/merchant.mvc?Screen=PROD&Product_Code=001138&AFFIL=JEREMY Chess Tactics]''. Batsford Chess Book, ISBN-13: 978-0713489347, [http://www.jeremysilman.com/book_reviews_jd/jd_chess_tactics.html Reviewed] by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_John_Donaldson John Donaldson], [http://www.amazon.com/Chess-Tactics-Batsford-Book/dp/0713489340 amazon]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Polgar Susan Polgar] ('''2006'''). ''Chess Tactics for Champions''. Random House Puzzles & Games, ISBN-13: 978-0812936711, [http://www.chess.com/article/view/book-review-chess-tactics-for-champions Book Review] from [http://www.chess.com/ Chess.com], [http://www.amazon.com/Chess-Tactics-Champions-step-step/dp/081293671X/ref=pd_sim_b_2 amazon]
==Computer Chess==
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1968'''). ''A Five-Year Plan for Automatic Chess''. Machine Intelligence II pp. 110-115, excerpts reprinted in [[Computer Chess Compendium]], covering Quiescence, Turbulence, and Agitation <ref>[[David Levy]], [[Computer Chess Compendium]], Chapter 3, Position Evaluation pp. 112: Perhaps non-linear evaluation functions will become popular at some future date, in which case some of Good's ideas will come into their own.</ref>
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1974'''). ''Chess as Problem Solving: The Development of a Tactics Analyser''. '''Ph.D. thesis''', [[Carnegie Mellon University]]
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1977'''). ''A Representation and Some Mechanisms for a Problem-Solving Chess Program.'' [[Advances in Computer Chess 1]]
* [[Alexander Szabo]] ('''1984'''). ''[https://circle.ubc.ca/handle/2429/24780 Computer-Chess Tactics and Strategy]''. M.Sc. Thesis, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia University of British Columbia]
* [[Steven Walczak]] ('''1992'''). ''Pattern-Based Tactical Planning''. IJPRAI 6(5)
* [[Steven Walczak]], [http://www.cise.ufl.edu/~ddd/ Douglas D. Dankel II] ('''1993'''). ''Acquiring Tactical and Strategic Knowledge with a Generalized Method for Chunking of Game Pieces''. International Journal of Intelligent Systems 8 (2), 249-270.
* [[Alexis Drogoul]] ('''1993, 1995'''). ''When Ants Play Chess (Or Can Strategies Emerge From Tactical Behaviors?)'' [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/conf/maamaw/maamaw1993.html#Drogoul93 MAAMAW ’93], [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.50.4902 CiteSeerX] [http://www2.hawaii.edu/~nreed/ics606/papers/drogoul95when.pdf pdf]
=Forum Posts=
* [http://groups.google.com/group/rec.games.chess.computer/browse_frm/thread/6a777c45b62ce3a1 Some Computer Chess Questions] by MWells, [[Computer Chess Forums|rgcc]], September 1, 1996
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=53387 Need ideas on recognize 'tactics' from game database] by [[Fermin Serrano]], [[CCC]], August 22, 2014
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=66302 Is chess still 99% tactics?] by [[Alvaro Cardoso]], [[CCC]], January 11, 2018
=External Links=
==[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia Wikipedia]==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_tactics Chess tactics]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combination_%28chess%29 Combination (chess)]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrifice_%28chess%29 Sacrifice (chess)]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactic Tactic]
: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactic_%28method%29 Tactic (method)]
: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_tactics Military tactics]
: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactical_politics Tactical politics]
: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactics_%28manga%29 Tactics (manga)]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactical_foul Tactical foul]
==Misc==
* [http://www.chesstactics.org/index.php Chess Tactics] by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward_Farnsworth Ward Farnsworth]
* [http://chess.emrald.net/ CTS - Chess Tactics Server]
* [http://www.chess-game-strategies.com/chess-tactics.html Chess Tactics Index - 15 Tactics, From Battery Attacks, to X-Ray Attacks]
* [http://www.mark-weeks.com/aboutcom/ble25tac.htm Tactical Play in Chess] by [[Mark Weeks]]
* [http://www.chessworld.net/chessclubs/learn_tacticsmenu.asp ChessWorld.net's Tactics technical paper suite!]
=References=
<references />
'''[[Chess|Up one Level]]'''
