25,161
edits
Changes
Created page with "'''Home * People * Stanislaw Ulam''' FILE:Stanislaw Ulam.tif|border|right|thumb|220px|Stanislaw Ulam <ref>Stanislaw Ulam, circa 1945, [[Los Alamos Nationa..."
'''[[Main Page|Home]] * [[People]] * Stanislaw Ulam'''
[[FILE:Stanislaw Ulam.tif|border|right|thumb|220px|Stanislaw Ulam <ref>Stanislaw Ulam, circa 1945, [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons Wikimedia Commons], Unless otherwise indicated, this information has been authored by an employee or employees of the Los Alamos National Security, LLC (LANS), operator of the Los Alamos National Laboratory under Contract No. DE-AC52-06NA25396 with the U.S. Department of Energy. The U.S. Government has rights to use, reproduce, and distribute this information. The public may copy and use this information without charge, provided that this Notice and any statement of authorship are reproduced on all copies. Neither the Government nor LANS makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any liability or responsibility for the use of this information.</ref> ]]
'''Stanisław Marcin Ulam''', (April 13, 1909 – May 13, 1984)<br/>
a Polish mathematician, known for his participation in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Project Manhattan Project] , the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teller%E2%80%93Ulam_design Teller-Ulam design] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermonuclear_weapons#Fusion_weapons of thermonuclear weapons] and the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermi%E2%80%93Pasta%E2%80%93Ulam_experiment Fermi–Pasta–Ulam experiment]. A group of H-bomb researchers at [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] around Stanislaw Ulam, [[Paul Stein]], [[Mark Wells]] and [[John Pasta]] developed the [[MANIAC I|chess-playing program]] <ref>[[Paul Stein]], [[Stanislaw Ulam]] ('''1957'''). ''Experiments in chess on electronic computing machines''. Chess Review, 13 January 1957.</ref> <ref>[[James Kister]], [[Paul Stein]], [[Stanislaw Ulam]], [[William Walden]], [[Mark Wells]] ('''1957'''). ''[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=320868.320877&coll=DL&dl=GUIDE&CFID=628969023&CFTOKEN=30690604 Experiments in Chess]''. [[ACM#Journal|Journal of the ACM]], Vol. 4, No. 2</ref> for the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MANIAC_I MANIAC I] by [[John von Neumann]] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Metropolis Nicholas Metropolis]. It played [[Los Alamos Chess]] on a 6×6 board without bishops.
=Quotes=
==Fred Guterl==
by Fred Guterl from ''Silicon gambit'' <ref>[http://discovermagazine.com/1996/jun/silicongambit791 Silicon gambit] by [https://www.linkedin.com/pub/fred-guterl/2/28/417 Fred Guterl], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discover_%28magazine%29 Discover], June 01, 1996</ref> :
The government laboratory in Los Alamos, New Mexico, got hold of one of the first computers, MANIAC I, so that Ulam and the other H-bomb researchers wouldn't have to stay up nights solving their voluminous equations with pencil and paper. Ulam, who described himself modestly as a "fair" chess player, couldn't resist putting the machine to work on a project of somewhat less import to coldwar strategy. Together with physicist [[Paul Stein]], he wrote one of the first chess-playing programs.
==Aviezri Fraenkel==
by [[Aviezri Fraenkel]] <ref>[[Aviezri Fraenkel]] ('''2013'''). ''Reflection''. [[ICGA Journal#36_1|ICGA Journal, Vol. 36, No. 1]]</ref> <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Metropolis Nicholas Metropolis], [[Stanislaw Ulam]] ('''1949'''). ''The Monte Carlo Method''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Statistical_Association Journal of the American Statistical Association], Vol. 44, pp. 335–341</ref> :
The late Stanislaw Ulam invented the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Carlo_method Monte Carlo method] in 1949 in order to solve problems in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_physics nuclear physics] (see Metropolis and Ulam, 1949), while working at the Manhattan project developing nuclear weapons, and contributing to the major breakthroughs of their time. In fact, the idea occurred to him in 1946, while trying to estimate the chances of winning [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canfield_%28solitaire%29 Canfield solitaire]. Even much before Ulam, [[Mathematician#EFermi|Enrico Fermi]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon Buffon] (the “[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffon%27s_needle needle experiment]”), and others experimented with precursors of the method.
The Monte Carlo method has since been used extensively and successfully in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle space-shuttle] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_entry re-entry] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerodynamics aerodynamics], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operations_research operations research], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_chemistry physical chemistry], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_integration numerical integration], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance finance] and many more, in addition to physics. I was glad to see that the ideas of Stan Ulam on games and physics re-emerged after almost 70 years. Stan was a theoretical mathematician, but excelled also in applied math, physics and biology, and was involved with the early 6 x 6 computer chess program. Above all, he was extraordinarily original.
=Selected Publications=
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Metropolis Nicholas Metropolis], [[Stanislaw Ulam]] ('''1949'''). ''The Monte Carlo Method''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Statistical_Association Journal of the American Statistical Association], Vol. 44, No. 247, [http://scienze-como.uninsubria.it/bressanini/montecarlo-history/metropolis-ulam-1949.pdf pdf] <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_L._Anderson Herbert L. Anderson] ('''1986'''). ''Metropolis, Monte Carlo, and the MANIAC''. [http://la-science.lanl.gov/ Los Alamos Science], [http://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/pubs/00326886.pdf pdf]</ref> <ref>[http://scienze-como.uninsubria.it/bressanini/montecarlo-history/ Monte Carlo History] by [http://scienze-como.uninsubria.it/bressanini/index.html Dario Bressanini]</ref>
* [[Paul Stein]], [[Stanislaw Ulam]] ('''1957'''). ''Experiments in chess on electronic computing machines''. Chess Review, 13 January 1957.
* [[James Kister]], [[Paul Stein]], [[Stanislaw Ulam]], [[William Walden]], [[Mark Wells]] ('''1957'''). ''[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=320868.320877&coll=DL&dl=GUIDE&CFID=628969023&CFTOKEN=30690604 Experiments in Chess]''. [[ACM#Journal|Journal of the ACM]], Vol. 4, No. 2
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Tsingou Mary Tsingou-Menzel], [[Paul Stein]], [[Stanislaw Ulam]] ('''1959'''). ''Quadratic Transformations: Part I''. [[Los Alamos National Laboratory|Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory]] report LA-2305, [http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft9g50091s&doc.view=content&chunk.id=d0e25313&toc.depth=1&anchor.id=0&brand=ucpress republished] in [[Stanislaw Ulam]] ('''1990'''). ''[http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft9g50091s;brand=ucpress Analogies Between Analogies: The Mathematical Reports of S.M. Ulam and his Los Alamos Collaborators]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley,_California Berkeley]: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Press University of California Press]
* [[Stanislaw Ulam]] ('''1976'''). ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=U2_zEZOHdU4C&dq=Ulam,+Adventures+of+a+Mathematician&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=1vq8rWcGN0&sig=sjrDMjU42ajkqDoGNUbu0IKwXQ8&hl=de&ei=0lKuSuTmG9KRsAbCjs3MBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false Adventures of a mathematician]''. [http://www.amazon.com/Adventures-Mathematician-S-M-Ulam/dp/0520071549 amazon.com], [http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/2702.php University of California Press]
* [[Stanislaw Ulam]], [[Paul Stein]] ('''1986'''). ''[https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-1-4615-9819-0_7 Experiments in Chess on Electronic Computing Machines: Some Early Efforts]''. in [http://cs-people.bu.edu/markreyn/ Mark C. Reynolds]], [[Mathematician#GCRota|Gian-Carlo Rota]] (eds) ''[https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4615-9819-0 Science, Computers, and People - From the Tree of Mathematics]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkh%C3%A4user Birkhäuser]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Metropolis Nicholas Metropolis] ('''1987'''). ''The Beginning of the Monte Carlo Method''. [[Los Alamos National Laboratory|Los Alamos Science Special]], [http://library.lanl.gov/cgi-bin/getfile?00326866.pdf pdf]
* Editor ('''1987'''). ''[http://la-science.lanl.gov/lascience15.shtml Stanislaw Ulam 1909-1984]''. [http://la-science.lanl.gov/ Los Alamos Science], No. 15
: [[Mathematician#GCRota|Gian-Carlo Rota]] ('''1987'''). ''The Lost Café''. [http://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/pubs/00285736.pdf pdf]
: [[Paul Stein]] ('''1987'''). ''Iteration of Maps, Strange Attractors, and Number Theory - An Ulamian Potpourri''. [https://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/pubs/00285739.pdf pdf]
* Necia Grant Cooper (ed.) ('''1989'''). ''[http://books.google.com/books/about/From_Cardinals_to_Chaos.html?id=yv43AAAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y From Cardinals to Chaos: Reflections on the Life and Legacy of Stanislaw Ulam]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press Cambridge University Press]
* [[Stanislaw Ulam]] ('''1990'''). ''[http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft9g50091s;brand=ucpress Analogies Between Analogies: The Mathematical Reports of S.M. Ulam and his Los Alamos Collaborators]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley,_California Berkeley]: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Press University of California Press]
* [[Aviezri Fraenkel]] ('''2013'''). ''Reflection''. [[ICGA Journal#36_1|ICGA Journal, Vol. 36, No. 1]] » [[Monte-Carlo Tree Search]]
=See also=
* [[History|History of Computer Chess]]
* [[MANIAC I]]
=External Links=
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislaw_Ulam Stanislaw Ulam from Wikipedia]
* [http://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=12682 The Mathematics Genealogy Project - Stanisław Ulam]
* [http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/slides/wrong/wrong-sli/wrong-sli.html Human-Level AI is harder than it seemed in 1955] by [[John McCarthy]]
* [http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/U/Ulam.html Ulam, Stanislaw Marcin (1909-1984)] from [http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/ETEmain.html The Internet Encyclopedia of Science]
* [http://strangewondrous.net/browse/author/u/ulam+stanislaw Quotations by Stanislaw Ulam]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulam_spiral Ulam spiral from Wikipedia]
* [http://people.bu.edu/gorelik/GGorelik_H-Fathers_Phys-perspect-2009_w.htm Paternity of the H-Bombs: Soviet-American Perspectives] by [http://people.bu.edu/gorelik/ Gennady Gorelik]
=References=
<references />
'''[[People|Up one level]]'''
[[FILE:Stanislaw Ulam.tif|border|right|thumb|220px|Stanislaw Ulam <ref>Stanislaw Ulam, circa 1945, [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons Wikimedia Commons], Unless otherwise indicated, this information has been authored by an employee or employees of the Los Alamos National Security, LLC (LANS), operator of the Los Alamos National Laboratory under Contract No. DE-AC52-06NA25396 with the U.S. Department of Energy. The U.S. Government has rights to use, reproduce, and distribute this information. The public may copy and use this information without charge, provided that this Notice and any statement of authorship are reproduced on all copies. Neither the Government nor LANS makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any liability or responsibility for the use of this information.</ref> ]]
'''Stanisław Marcin Ulam''', (April 13, 1909 – May 13, 1984)<br/>
a Polish mathematician, known for his participation in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Project Manhattan Project] , the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teller%E2%80%93Ulam_design Teller-Ulam design] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermonuclear_weapons#Fusion_weapons of thermonuclear weapons] and the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermi%E2%80%93Pasta%E2%80%93Ulam_experiment Fermi–Pasta–Ulam experiment]. A group of H-bomb researchers at [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] around Stanislaw Ulam, [[Paul Stein]], [[Mark Wells]] and [[John Pasta]] developed the [[MANIAC I|chess-playing program]] <ref>[[Paul Stein]], [[Stanislaw Ulam]] ('''1957'''). ''Experiments in chess on electronic computing machines''. Chess Review, 13 January 1957.</ref> <ref>[[James Kister]], [[Paul Stein]], [[Stanislaw Ulam]], [[William Walden]], [[Mark Wells]] ('''1957'''). ''[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=320868.320877&coll=DL&dl=GUIDE&CFID=628969023&CFTOKEN=30690604 Experiments in Chess]''. [[ACM#Journal|Journal of the ACM]], Vol. 4, No. 2</ref> for the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MANIAC_I MANIAC I] by [[John von Neumann]] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Metropolis Nicholas Metropolis]. It played [[Los Alamos Chess]] on a 6×6 board without bishops.
=Quotes=
==Fred Guterl==
by Fred Guterl from ''Silicon gambit'' <ref>[http://discovermagazine.com/1996/jun/silicongambit791 Silicon gambit] by [https://www.linkedin.com/pub/fred-guterl/2/28/417 Fred Guterl], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discover_%28magazine%29 Discover], June 01, 1996</ref> :
The government laboratory in Los Alamos, New Mexico, got hold of one of the first computers, MANIAC I, so that Ulam and the other H-bomb researchers wouldn't have to stay up nights solving their voluminous equations with pencil and paper. Ulam, who described himself modestly as a "fair" chess player, couldn't resist putting the machine to work on a project of somewhat less import to coldwar strategy. Together with physicist [[Paul Stein]], he wrote one of the first chess-playing programs.
==Aviezri Fraenkel==
by [[Aviezri Fraenkel]] <ref>[[Aviezri Fraenkel]] ('''2013'''). ''Reflection''. [[ICGA Journal#36_1|ICGA Journal, Vol. 36, No. 1]]</ref> <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Metropolis Nicholas Metropolis], [[Stanislaw Ulam]] ('''1949'''). ''The Monte Carlo Method''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Statistical_Association Journal of the American Statistical Association], Vol. 44, pp. 335–341</ref> :
The late Stanislaw Ulam invented the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Carlo_method Monte Carlo method] in 1949 in order to solve problems in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_physics nuclear physics] (see Metropolis and Ulam, 1949), while working at the Manhattan project developing nuclear weapons, and contributing to the major breakthroughs of their time. In fact, the idea occurred to him in 1946, while trying to estimate the chances of winning [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canfield_%28solitaire%29 Canfield solitaire]. Even much before Ulam, [[Mathematician#EFermi|Enrico Fermi]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon Buffon] (the “[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffon%27s_needle needle experiment]”), and others experimented with precursors of the method.
The Monte Carlo method has since been used extensively and successfully in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle space-shuttle] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_entry re-entry] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerodynamics aerodynamics], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operations_research operations research], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_chemistry physical chemistry], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_integration numerical integration], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance finance] and many more, in addition to physics. I was glad to see that the ideas of Stan Ulam on games and physics re-emerged after almost 70 years. Stan was a theoretical mathematician, but excelled also in applied math, physics and biology, and was involved with the early 6 x 6 computer chess program. Above all, he was extraordinarily original.
=Selected Publications=
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Metropolis Nicholas Metropolis], [[Stanislaw Ulam]] ('''1949'''). ''The Monte Carlo Method''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Statistical_Association Journal of the American Statistical Association], Vol. 44, No. 247, [http://scienze-como.uninsubria.it/bressanini/montecarlo-history/metropolis-ulam-1949.pdf pdf] <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_L._Anderson Herbert L. Anderson] ('''1986'''). ''Metropolis, Monte Carlo, and the MANIAC''. [http://la-science.lanl.gov/ Los Alamos Science], [http://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/pubs/00326886.pdf pdf]</ref> <ref>[http://scienze-como.uninsubria.it/bressanini/montecarlo-history/ Monte Carlo History] by [http://scienze-como.uninsubria.it/bressanini/index.html Dario Bressanini]</ref>
* [[Paul Stein]], [[Stanislaw Ulam]] ('''1957'''). ''Experiments in chess on electronic computing machines''. Chess Review, 13 January 1957.
* [[James Kister]], [[Paul Stein]], [[Stanislaw Ulam]], [[William Walden]], [[Mark Wells]] ('''1957'''). ''[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=320868.320877&coll=DL&dl=GUIDE&CFID=628969023&CFTOKEN=30690604 Experiments in Chess]''. [[ACM#Journal|Journal of the ACM]], Vol. 4, No. 2
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Tsingou Mary Tsingou-Menzel], [[Paul Stein]], [[Stanislaw Ulam]] ('''1959'''). ''Quadratic Transformations: Part I''. [[Los Alamos National Laboratory|Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory]] report LA-2305, [http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft9g50091s&doc.view=content&chunk.id=d0e25313&toc.depth=1&anchor.id=0&brand=ucpress republished] in [[Stanislaw Ulam]] ('''1990'''). ''[http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft9g50091s;brand=ucpress Analogies Between Analogies: The Mathematical Reports of S.M. Ulam and his Los Alamos Collaborators]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley,_California Berkeley]: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Press University of California Press]
* [[Stanislaw Ulam]] ('''1976'''). ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=U2_zEZOHdU4C&dq=Ulam,+Adventures+of+a+Mathematician&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=1vq8rWcGN0&sig=sjrDMjU42ajkqDoGNUbu0IKwXQ8&hl=de&ei=0lKuSuTmG9KRsAbCjs3MBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false Adventures of a mathematician]''. [http://www.amazon.com/Adventures-Mathematician-S-M-Ulam/dp/0520071549 amazon.com], [http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/2702.php University of California Press]
* [[Stanislaw Ulam]], [[Paul Stein]] ('''1986'''). ''[https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-1-4615-9819-0_7 Experiments in Chess on Electronic Computing Machines: Some Early Efforts]''. in [http://cs-people.bu.edu/markreyn/ Mark C. Reynolds]], [[Mathematician#GCRota|Gian-Carlo Rota]] (eds) ''[https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4615-9819-0 Science, Computers, and People - From the Tree of Mathematics]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkh%C3%A4user Birkhäuser]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Metropolis Nicholas Metropolis] ('''1987'''). ''The Beginning of the Monte Carlo Method''. [[Los Alamos National Laboratory|Los Alamos Science Special]], [http://library.lanl.gov/cgi-bin/getfile?00326866.pdf pdf]
* Editor ('''1987'''). ''[http://la-science.lanl.gov/lascience15.shtml Stanislaw Ulam 1909-1984]''. [http://la-science.lanl.gov/ Los Alamos Science], No. 15
: [[Mathematician#GCRota|Gian-Carlo Rota]] ('''1987'''). ''The Lost Café''. [http://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/pubs/00285736.pdf pdf]
: [[Paul Stein]] ('''1987'''). ''Iteration of Maps, Strange Attractors, and Number Theory - An Ulamian Potpourri''. [https://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/pubs/00285739.pdf pdf]
* Necia Grant Cooper (ed.) ('''1989'''). ''[http://books.google.com/books/about/From_Cardinals_to_Chaos.html?id=yv43AAAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y From Cardinals to Chaos: Reflections on the Life and Legacy of Stanislaw Ulam]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press Cambridge University Press]
* [[Stanislaw Ulam]] ('''1990'''). ''[http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft9g50091s;brand=ucpress Analogies Between Analogies: The Mathematical Reports of S.M. Ulam and his Los Alamos Collaborators]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley,_California Berkeley]: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Press University of California Press]
* [[Aviezri Fraenkel]] ('''2013'''). ''Reflection''. [[ICGA Journal#36_1|ICGA Journal, Vol. 36, No. 1]] » [[Monte-Carlo Tree Search]]
=See also=
* [[History|History of Computer Chess]]
* [[MANIAC I]]
=External Links=
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislaw_Ulam Stanislaw Ulam from Wikipedia]
* [http://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=12682 The Mathematics Genealogy Project - Stanisław Ulam]
* [http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/slides/wrong/wrong-sli/wrong-sli.html Human-Level AI is harder than it seemed in 1955] by [[John McCarthy]]
* [http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/U/Ulam.html Ulam, Stanislaw Marcin (1909-1984)] from [http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/ETEmain.html The Internet Encyclopedia of Science]
* [http://strangewondrous.net/browse/author/u/ulam+stanislaw Quotations by Stanislaw Ulam]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulam_spiral Ulam spiral from Wikipedia]
* [http://people.bu.edu/gorelik/GGorelik_H-Fathers_Phys-perspect-2009_w.htm Paternity of the H-Bombs: Soviet-American Perspectives] by [http://people.bu.edu/gorelik/ Gennady Gorelik]
=References=
<references />
'''[[People|Up one level]]'''
