25,161
edits
Changes
no edit summary
==Depth-First Search==
[[Depth-First]] search starts at the root and explores as far as possible along each branch before backtracking. Memory requirements are moderate, since only one path from the root to one leaf is kept in memory. The giga bytes of [[Memory#RAM|RAM]] in recent computers is utilized by a [[Transposition Table|transposition table]]. Minimax and Negamax are mentioned for educational reasons as the prototypes for the more advanced algorithms. They otherwise have no practical relevance in software, except traversing a minimax tree inside a [[Perft|perft]] framework for [[Engine Testing|testing]] the [[Move generationGeneration|move generator]]. Depth-first algorithms are generally embedded inside an [[Iterative Deepening|iterative deepening]] framework for [[Time Management|time control]] and [[Move Ordering|move ordering]] issues.
* [[Minimax]]
* [[Negamax]]
They usually have huge memory requirements, since they keep an exponentially growing search space in memory.
* [[B*]] as used by [[Hans Berliner|Hans Berliner's]] chess-program [[HiTech]]
* [[Best-First Minimax Search]]
* [[Conspiracy Number Search]]
* [[MCαβ]]
=Parallel Search=
* [[Parallel Search]]
* [[Conspiracy Number Search#PCCNS|Parallel Controlled Conspiracy Number Search]] as used by [[Ulf Lorenz|Ulf Lorenz's]] program [[P.ConNerS]]
=Using Time=
=Publications=
==1960 ...==
* [[Daniel Edwards]], [[Timothy Hart]] ('''1961'''). ''The Alpha-Beta Heuristic'', AIM-030, reprint available from [http://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/6098 DSpace] at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]]. Retrieved on 2006-12-21.
* [[Alexander Brudno]] ('''1963'''). ''Bounds and valuations for shortening the search of estimates''. Problemy Kibernetiki (10) 141–150 and Problems of Cybernetics (10) 225–241
* [[James R. Slagle]] ('''1963'''). ''Game Trees, M & N Minimaxing, and the M & N alpha-beta procedure.'' Artificial Intelligence Group Report 3, UCRL-4671, University of California
* [[Jim Doran]], [[Donald Michie]] ('''1966'''). ''[https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspa.1966.0205 Experiments with the Graph Traverser Program]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Royal_Society Proceedings of the Royal Society], Series A, Vol. 294, No. 1437, [https://stacks.stanford.edu/file/druid:yf330xx7624/yf330xx7624.pdf pdf]
* [[James R. Slagle]], [[Philip Bursky]] ('''1968'''). ''[http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=321444 Experiments With a Multipurpose, Theorem-Proving Heuristic Program]''. [[ACM#Journal|Journal of the ACM]], Vol. 15, No. 1
* [[James R. Slagle]], [[John K. Dixon]] ('''1969'''). ''[http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=321510.321511 Experiments With Some Programs That Search Game Trees]''. [[ACM#Journal|Journal of the ACM]], Vol. 16, No. 2, [http://wiki.cs.pdx.edu/cs542-spring2011/nfp/abmin.pdf pdf], [http://wiki.cs.pdx.edu/wurzburg2009/nfp/abmin.pdf pdf]
* [[Larry Harris]] ('''1973'''). ''The bandwidth heuristic search''. [http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/ijcai/ijcai73.html 3. IJCAI 1973], [http://www.ijcai.org/Past%20Proceedings/IJCAI-73/PDF/004.pdf pdf]
* [[Gerhard Wolf]] ('''1973'''). ''[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=805704 Implementation of a dynamic tree searching algorithm in a chess programme]''. [http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=800192&picked=prox Proceedings of the ACM annual conference]
* [[Larry Harris]] ('''1974'''). ''Heuristic Search under Conditions of Error''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_(journal) Artificial Intelligence], Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 217-234. ISSN 0004-3702. Also also published ('''1977''') under the title: ''The heuristic search: An alternative to the alpha-beta minimax procedure.'' [[Chess Skill in Man and Machine]] (ed. [[Peter W. Frey]]), pp. 157-166* [[Larry Harris]] ('''1975''') ''The Heuristic Search And The Game Of Chess - A Study Of Quiescence, Sacrifices, And Plan Oriented Play''. [http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/ijcai/ijcai75.html 4. IJCAI 1975], 334-339. reprinted in [[Computer Chess Compendium]] by * [[David LevyToshihide Ibaraki]] (Editor'''1978'''). ''[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00991818 Depth-m search in branch-and-bound algorithms]''. [https://link.springer.com/journal/10766 International Journal of Parallel Programming], Vol. 7, ppNo. 136 - 1424* [[Georgy Adelson-Velsky]], [[Vladimir Arlazarov]], [[Mikhail Donskoy]] ('''1979'''). ''Algorithms of adaptive search''. [http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~shm/MI/mi9.html Machine Intelligence 9] (eds. [[Jean Hayes Michie]], [[Donald Michie]] and L.I. Mikulich), pp. 373-384. Ellis Horwood, Chichester.* [[George Stockman]] ('''1979'''). ''A Minimax Algorithm Better than Alpha-Beta?'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_(journal) Artificial Intelligence], Vol. 12, No. 2* [[John Gaschnig]] ('''1979'''). ''[https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=909244 Performance Measurement and Analysis of Certain Search Algorithms]''. Ph.D. thesis, pp[[Carnegie Mellon University]], [http://reports-archive. 179adm.cs.cmu.edu/anon/scan/CMU-CS-196. ISSN 000479-3702124.pdf pdf]
==1980 ...==
* [[Judea Pearl]] ('''1981'''). ''Heuristic search theory: A survey of recent results''. [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/%7Eley/db/conf/ijcai/ijcai81.html IJCAI-81], [http://ijcai.org/Past%20Proceedings/IJCAI-81-VOL%201/PDF/100.pdf pdf]
* [[Judea Pearl]] ('''1982'''). ''[http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=358616&dl=ACM&coll=DL&CFID=27355608&CFTOKEN=40935826 The Solution for the Branching Factor of the Alpha-Beta Pruning Algorithm and its Optimality]''. [[ACM#Communications|Communications of the ACM]], Vol. 25, No. 8
* [[Murray Campbell]], [[Tony Marsland]] ('''1983'''). ''A Comparison of Minimax Tree Search Algorithms''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_%28journal%29 Artificial Intelligence], Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 347-367. ISSN 0004-3702, [http://webdocs.cs.ualberta.ca/~tony/OldPapers/TR82-3.pdf pdf]
* [[Andrew L. Reibman]], [[Bruce W. Ballard]] ('''1983'''). ''[http://www.aaai.org/Library/AAAI/1983/aaai83-084.php Non-Minimax Search Strategies for Use against Fallible Opponents]''. Proceedings of [[AAAI]] 83
* [[Nanda Srimani]] ('''1985'''). ''A New Algorithm (PS*) for Searching Game Trees''. Master's thesis, [[University of Alberta]]
* [[Toshihide Ibaraki]] ('''1986'''). ''Generalization of Alpha-Beta and SSS* Search Procedures.'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_%28journal%29 Artificial Intelligence], Vol. 29, pp. 73-117. ISSN 0004-3702.
* [[Tony Marsland]], [[Nanda Srimani]] ('''1986'''). ''Phased State Search''. [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/conf/fjcc/fjcc86.html#MarslandS86 Fall Joint Computer Conference], [http://webdocs.cs.ualberta.ca/~tony/OldPapers/fjcc.1986.pdf pdf]
* [[Hermann Kaindl]], [[Helmut Horacek]], [[Marcus Wagner]] ('''1986'''). ''Selective Search versus Brute Force.'' [[ICGA Journal#9_3|ICCA Journal, Vol. 9, No. 3]]
* [[Ronald L. Rivest]] ('''1987'''). ''Game Tree Searching by Min/Max Approximation''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_(journal) Artificial Intelligence ], Vol. 34, No. 1, [http://people.csail.mit.edu/rivest/Rivest-GameTreeSearchingByMinMaxApproximation.pdf pdf 1995]* [[Bruce Abramson]] ('''1989'''). ''Control Strategies for Two-Player Games.'' ACM Computing Surveys , Vol. 21(, No. 2): 137-161, [http://www.theinformationist.com/pdf/constrat.pdf/ pdf]
* [[Stuart Russell]], [[Eric Wefald]] ('''1989'''). ''[http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1623807 On optimal game-tree search using rational metareasoning].'' In Proceedings of the Eleventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Detroit, MI: Morgan Kaufmann, [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.79.9229&rep=rep1&type=pdf pdf]
* [[Liwu Li]] ('''1989'''). ''[https://doi.org/10.7939/R3VX06F26 Probabilistic Analysis of Search]''. Ph.D. thesis, [[University of Alberta]], advisor [[Tony Marsland]]
* [[Wolfgang Nagl]] ('''1989'''). ''Best-Move Proving: A Fast Game Tree Searching Program''. [[1st Computer Olympiad#Workshop|Heuristic Programming in AI 1]]
==1990 ...==
* [[Toshihide Ibaraki]], [[Naoki Katoh]] ('''1990'''). ''[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01531075 Searching Minimax Game Trees Under Memory Space Constraint]''. [https://link.springer.com/journal/10472 Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence], Vol. 1, Nos. 1-4
* [[Victor Allis]], [[Maarten van der Meulen]], [[Jaap van den Herik]] ('''1991'''). ''Proof-Number Search.'' Technical Reports in Computer Science, CS 91-01. Department of Computer Science, [[Maastricht University|University of Limburg]]
* [[Tony Marsland]] ('''1992'''). ''Computer Chess and Search.'' Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence (2nd ed.) (ed. S.C. Shapiro) John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [http://webdocs.cs.ualberta.ca/~tony/RecentPapers/encyc.mac-1991.pdf pdf] <ref>[http://groups.google.com/group/rec.games.chess.computer/browse_frm/thread/7df61a100528f201 Excellent Computer-Chess Overview Paper Found!] by [[Ernst A. Heinz]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rgcc]], March 6, 1997</ref> <ref>[https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=221364 Great article for people who wants to write a chess engine] by [[Miguel A. Ballicora]], [[CCC]], April 03, 2002</ref>
* [[Thomas Lincke]] ('''2002'''). ''Exploring the Computational Limits of Large Exhaustive Search Problems''. Ph.D thesis, [[ETH Zurich]], [http://e-collection.library.ethz.ch/eserv/eth:25905/eth-25905-02.pdf pdf] » [[Awari]], [[Repetitions]] <ref>[http://www.open-chess.org/viewtopic.php?f=5&t=2093#p17469 Re: Aquarium IDEA, repetitions, and minimax over cycles] by [[Ronald de Man|syzygy]], [[Computer Chess Forums|OpenChess Forum]], September 22, 2012</ref>
* [[Steven Walczak]] ('''2003'''). ''[http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=776752.776792&coll=DL&dl=GUIDE&CFID=34101495&CFTOKEN=18614940 Knowledge-Based Search in Competitive Domains]''. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, Vol. 15, No. 3
* [[Arie de Bruin]], [[Wim Pijls]] ('''2003'''). ''[https://repub.eur.nl/pub/459 Trends in game tree search]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_University_Rotterdam Erasmus University, Rotterdam]
* [[David Rasmussen]] ('''2004'''). ''Parallel Chess Searching and Bitboards.'' Masters thesis, [http://www2.imm.dtu.dk/pubdb/views/edoc_download.php/3267/ps/imm3267.ps ps]
* [[Yan Radovilsky]], [[Solomon Eyal Shimony]] ('''2004'''). ''Generalized Model for Rational Game Tree Search''. [httphttps://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/smc/smc2004-2.html SMC 2004], [https://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/%7Eyanr~yanr/Publications/smc04.pdf pdf]<ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=57560&start=14 Re: Interesting ideas] by [[Karlo Balla|Karlo Bala Jr.]], [[CCC]], September 09, 2015</ref>
* [[Markian Hlynka]], [[Jonathan Schaeffer]] ('''2004'''). ''Pre-Searching''. [[ICGA Journal#27_4|ICGA Journal, Vol. 27, No. 4]]
* [[Markian Hlynka]], [[Jonathan Schaeffer]] ('''2005'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/11922155_3 Automatic Generation of Search Engines]''. [[Advances in Computer Games 11]]
=Forum Posts=
==1999==
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=47379 Some crazy ideas] by Gareth McCaughan, [[CCC]], March 29, 1999
==2000 ...==
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=112586 About search algorithms and heuristics] by [[José Carlos Martínez Galán|José Carlos]], [[CCC]], May 26, 2000
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=64390 search efficiency] by [[Marco Pampaloni]], [[CCC]], June 23, 2017
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=65403 comparing between search or evaluation] by [[Uri Blass]], [[CCC]], October 09, 2017 » [[Evaluation]]
==2020 ...==
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=74170 Tactical search] by [[Alvaro Cardoso]], [[CCC]], June 13, 2020 » [[Tactics]]
=External Links=
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breadth-first_search Breadth-first search from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijkstra%27s_algorithm Dijkstra's algorithm from Wikipedia]
* [http://www.t-t.dk/go/cg2000/code20.html Lambda-search Java-code (version 2.0)] by [[Thomas Thomsen]]
* [http://www.gamedev.net/page/resources/_/technical/artificial-intelligence/chess-programming-part-iv-basic-search-r1171 Chess Programming Part IV: Basic Search] by [[François-Dominic Laramée]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameDev.net gamedev.net], Ausgust 2000
* [http://www.gamedev.net/page/resources/_/technical/artificial-intelligence/chess-programming-part-v-advanced-search-r1197 Chess Programming Part V: Advanced Search] by [[François-Dominic Laramée]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameDev.net gamedev.net], September 2000
* [https://sites.google.com/site/hispanicchessengines/programs--interface---engines/engine Engine - Hispanic Chess Engines | The search function] by [[Pedro Castro]]
* [http://hamedahmadi.com/gametree/ An Introduction to Game Tree Algorithms] by [[Hamed Ahmadi]]
* [[:Category:Miroslav Vitouš|Miroslav Vitouš]] - [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_Search Infinite Search] (1969), [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube YouTube] Video
: [[:Category:Jack DeJohnette|Jack DeJohnette]] ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Chambers Joe Chambers] track 6), [[:Category:John McLaughlin|John McLaughlin]], [[:Category:Herbie Hancock|Herbie Hancock]], [[:Category:Joe Henderson|Joe Henderson]]: {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=41RgdUoGZ98-OdIEbFwQEs|alignment=left|valignment=top}}
=References=
