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Promotions

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'''[[Main Page|Home]] * [[Chess]] * [[Moves]] * Promotions'''
[[FILE:Queening_Pawn.jpg|border|right|thumb|link=http://www.carinajorgensen.com/Chess/pawnqueen.php|[[Arts#:Category:Carina Jørgensen|Carina Jørgensen]] - Queening Pawn <ref>[http://www.carinajorgensen.com/Chess/pawnqueen.php Queening Pawn] by [[Arts#:Category:Carina Jørgensen|Carina Jørgensen]], 2008</ref> ]]
'''Promotions''' are [[Tactical Moves|tactical moves]] changing [[Material#Balance|material balance]] where a [[Pawn|pawn]] reaches its [[Promotion Square|promotion square]] on the eighth (or first) [[Ranks|rank]] to transform to a [[Pieces|piece]] of the players choice, either a [[Queen|queen]], [[Knight|knight]], [[Rook|rook]] or [[Bishop|bishop]] of the same [[Color|color]]. The pawn may reach the eighth rank due to a [[Pawn Push|pawn push]] or [[Captures|capture]]. A pawn promoting to a queen while capturing the opponent queen defines the maximum amount of [[Material|material]] a move may gain.
<span id="MinorPromotion"></span>
=Queening versus Minor Promotions=
Most often in practical play promotions occur to the strongest piece, the queen, also referred as '''queening'''. A promotion to other than the queen is called minor- or underpromotion, where once in a while the promotion to a knight has some practical relevance due to its distinct attacking with the possibility to check <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasker_Trap Lasker Trap from Wikipedia] features an underpromotion as early as the seventh move</ref> or to fork, see for instance what happened at [[ACM 1991#KnightPromotion|ACM 1991]] in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albuquerque%2C_New_Mexico Albuquerque] to [[Lachex]]<ref>Page 18 in the [http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/text/3-1%20and%203-2%20and%203-3%20and%204-3.1993_23rd_ACM_ICCC/1993%20ICCC.062303066.sm.pdf PDF report ]</ref> . Minor promotions to rook and bishop, whose attacks are sub-set of the queen are very rarely about to avoid [[Stalemate|stalemate]] - or may occur at the [[Root|root]] in cases the promoted piece may be captured immediately anyway. In [[Encoding Moves|move encoding]] the promoted piece requires two extra bits.
=Minor Generation=
==2015 ...==
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=61601 Stockfish underpromotes much more often than Komodo] by [[Kai Laskos]], [[CCC]], October 05, 2016 » [[Komodo]], [[Match Statistics]], [[Stockfish]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=70936 correct way to score promotions using MVV-LVA] by [[Mahmoud Uthman]], [[CCC]], June 06, 2019 » [[MVV-LVA]]
==2020 ...==
* [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/fishcooking/DAWWlmP2OrQ/3w_KhoaUAAAJ underpromoting is worth how many elo?] by [[Warren D. Smith]], [[Computer Chess Forums|FishCooking]], March 08, 2020
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=74984 Under promotion of a pinned pawn to bishop] by [[Oliver Brausch]], [[CCC]], September 03, 2020
=External Links=

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