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'''[[Main Page|Home]] * [[Chess]] * Playing Strength'''
[[FILE:FlottmannDragonSnakeIII.JPG|border|right|thumb|link=http://wiki.huen-un-perduen.de/index.php?title=Datei:Flottmann04.jpg|Dragon and Snake on ambos <ref>Photo by [[Gerd Isenberg]], September 18, 2016, detail of the [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Flottmann-Tor Flottmann gate], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Nouveau Art Nouveau] theme of ''Dragon and Sun'' designed by Carl Weinhold, art director of blacksmith and foundry ''Füssmann und Fleeth'', [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essen Essen], exposed at the [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrie-_und_Gewerbeausstellung_D%C3%BCsseldorf industrial and trade exhibition 1902] in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf Düsseldorf], and baught by [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Heinrich_Flottmann Heinrich Flottmann] as gate for his [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackhammer jackhammer] [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flottmann-Werke factory], today adjacent to the exhibition and event space [[:Category:Flottmann|Flottmann-Hallen]] in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herne,_North_Rhine-Westphalia Herne], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia North Rhine-Westphalia], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany Germany], and part of [[:Category:Industrial Heritage Trail|The Industrial Heritage Trail]] of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr Ruhr area], "The dragon is a symbol of physical strength and intelligence with respect to the snake that symbolizes the tough, glowing wrought iron" from [http://wiki.huen-un-perduen.de/index.php?title=Flottmann-Tor Flottmann-Tor – Hün un Perdün], see also [http://wiki.huen-un-perduen.de/index.php?title=Datei:Flottmann04.jpg Image] by Gerd Biedermann, and [http://flottmann-hallen.de/page/2?m=18 Flottmann-Hallen - Historie] (German)</ref> ]]
'''Playing Strength''', (Performance, Skill Level)<br/>
=Strength=
The strength of a chess program depends on many things, the quality and efficiency of the [[Algorithms|algorithms]] involved to determine the best move of a position, the balance of the so called [[Search|search]] versus [[Knowledge|knowledge tradeoff]] to [[Evaluation|evaluate]] or compare [[Leaf Node|leaf nodes]] of a [[Search Tree|search tree]], how to shape that tree and to propagate a [[Score|score]] up to the [[Root|root]], and [[Time Management|time management]], that is how to allocate time for searching a move under time control requirements. Time used is roughly proportional to the number of visited [[Node|nodes]] of the common [[Depth-First|depth-first search]] inside an [[Iterative Deepening|iterative deepening frame]], which [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_growth grows exponentially] by its [[Branching Factor#EffectiveBranchingFactor|effective branching factor]] raised to the power of [[Depth|search depth]]. Playing strength might be improved over the (playing) time due to [[Learning|learning algorithms]].
=Computer Analysis of Human Players=
<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_top_chess_players_throughout_history Comparison of top chess players throughout history from Wikipedia]</ref>
* [[Matej Guid#ComputerAnalysis|Matej Guid - Computer Analysis of World Chess Champions]]
* [[Jean-Marc Alliot#WhoistheMaster|Jean-Marc Alliot - Who is the Master?]]
=See also=
* [[Alexander Szabo#TechnologyCurve|The Technology Curve]]
* [[Time Management]]
=Publications=
* [[Diogo R. Ferreira]] ('''2012'''). ''Determining the Strength of Chess Players based on actual Play''. [[ICGA Journal#35_1|ICGA Journal, Vol. 35, No. 1]]
* [[Daniel Shawul]], [[Rémi Coulom]] ('''2013'''). ''Paired Comparisons with Ties: Modeling Game Outcomes in Chess''. <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?topic_view=threads&p=471004&t=44180 Re: EloStat, Bayeselo and Ordo] by [[Rémi Coulom]], [[CCC]], June 25, 2012</ref> <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=72087&start=3 Re: Understanding and Pushing the Limits of the Elo Rating Algorithm] by [[Daniel Shawul]], [[CCC]], October 15, 2019</ref>
* [[Diogo R. Ferreira]] ('''2013'''). ''The Impact of the Search Depth on Chess Playing Strength''. [[ICGA Journal#36_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 36, No. 2]]» [[Depth]], [[Depth#DiminishingReturns|Diminishing Returns]], [[Match Statistics]], [[Houdini]] <ref>[https://www.hiarcs.net/forums/viewtopic.php?t=10004 Ply versus ELO] by Greg, [[Computer Chess Forums|HIARCS Forum]], May 30, 2020 » [[Diogo R. Ferreira#Impact|Diogo R. Ferreira - Impact of the Search Depth ...]]</ref>
* [[Yoshikuni Sato]], [[Makoto Miwa]], [[Shogo Takeuchi]], [[Daisuke Takahashi]] ('''2013'''). ''[http://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/AAAI/AAAI13/paper/view/6402 Optimizing Objective Function Parameters for Strength in Computer Game-Playing]''. [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/conf/aaai/aaai2013.html#SatoMTT13 AAAI 2013]
* [[Erik Varend]] ('''2014'''). ''Quality of play in chess and methods for measuring''. [http://www.chessanalysis.ee/Quality%20of%20play%20in%20chess%20and%20methods%20for%20measuring.pdf pdf] <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=54571 Questions regarding rating systems of humans and engines] by [[Erik Varend]], [[CCC]], December 06, 2014</ref> <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=60721 chess statistics scientific article] by Nuno Sousa, [[CCC]], July 06, 2016</ref>
==2015 ...==
* [[Marie-Liesse Cauwet]], [[Olivier Teytaud]], [[Hua-Min Liang]], [[Shi-Jim Yen]], [[Hung-Hsuan Lin]], [[I-Chen Wu]], [[Tristan Cazenave]], [[Abdallah Saffidine]] ('''2015'''). ''Depth, balancing, and limits of the Elo model''. [[IEEE#CIG|IEEE Conference on Computational Intelligence and Games]] 2015, [https://arxiv.org/abs/1511.02006 arXiv:1511.02006]
* [[Shogo Takeuchi]], [[Tomoyuki Kaneko]] ('''2015'''). ''[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=7336038 Estimating Ratings of Computer Players by the Evaluation Scores and Principal Variations in Shogi]''. [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/mostRecentIssue.jsp?punumber=7335993 ACIT-CSI]
* [[Guy Haworth]], [[Tamal T. Biswas]], [[Kenneth W. Regan]] ('''2015'''). ''[http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/39431/ A Comparative Review of Skill Assessment: Performance, Prediction and Profiling]''. [[Advances in Computer Games 14]]
* [[Chu-Hsuan Hsueh]], [[I-Chen Wu]], [[Wen-Jie Tseng]], [[Shi-Jim Yen]], [[Jr-Chang Chen]] ('''2015'''). ''Strength Improvement and Analysis for an MCTS-Based Chinese Dark Chess Program''. [[Advances in Computer Games 14]]
* [[Ashton Anderson]], [[Jon Kleinberg]], [[Sendhil Mullainathan]] ('''2016'''). ''Assessing Human Error Against a Benchmark of Perfection''. [[ACM#SIGKDD|ACM SIGKDD 2016]], [https://arxiv.org/abs/1606.04956 arXiv:1606.04956]
* [[Jean-Marc Alliot]] ('''2017'''). ''Who is the Master''? [[ICGA Journal#39_1|ICGA Journal, Vol. 39, No. 1]], [http://www.alliot.fr/CHESS/draft-icga-39-1.pdf draft as pdf] » [[Stockfish]], [[Jean-Marc Alliot#WhoistheMaster|Who is the Master?]]
* [[Ashton Anderson]], [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=l480S2EAAAAJ&hl=en Etan A. Green] ('''2018'''). ''[https://www.pnas.org/content/115/8/1772 Personal bests as reference points]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America PNAS], Vol. 115, No. 8 <ref>[https://utsc.utoronto.ca/news-events/breaking-research/personal-bests-and-why-you-stop-after-achieving-them-u-t-scarborough-expert Personal bests – and why you stop after achieving them: U of T Scarborough expert | University of Toronto Scarborough - News and Events] by [https://everipedia.org/wiki/lang_en/nina-haikara Nina Haikara], February 7, 2018</ref>
* [[Takafumi Nakamichi]], [[Takeshi Ito]] ('''2018'''). ''Adjusting the evaluation function for weakening the competency level of a computer shogi program''. [[ICGA Journal#40_1|ICGA Journal, Vol. 40, No. 1]]
* [[Chu-Hsuan Hsueh]], [[I-Chen Wu]], [[Tsan-sheng Hsu]], [[Jr-Chang Chen]] ('''2018'''). ''An investigation of strength analysis metrics for game-playing programs: A case study in Chinese dark chess''. [[ICGA Journal#40_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 40, No. 2]] » [[Chinese Dark Chess]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=54571 Questions regarding rating systems of humans and engines] by [[Erik Varend]], [[CCC]], December 06, 2014
==2015 ...==
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=55011 How to dumb down/weaken/humanize an engine algorithmically?] by [[Dominik Klein]], [[CCC]], January 18, 2015
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=57223 computing elo of multiple chess engines] by [[Alexandru Mosoi]], [[CCC]], August 09, 2015
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=57482 Name for elo without draws] by [[Marcel van Kervinck]], [[CCC]], September 02, 2015
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=71419 best way to determine elos of a group] by [[Daniel Shawul]], [[CCC]], July 30, 2019
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=71639 Dedicated Chess Machine Elo vs Human Elo, a least squares analysis] by JayRod, [[CCC]], August 23, 2019 » [[Dedicated Chess Computers]]
==2020 ...==
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=74037 Stockfish_dev is probably stronger than Sargon 1978 v1.00] by [[Kai Laskos]], [[CCC]], May 29, 2020 » [[Stockfish]], [[Sargon]]
* [https://www.hiarcs.net/forums/viewtopic.php?t=10004 Ply versus ELO] by Greg, [[Computer Chess Forums|HIARCS Forum]], May 30, 2020 » [[Diogo R. Ferreira#Impact|Diogo R. Ferreira - Impact of the Search Depth ...]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=74319 Throwing out draws to calculate Elo] by [[Dann Corbit]], [[CCC]], June 29, 2020
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=75205 How many Elo points is a book?] by [[Chris Whittington]], [[CCC]], September 25, 2020 » [[Opening Book]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=76181 Blunder option] by [[Colin Jenkins]], [[CCC]], December 29, 2020
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=76190 Dispelling the Myth of NNUE with LazySMP: An Analysis] by [[Andrew Grant]], [[CCC]], December 30, 2020 » [[NNUE]], [[Lazy SMP]], [[Thread]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=76198 Evaluation of moves from World Championship Games] by [[Ferdinand Mosca]], [[CCC]], December 31, 2020
'''2021'''
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=76261 What K factor should be used if two players are in different K factor brackets?] by [[Tamás Kuzmics]], [[CCC]], January 09, 2021 <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elo_rating_system#Most_accurate_K-factor Most accurate K-factor - Elo rating system from Wikipedia]</ref> <ref>[https://ratings.fide.com/calculator_rtd.phtml FIDE Chess Rating calculators: Chess Rating change calculator]</ref>
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=76382 correspondence chess in the age of NNUE] by [[Larry Kaufman]], [[CCC]], January 21, 2021 » [[NNUE]]
=External Links=
==Chess Player==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_top_chess_players_throughout_history Comparison of top chess players throughout history from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Anderssen#Playing_strength_and_style Adolf Anderssen - Playing strength and style from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Carlsen#Rating Magnus Carlsen - Rating from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komodo_%28chess%29#Playing_strength_and_style Komodo (chess) - Playing strength and style from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MChess_Pro#Playing_strength MChess Pro - Playing strength from Wikipedia]
* <span id="EnginesOverTime"></span>[https://youtu.be/wljgxS7tZVE The Strongest Computer Chess Engines Over Time from 1985 to 2019], by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess.com Chess.com], May 20, 2020 <ref>The primary data source is the [[SSDF]], [[Deep Blue]] Elo Performance: estimated by perf. against [[Garry Kasparov|Kasparov]], [[AlphaZero]] Elo Performance: estimated by perf. against [[Stockfish]], [[Leela Chess Zero]] Elo Performance from [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1XSJiCcQpCLv0fNwrUn7jXjdkZFU63YFEWpdXv6dSSg0/edit#gid=312836954 LCZ rating list (CCRL estimate)]</ref>, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube YouTube] Video
: {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wljgxS7tZVE|alignment=left|valignment=top}}
==Analysis==
* [http://en.chessbase.com/post/computers-choose-who-was-the-strongest-player- Computers choose: who was the strongest player?], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], October 30, 2006
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skill Skill from Wikipedia]
* [[:Category:Chicago|Chicago]] - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feelin%27_Stronger_Every_Day Feelin' Stronger Every Day] (1973), [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube YouTube] Video
: {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Q3uPysQaZYe-wHixgp2RE|alignment=left|valignment=top}}
=References=
