Difference between revisions of "Playing Strength"

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'''[[Main Page|Home]] * [[Chess]] * Playing Strength'''
 
'''[[Main Page|Home]] * [[Chess]] * Playing Strength'''
  
[[FILE:FlottmannDragonSnakeIII.JPG|border|right|thumb|link=http://wiki.huen-un-perduen.de/index.php?title=Datei:Flottmann04.jpg|Dragon and Snake on ambos <ref>Photo by [[Gerd Isenberg]], September 18, 2016, detail of the [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Flottmann-Tor Flottmann gate], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Nouveau Art Nouveau] theme of ''Dragon and Sun'' designed by Carl Weinhold, art director of blacksmith and foundry ''Füssmann und Fleeth'', [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essen Essen], exposed at the [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrie-_und_Gewerbeausstellung_D%C3%BCsseldorf industrial and trade exhibition 1902] in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf Düsseldorf], and baught by [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Heinrich_Flottmann Heinrich Flottmann] as gate for his [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackhammer jackhammer] [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flottmann-Werke factory], today adjacent to the exhibition and event space [[:Category:Flottmann|Flottmann-Hallen]] in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herne,_North_Rhine-Westphalia Herne], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia North Rhine-Westphalia], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany Germany], and part of [[:Category:Industrial Heritage Trail|The Industrial Heritage Trail]] of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr Ruhr area], "The dragon is a symbol of physical strength and intelligence with respect to the snake that symbolizes the tough, glowing wrought iron" from [http://wiki.huen-un-perduen.de/index.php?title=Flottmann-Tor Flottmann-Tor – Hün un Perdün], see also [http://wiki.huen-un-perduen.de/index.php?title=Datei:Flottmann04.jpg Image] by Gerd Biedermann, and [http://flottmann-hallen.de/page/2?m=18 Flottmann-Hallen - Historie] (German)</ref> ]]  
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[[FILE:FlottmannDragonSnakeIII.JPG|border|right|thumb|link=http://wiki.huen-un-perduen.de/index.php?title=Datei:Flottmann04.jpg|Dragon and Snake on ambos <ref>Photo by [[Gerd Isenberg]], September 18, 2016, detail of the [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Flottmann-Tor Flottmann gate], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Nouveau Art Nouveau] theme of ''Dragon and Sun'' designed by Carl Weinhold, art director of blacksmith and foundry ''Füssmann und Fleeth'', [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essen Essen], exposed at the [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrie-_und_Gewerbeausstellung_D%C3%BCsseldorf industrial and trade exhibition 1902] in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf Düsseldorf], and baught by [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Heinrich_Flottmann Heinrich Flottmann] as gate for his [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackhammer jackhammer] [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flottmann-Werke factory], today adjacent to the exhibition and event space [[:Category:Flottmann|Flottmann-Hallen]] in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herne,_North_Rhine-Westphalia Herne], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia North Rhine-Westphalia], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany Germany], and part of [[:Category:Industrial Heritage Trail|The Industrial Heritage Trail]] of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr Ruhr area], "The dragon is a symbol of physical strength and intelligence with respect to the snake that symbolizes the tough, glowing wrought iron" from [http://wiki.huen-un-perduen.de/index.php?title=Flottmann-Tor Flottmann-Tor – Hün un Perdün], see also [http://wiki.huen-un-perduen.de/index.php?title=Datei:Flottmann04.jpg Image] by Gerd Biedermann</ref> ]]  
  
 
'''Playing Strength''', (Performance, Skill Level)<br/>
 
'''Playing Strength''', (Performance, Skill Level)<br/>
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=Strength=
 
=Strength=
 
The strength of a chess program depends on many things, the quality and efficiency of the [[Algorithms|algorithms]] involved to determine the best move of a position, the balance of the so called [[Search|search]] versus [[Knowledge|knowledge tradeoff]] to [[Evaluation|evaluate]] or compare [[Leaf Node|leaf nodes]] of a [[Search Tree|search tree]], how to shape that tree and to propagate a [[Score|score]] up to the [[Root|root]], and [[Time Management|time management]], that is how to allocate time for searching a move under time control requirements. Time used is roughly proportional to the number of visited [[Node|nodes]] of the common [[Depth-First|depth-first search]] inside an [[Iterative Deepening|iterative deepening frame]], which [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_growth grows exponentially] by its [[Branching Factor#EffectiveBranchingFactor|effective branching factor]] raised to the power of [[Depth|search depth]]. Playing strength might be improved over the (playing) time due to [[Learning|learning algorithms]].
 
The strength of a chess program depends on many things, the quality and efficiency of the [[Algorithms|algorithms]] involved to determine the best move of a position, the balance of the so called [[Search|search]] versus [[Knowledge|knowledge tradeoff]] to [[Evaluation|evaluate]] or compare [[Leaf Node|leaf nodes]] of a [[Search Tree|search tree]], how to shape that tree and to propagate a [[Score|score]] up to the [[Root|root]], and [[Time Management|time management]], that is how to allocate time for searching a move under time control requirements. Time used is roughly proportional to the number of visited [[Node|nodes]] of the common [[Depth-First|depth-first search]] inside an [[Iterative Deepening|iterative deepening frame]], which [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_growth grows exponentially] by its [[Branching Factor#EffectiveBranchingFactor|effective branching factor]] raised to the power of [[Depth|search depth]]. Playing strength might be improved over the (playing) time due to [[Learning|learning algorithms]].
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=Computer Analysis of Human Players=
 +
<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_top_chess_players_throughout_history Comparison of top chess players throughout history from Wikipedia]</ref>
 +
* [[Matej Guid#ComputerAnalysis|Matej Guid - Computer Analysis of World Chess Champions]]
 +
* [[Jean-Marc Alliot#WhoistheMaster|Jean-Marc Alliot - Who is the Master?]]
  
 
=See also=
 
=See also=
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* [[Engine Rating Lists]]
 
* [[Engine Rating Lists]]
 
* [[Engine Testing]]
 
* [[Engine Testing]]
 +
* [[Engine Similarity]]
 
* [[Knowledge]]
 
* [[Knowledge]]
 
* [[Learning]]
 
* [[Learning]]
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* [[Search with Random Leaf Values]]
 
* [[Search with Random Leaf Values]]
 
* [[Test-Positions]]
 
* [[Test-Positions]]
 +
* [[Alexander Szabo#TechnologyCurve|The Technology Curve]]
 
* [[Time Management]]
 
* [[Time Management]]
* [[Jean-Marc Alliot#WhoistheMaster|Who is the Master?]]
 
  
 
=Publications=
 
=Publications=
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* [[David Cahlander]] ('''1979'''). ''Strength of a Chess Playing Computer''. [[ICGA Journal#2_1|ICCA Newsletter, Vol. 2, No. 1]]
 
* [[David Cahlander]] ('''1979'''). ''Strength of a Chess Playing Computer''. [[ICGA Journal#2_1|ICCA Newsletter, Vol. 2, No. 1]]
 
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1979'''). ''On the Grading of Chess Players''. [[Personal Computing#3_3|Personal Computing, Vol. 3, No. 3]], pp. 47
 
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1979'''). ''On the Grading of Chess Players''. [[Personal Computing#3_3|Personal Computing, Vol. 3, No. 3]], pp. 47
* <span id="Ratliff"></span>[[Gary L. Ratliff]] ('''1979'''). ''Practical Rating Program''. [[Personal Computing#3_9|Personal Computing, Vol. 3, No. 9]], pp. 62  » [[Playing Strength#Bloss|Bloss]]
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* <span id="Ratliff"></span>[[Gary L. Ratliff]] ('''1979'''). ''Practical Rating Program''. [[Personal Computing#3_9|Personal Computing, Vol. 3, No. 9]], pp. 62  » [[#Bloss|Bloss]]
* [[Frieder Schwenkel]] ('''1979'''). ''Berating the ratings system''. [[Personal Computing#3_11|Personal Computing, Vol. 3, No. 11]], pp. 77 » [[Playing Strength#Ratliff|Ratliff]], [[Playing Strength#Bloss|Bloss]]
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* [[Frieder Schwenkel]] ('''1979'''). ''Berating the ratings system''. [[Personal Computing#3_11|Personal Computing, Vol. 3, No. 11]], pp. 77 » [[#Ratliff|Ratliff]], [[#Bloss|Bloss]]
* [[John Shaposka]] ('''1979'''). ''"JS" Takes the Bloss Test''. [[Personal Computing#3_12|Personal Computing, Vol. 3, No. 12]], pp. 75 » [[Playing Strength#Ratliff|Ratliff]], [[Playing Strength#Bloss|Bloss]]
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* [[John Shaposka]] ('''1979'''). ''"JS" Takes the Bloss Test''. [[Personal Computing#3_12|Personal Computing, Vol. 3, No. 12]], pp. 75 » [[#Ratliff|Ratliff]], [[#Bloss|Bloss]]
 
* Editor ('''1979'''). ''Chess Ratings from Problem Solving''. [[Personal Computing#3_12|Personal Computing, Vol. 3, No. 12]], pp. 77 » [[CAPS|CAPS II]], [[Chess Problems, Compositions and Studies]]
 
* Editor ('''1979'''). ''Chess Ratings from Problem Solving''. [[Personal Computing#3_12|Personal Computing, Vol. 3, No. 12]], pp. 77 » [[CAPS|CAPS II]], [[Chess Problems, Compositions and Studies]]
 
==1980 ...==
 
==1980 ...==
* Floyd R. Kirk ('''1980'''). ''Bloss Flunks Test''. [[Personal Computing#4_8|Personal Computing, Vol. 4, No. 8]], pp. 72  » [[Playing Strength#Ratliff|Ratliff]], [[Playing Strength#Bloss|Bloss]]
+
* Floyd R. Kirk ('''1980'''). ''Bloss Flunks Test''. [[Personal Computing#4_8|Personal Computing, Vol. 4, No. 8]], pp. 72  » [[#Ratliff|Ratliff]], [[#Bloss|Bloss]]
 
* [[David E. Welsh]] ('''1980'''). ''Rating Boris 2.5''. [[Personal Computing#4_10|Personal Computing, Vol. 4, No. 10]], pp. 78 » [[Boris#2.5|Boris 2.5]]
 
* [[David E. Welsh]] ('''1980'''). ''Rating Boris 2.5''. [[Personal Computing#4_10|Personal Computing, Vol. 4, No. 10]], pp. 78 » [[Boris#2.5|Boris 2.5]]
 
* W. W. Foster ('''1980'''). ''Six Test Problems for Chess Playing Machines''. [[Personal Computing#4_10|Personal Computing, Vol. 4, No. 10]], pp. 81
 
* W. W. Foster ('''1980'''). ''Six Test Problems for Chess Playing Machines''. [[Personal Computing#4_10|Personal Computing, Vol. 4, No. 10]], pp. 81
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* [[Göran Grottling]] ('''1985'''). ''How to Bracket the Truth in Playing Strength''. [[ICGA Journal#8_1|ICCA Journal, Vol. 8, No. 1]]  
 
* [[Göran Grottling]] ('''1985'''). ''How to Bracket the Truth in Playing Strength''. [[ICGA Journal#8_1|ICCA Journal, Vol. 8, No. 1]]  
 
* [[Monroe Newborn]] ('''1985'''). ''A Hypothesis Concerning the Strength of Chess Programs''. [[ICGA Journal#8_4|ICCA Journal, Vol. 8, No. 4]]
 
* [[Monroe Newborn]] ('''1985'''). ''A Hypothesis Concerning the Strength of Chess Programs''. [[ICGA Journal#8_4|ICCA Journal, Vol. 8, No. 4]]
* [[Peter W. Frey]] ('''1986'''). ''Algorithmic Strategies for Improving the Performance of Game-Playing Programs''. In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Doyne_Farmer Doyne Farmer], [[Mathematician#AlanLapedes|Alan Lapedes]], [[Mathematician#NHPackard|Norman Packard]], [[Burton Wendroff]] (Ed.) ('''1986'''). ''Evolution, Games and Learning: Models for Adaptation in Machines and Nature''. Proceedings of the Fifth Annual International Conference of the Center, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier Elsevier]
+
* [[Peter W. Frey]] ('''1986'''). ''Algorithmic Strategies for Improving the Performance of Game-Playing Programs''. In [[Mathematician#JDFarmer|J. Doyne Farmer]], [[Mathematician#AlanLapedes|Alan Lapedes]], [[Mathematician#NHPackard|Norman Packard]], [[Burton Wendroff]] (Ed.) ('''1986'''). ''Evolution, Games and Learning: Models for Adaptation in Machines and Nature''. Proceedings of the Fifth Annual International Conference of the Center, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier Elsevier]
 +
* [[Alexander Szabo]], [[Barbara Szabo]] ('''1988'''). ''The Technology Curve Revisited''. [[ICGA Journal#11_1|ICCA Journal, Vol. 11, No. 1]]
 
* [[Hans Berliner]], [[Gordon Goetsch]], [[Murray Campbell]], [[Carl Ebeling]] ('''1989'''). ''Measuring the Performance Potential of Chess Programs''. [[Advances in Computer Chess 5]]
 
* [[Hans Berliner]], [[Gordon Goetsch]], [[Murray Campbell]], [[Carl Ebeling]] ('''1989'''). ''Measuring the Performance Potential of Chess Programs''. [[Advances in Computer Chess 5]]
 
* [[Eric Hallsworth]] ('''1989'''). ''Playing Levels''. [[Selective Search|Computer Chess News Sheet]] 23, pp 2, [http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/SS_23.pdf pdf] hosted by [[Mike Watters]]
 
* [[Eric Hallsworth]] ('''1989'''). ''Playing Levels''. [[Selective Search|Computer Chess News Sheet]] 23, pp 2, [http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/SS_23.pdf pdf] hosted by [[Mike Watters]]
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* [[Warren D. Smith]] ('''1993'''). ''Rating Systems for Gameplayers, and Learning''. [http://scorevoting.net/WarrenSmithPages/homepage/ratingspap.ps ps]
 
* [[Warren D. Smith]] ('''1993'''). ''Rating Systems for Gameplayers, and Learning''. [http://scorevoting.net/WarrenSmithPages/homepage/ratingspap.ps ps]
 
* [[Luis Antunes]], [[Luis Moniz]], [[Carlos Azevedo]] ('''1993'''). ''[https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Rb-the-Dynamic-Estimation-of-the-Opponent-s-Antunes-Moniz/4844e9d1694f61d4052a87de94c4aeb2510c2404 Rb+: the Dynamic Estimation of the Opponent's Strength]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INESC-ID INESC-ID], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon Lisbon], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal Portugal] » [[Opponent Model Search#RB|RB]]
 
* [[Luis Antunes]], [[Luis Moniz]], [[Carlos Azevedo]] ('''1993'''). ''[https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Rb-the-Dynamic-Estimation-of-the-Opponent-s-Antunes-Moniz/4844e9d1694f61d4052a87de94c4aeb2510c2404 Rb+: the Dynamic Estimation of the Opponent's Strength]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INESC-ID INESC-ID], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon Lisbon], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal Portugal] » [[Opponent Model Search#RB|RB]]
 +
* [[Mark E. Glickman]] ('''1993'''). ''Paired Comparison Models with Time Varying Parameters''. Ph.D. thesis, [[Harvard University]], advisor [[Mathematician#HSStern|Hal Stern]], [http://www.glicko.net/research/thesis.pdf pdf]
 +
* [[Mark E. Glickman]] ('''1995'''). ''A Comprehensive Guide To Chess Ratings''. [http://www.glicko.net/research/acjpaper.pdf pdf]
 +
* [[Mark E. Glickman]], [[Christopher Chabris]] ('''1996'''). ''Using Chess Ratings as Data in Psychological Research''. [https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/1ffd/3432f56476f0047426b37f7f433f5a6575b0.pdf pdf]
 
* [[Robert Hyatt]], [[Monroe Newborn]] ('''1997'''). ''CRAFTY Goes Deep''. [[ICGA Journal#20_2|ICCA Journal, Vol. 20, No. 2]] » [[Crafty]]
 
* [[Robert Hyatt]], [[Monroe Newborn]] ('''1997'''). ''CRAFTY Goes Deep''. [[ICGA Journal#20_2|ICCA Journal, Vol. 20, No. 2]] » [[Crafty]]
 +
* [[Mark E. Glickman]], [[Mathematician#ACJones|Albyn C. Jones]] ('''1999'''). ''Rating the Chess Rating System''. [http://www.glicko.net/research/chance.pdf pdf]
 
==2000 ...==
 
==2000 ...==
 
* [[Ernst A. Heinz]] ('''2000'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/3-540-45579-5_18 New Self-Play Results in Computer Chess]''. [[CG 2000]]
 
* [[Ernst A. Heinz]] ('''2000'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/3-540-45579-5_18 New Self-Play Results in Computer Chess]''. [[CG 2000]]
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* [[Ernst A. Heinz]] ('''2003'''). ''Follow-Up on Self-Play, Deep Search, and Diminishing Returns.'' [[ICGA Journal#26_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 26, No. 2]]
 
* [[Ernst A. Heinz]] ('''2003'''). ''Follow-Up on Self-Play, Deep Search, and Diminishing Returns.'' [[ICGA Journal#26_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 26, No. 2]]
 
==2005 ...==
 
==2005 ...==
* [[Jan Renze Steenhuisen]] ('''2005'''). ''New Results in Deep-Search Behaviour''. [[ICGA Journal#28_4|ICGA Journal, Vol. 28, No. 4]], [http://www.st.ewi.tudelft.nl/%7Erenze/doc/ICGA_2005_4_DeepSearch.pdf pdf]
+
* [[Jan Renze Steenhuisen]] ('''2005'''). ''New Results in Deep-Search Behaviour''. [[ICGA Journal#28_4|ICGA Journal, Vol. 28, No. 4]], [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.104.9527 CiteSeerX]
 
* [[Matej Guid]], [[Ivan Bratko]] ('''2006'''). ''Computer Analysis of World Chess Champions''. [[ICGA Journal#29_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 29, No. 2]], [http://www.ailab.si/matej/doc/Computer_Analysis_of_World_Chess_Champions.pdf pdf] <ref>[http://en.chessbase.com/post/computers-choose-who-was-the-strongest-player- Computers choose: who was the strongest player?], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], October 30, 2006</ref><ref>[http://en.chessbase.com/post/computer-analysis-of-world-champions Computer analysis of world champions] by [[Søren Riis]], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], November 02, 2006</ref>
 
* [[Matej Guid]], [[Ivan Bratko]] ('''2006'''). ''Computer Analysis of World Chess Champions''. [[ICGA Journal#29_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 29, No. 2]], [http://www.ailab.si/matej/doc/Computer_Analysis_of_World_Chess_Champions.pdf pdf] <ref>[http://en.chessbase.com/post/computers-choose-who-was-the-strongest-player- Computers choose: who was the strongest player?], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], October 30, 2006</ref><ref>[http://en.chessbase.com/post/computer-analysis-of-world-champions Computer analysis of world champions] by [[Søren Riis]], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], November 02, 2006</ref>
 
* [[Matej Guid]], [[Ivan Bratko]] ('''2006'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-540-75538-8_1 Computer Analysis of Chess Champions]''. [[CG 2006]]
 
* [[Matej Guid]], [[Ivan Bratko]] ('''2006'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-540-75538-8_1 Computer Analysis of Chess Champions]''. [[CG 2006]]
Line 96: Line 107:
 
* [[Kenneth W. Regan]], [[Guy Haworth]] ('''2011'''). ''[http://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/AAAI/AAAI11/paper/view/3779 Intrinsic Chess Ratings]''. [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/%7Eley/db/conf/aaai/aaai2011.html#ReganH11 AAAI 2011], [http://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/AAAI/AAAI11/paper/view/3779/3962 pdf], [http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/%7Eregan/Talks/IntrinsicRatings.pdf slides as pdf] <ref> [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=65772 "Intrinsic Chess Ratings" by Regan, Haworth -- seq] by Kai Middleton, [[CCC]], November 19, 2017</ref>
 
* [[Kenneth W. Regan]], [[Guy Haworth]] ('''2011'''). ''[http://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/AAAI/AAAI11/paper/view/3779 Intrinsic Chess Ratings]''. [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/%7Eley/db/conf/aaai/aaai2011.html#ReganH11 AAAI 2011], [http://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/AAAI/AAAI11/paper/view/3779/3962 pdf], [http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/%7Eregan/Talks/IntrinsicRatings.pdf slides as pdf] <ref> [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=65772 "Intrinsic Chess Ratings" by Regan, Haworth -- seq] by Kai Middleton, [[CCC]], November 19, 2017</ref>
 
* [[Kenneth W. Regan]], [[Bartłomiej Macieja]], [[Guy Haworth|Guy McCrossan Haworth]] ('''2011'''). ''[http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/23800/ Understanding Distributions of Chess Performances]''. [[Advances in Computer Games 13]], [http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/~regan/papers/pdf/RMH11.pdf pdf]
 
* [[Kenneth W. Regan]], [[Bartłomiej Macieja]], [[Guy Haworth|Guy McCrossan Haworth]] ('''2011'''). ''[http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/23800/ Understanding Distributions of Chess Performances]''. [[Advances in Computer Games 13]], [http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/~regan/papers/pdf/RMH11.pdf pdf]
* [[Trevor Fenner]], [[Mark Levene]], [[Mathematician#GLoizou|George Loizou]] ('''2011'''). ''A Discrete Evolutionary Model for Chess Players' Ratings''. [http://arxiv.org/list/physics.soc-ph/recent Physics and Society], [http://arxiv.org/abs/1103.1530v2 arXiv:1103.1530v2]
+
* [[Trevor Fenner]], [[Mark Levene]], [[Mathematician#GLoizou|George Loizou]] ('''2011'''). ''A Discrete Evolutionary Model for Chess Players' Ratings''. [https://arxiv.org/abs/1103.1530 arXiv:1103.1530]
 
* [[Matej Guid]], [[Ivan Bratko]] ('''2011'''). ''Using Heuristic-Search Based Engines for Estimating Human Skill at Chess''. [[ICGA Journal#34_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 34, No. 2]]
 
* [[Matej Guid]], [[Ivan Bratko]] ('''2011'''). ''Using Heuristic-Search Based Engines for Estimating Human Skill at Chess''. [[ICGA Journal#34_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 34, No. 2]]
* [[Rémi Coulom]] ('''2012'''). ''Paired Comparisons with Ties: Modeling Game Outcomes in Chess''. [http://www.grappa.univ-lille3.fr/~coulom/ChessOutcomes.pdf pdf preprint] <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?topic_view=threads&p=471004&t=44180 Re: EloStat, Bayeselo and Ordo] by [[Rémi Coulom]], [[CCC]], June 25, 2012</ref>
 
 
* [[Diogo R. Ferreira]] ('''2012'''). ''Determining the Strength of Chess Players based on actual Play''. [[ICGA Journal#35_1|ICGA Journal, Vol. 35, No. 1]]
 
* [[Diogo R. Ferreira]] ('''2012'''). ''Determining the Strength of Chess Players based on actual Play''. [[ICGA Journal#35_1|ICGA Journal, Vol. 35, No. 1]]
* [[Diogo R. Ferreira]] ('''2013'''). ''The Impact of the Search Depth on Chess Playing Strength''. [[ICGA Journal#36_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 36, No. 2]]
+
* [[Daniel Shawul]], [[Rémi Coulom]] ('''2013'''). ''Paired Comparisons with Ties: Modeling Game Outcomes in Chess''.  <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?topic_view=threads&p=471004&t=44180 Re: EloStat, Bayeselo and Ordo] by [[Rémi Coulom]], [[CCC]], June 25, 2012</ref> <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=72087&start=3 Re: Understanding and Pushing the Limits of the Elo Rating Algorithm] by [[Daniel Shawul]], [[CCC]], October 15, 2019</ref>
 +
* [[Diogo R. Ferreira]] ('''2013'''). ''The Impact of the Search Depth on Chess Playing Strength''. [[ICGA Journal#36_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 36, No. 2]] » [[Depth]], [[Depth#DiminishingReturns|Diminishing Returns]], [[Match Statistics]], [[Houdini]] <ref>[https://www.hiarcs.net/forums/viewtopic.php?t=10004 Ply versus ELO] by Greg, [[Computer Chess Forums|HIARCS Forum]], May 30, 2020 » [[Diogo R. Ferreira#Impact|Diogo R. Ferreira - Impact of the Search Depth ...]]</ref>
 
* [[Yoshikuni Sato]], [[Makoto Miwa]], [[Shogo Takeuchi]], [[Daisuke Takahashi]] ('''2013'''). ''[http://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/AAAI/AAAI13/paper/view/6402 Optimizing Objective Function Parameters for Strength in Computer Game-Playing]''. [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/conf/aaai/aaai2013.html#SatoMTT13 AAAI 2013]
 
* [[Yoshikuni Sato]], [[Makoto Miwa]], [[Shogo Takeuchi]], [[Daisuke Takahashi]] ('''2013'''). ''[http://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/AAAI/AAAI13/paper/view/6402 Optimizing Objective Function Parameters for Strength in Computer Game-Playing]''. [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/conf/aaai/aaai2013.html#SatoMTT13 AAAI 2013]
 
* [[Erik Varend]] ('''2014'''). ''Quality of play in chess and methods for measuring''. [http://www.chessanalysis.ee/Quality%20of%20play%20in%20chess%20and%20methods%20for%20measuring.pdf pdf] <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=54571 Questions regarding rating systems of humans and engines] by [[Erik Varend]], [[CCC]], December 06, 2014</ref> <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=60721 chess statistics scientific article] by Nuno Sousa, [[CCC]], July 06, 2016</ref>
 
* [[Erik Varend]] ('''2014'''). ''Quality of play in chess and methods for measuring''. [http://www.chessanalysis.ee/Quality%20of%20play%20in%20chess%20and%20methods%20for%20measuring.pdf pdf] <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=54571 Questions regarding rating systems of humans and engines] by [[Erik Varend]], [[CCC]], December 06, 2014</ref> <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=60721 chess statistics scientific article] by Nuno Sousa, [[CCC]], July 06, 2016</ref>
 
==2015 ...==
 
==2015 ...==
 +
* [[Marie-Liesse Cauwet]], [[Olivier Teytaud]], [[Hua-Min Liang]], [[Shi-Jim Yen]], [[Hung-Hsuan Lin]], [[I-Chen Wu]], [[Tristan Cazenave]], [[Abdallah Saffidine]] ('''2015'''). ''Depth, balancing, and limits of the Elo model''. [[IEEE#CIG|IEEE Conference on Computational Intelligence and Games]] 2015, [https://arxiv.org/abs/1511.02006 arXiv:1511.02006]
 
* [[Shogo Takeuchi]], [[Tomoyuki Kaneko]] ('''2015'''). ''[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=7336038 Estimating Ratings of Computer Players by the Evaluation Scores and Principal Variations in Shogi]''. [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/mostRecentIssue.jsp?punumber=7335993 ACIT-CSI]
 
* [[Shogo Takeuchi]], [[Tomoyuki Kaneko]] ('''2015'''). ''[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=7336038 Estimating Ratings of Computer Players by the Evaluation Scores and Principal Variations in Shogi]''. [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/mostRecentIssue.jsp?punumber=7335993 ACIT-CSI]
 
* [[Guy Haworth]], [[Tamal T. Biswas]], [[Kenneth W. Regan]] ('''2015'''). ''[http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/39431/ A Comparative Review of Skill Assessment: Performance, Prediction and Profiling]''. [[Advances in Computer Games 14]]
 
* [[Guy Haworth]], [[Tamal T. Biswas]], [[Kenneth W. Regan]] ('''2015'''). ''[http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/39431/ A Comparative Review of Skill Assessment: Performance, Prediction and Profiling]''. [[Advances in Computer Games 14]]
 
* [[Chu-Hsuan Hsueh]], [[I-Chen Wu]], [[Wen-Jie Tseng]], [[Shi-Jim Yen]], [[Jr-Chang Chen]] ('''2015'''). ''Strength Improvement and Analysis for an MCTS-Based Chinese Dark Chess Program''. [[Advances in Computer Games 14]]
 
* [[Chu-Hsuan Hsueh]], [[I-Chen Wu]], [[Wen-Jie Tseng]], [[Shi-Jim Yen]], [[Jr-Chang Chen]] ('''2015'''). ''Strength Improvement and Analysis for an MCTS-Based Chinese Dark Chess Program''. [[Advances in Computer Games 14]]
 +
* [[Ashton Anderson]], [[Jon Kleinberg]], [[Sendhil Mullainathan]] ('''2016'''). ''Assessing Human Error Against a Benchmark of Perfection''. [[ACM#SIGKDD|ACM SIGKDD 2016]], [https://arxiv.org/abs/1606.04956 arXiv:1606.04956]
 
* [[Jean-Marc Alliot]] ('''2017'''). ''Who is the Master''? [[ICGA Journal#39_1|ICGA Journal, Vol. 39, No. 1]], [http://www.alliot.fr/CHESS/draft-icga-39-1.pdf draft as pdf] » [[Stockfish]], [[Jean-Marc Alliot#WhoistheMaster|Who is the Master?]]
 
* [[Jean-Marc Alliot]] ('''2017'''). ''Who is the Master''? [[ICGA Journal#39_1|ICGA Journal, Vol. 39, No. 1]], [http://www.alliot.fr/CHESS/draft-icga-39-1.pdf draft as pdf] » [[Stockfish]], [[Jean-Marc Alliot#WhoistheMaster|Who is the Master?]]
 +
* [[Ashton Anderson]], [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=l480S2EAAAAJ&hl=en Etan A. Green] ('''2018'''). ''[https://www.pnas.org/content/115/8/1772 Personal bests as reference points]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America PNAS], Vol. 115, No. 8 <ref>[https://utsc.utoronto.ca/news-events/breaking-research/personal-bests-and-why-you-stop-after-achieving-them-u-t-scarborough-expert Personal bests – and why you stop after achieving them: U of T Scarborough expert | University of Toronto Scarborough - News and Events] by [https://everipedia.org/wiki/lang_en/nina-haikara Nina Haikara], February 7, 2018</ref>
 
* [[Takafumi Nakamichi]], [[Takeshi Ito]] ('''2018'''). ''Adjusting the evaluation function for weakening the competency level of a computer shogi program''. [[ICGA Journal#40_1|ICGA Journal, Vol. 40, No. 1]]
 
* [[Takafumi Nakamichi]], [[Takeshi Ito]] ('''2018'''). ''Adjusting the evaluation function for weakening the competency level of a computer shogi program''. [[ICGA Journal#40_1|ICGA Journal, Vol. 40, No. 1]]
 
* [[Chu-Hsuan Hsueh]], [[I-Chen Wu]], [[Tsan-sheng Hsu]], [[Jr-Chang Chen]] ('''2018'''). ''An investigation of strength analysis metrics for game-playing programs: A case study in Chinese dark chess''. [[ICGA Journal#40_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 40, No. 2]] » [[Chinese Dark Chess]]
 
* [[Chu-Hsuan Hsueh]], [[I-Chen Wu]], [[Tsan-sheng Hsu]], [[Jr-Chang Chen]] ('''2018'''). ''An investigation of strength analysis metrics for game-playing programs: A case study in Chinese dark chess''. [[ICGA Journal#40_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 40, No. 2]] » [[Chinese Dark Chess]]
 
* [[Yuuto Kosaka]], [[Takeshi Ito]] ('''2018'''). ''Examination of Indicators for Estimating Players’ Strength by using Computer Go''. [[TAAI 2018]]
 
* [[Yuuto Kosaka]], [[Takeshi Ito]] ('''2018'''). ''Examination of Indicators for Estimating Players’ Strength by using Computer Go''. [[TAAI 2018]]
 +
* [[Leszek Szczecinski]], [[Aymen Djebbi]] ('''2019'''). ''Understanding and Pushing the Limits of the Elo Rating Algorithm''. [https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.06081 arXiv:1910.06081] <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=72087 Understanding and Pushing the Limits of the Elo Rating Algorithm] by [[Michel Van den Bergh]], [[CCC]], October 15, 2019</ref>
  
=Forum Posts=  
+
=Postingss=  
 +
==1982 ...==
 +
* [http://quux.org:70/Archives/usenet-a-news/NET.chess/82.01.07_alice.349_net.chess.txt chess strength] by [[Ken Thompson]], [http://quux.org:70/Archives/usenet-a-news/NET.chess net.chess], January 7, 1982 » [[Depth#DiminishingReturns|Depth | Diminishing Returns]]
 
==1990 ...==
 
==1990 ...==
 
* [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess/Qe_5lhAWTsc/Uj9UNvUrb0AJ Weakest Chess Program needed] by Jones Maxime Murphy, [[Computer Chess Forums|rgc]], November 12, 1991
 
* [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess/Qe_5lhAWTsc/Uj9UNvUrb0AJ Weakest Chess Program needed] by Jones Maxime Murphy, [[Computer Chess Forums|rgc]], November 12, 1991
Line 127: Line 144:
 
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=69215 from "Scacco": No steps forward in Computer Chess in the Last years !?] by [[Gianluigi Masciulli]], [[CCC]], September 18, 1999
 
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=69215 from "Scacco": No steps forward in Computer Chess in the Last years !?] by [[Gianluigi Masciulli]], [[CCC]], September 18, 1999
 
==2000 ...==
 
==2000 ...==
 +
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=183787 ELO of the chess programs in the 2010] by [[Federico Andrés Corigliano|Federico Corigliano]], [[CCC]], August 15, 2001
 
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=230488 Strength of the engine in chess programs] by [[Rolf Tüschen|Rolf Tueschen]], [[CCC]], May 20, 2002
 
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=230488 Strength of the engine in chess programs] by [[Rolf Tüschen|Rolf Tueschen]], [[CCC]], May 20, 2002
 
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=275347 Value of playing different versions of a program against each other] by [[Tom King]], [[CCC]], January 06, 2003  » [[Engine Testing]]
 
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=275347 Value of playing different versions of a program against each other] by [[Tom King]], [[CCC]], January 06, 2003  » [[Engine Testing]]
Line 141: Line 159:
 
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=21264 Artificial stupidity - making a program play badly] by [[Tord Romstad]], [[CCC]], May 20, 2008
 
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=21264 Artificial stupidity - making a program play badly] by [[Tord Romstad]], [[CCC]], May 20, 2008
 
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=22832 New testing thread] by [[Robert Hyatt]], [[CCC]], August 07, 2008 » [[Engine Testing]]
 
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=22832 New testing thread] by [[Robert Hyatt]], [[CCC]], August 07, 2008 » [[Engine Testing]]
 +
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=24590 Comparing two version of the same engine] by [[Fermin Serrano]], [[CCC]], October 26, 2008
 
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=25215 Hardware vs Software] by [[Charles Roberson]], [[CCC]], December 02, 2008
 
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=25215 Hardware vs Software] by [[Charles Roberson]], [[CCC]], December 02, 2008
 
'''2009'''
 
'''2009'''
Line 164: Line 183:
 
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=44219 Human Elo ratings: averages and standard deviations] by [[Jesús Muñoz]], [[CCC]], March 18, 2012
 
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=44219 Human Elo ratings: averages and standard deviations] by [[Jesús Muñoz]], [[CCC]], March 18, 2012
 
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=43134 Elo versus speed] by [[Peter Österlund]], [[CCC]], April 02, 2012
 
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=43134 Elo versus speed] by [[Peter Österlund]], [[CCC]], April 02, 2012
 +
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=43323 Pawn Advantage, Win Percentage, and Elo] by [[Adam Hair]], [[CCC]], April 15, 2012 » [[Pawn Advantage, Win Percentage, and Elo]]
 +
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=43598 Elo Increase per Doubling] by [[Adam Hair]], [[CCC]], May 07, 2012
 
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=44003 Rybka odds matches and the strength of engines] by [[Kai Laskos]], [[CCC]], June 09, 2012 » [[Rybka]]
 
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=44003 Rybka odds matches and the strength of engines] by [[Kai Laskos]], [[CCC]], June 09, 2012 » [[Rybka]]
 
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=45795 Score Inaccuracy: An Engine Weakening Algorithm] by [[Erik Madsen]], [[CCC]], October 31, 2012 » [[MadChess]]
 
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=45795 Score Inaccuracy: An Engine Weakening Algorithm] by [[Erik Madsen]], [[CCC]], October 31, 2012 » [[MadChess]]
Line 182: Line 203:
 
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=54571 Questions regarding rating systems of humans and engines] by [[Erik Varend]], [[CCC]], December 06, 2014
 
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=54571 Questions regarding rating systems of humans and engines] by [[Erik Varend]], [[CCC]], December 06, 2014
 
==2015 ...==
 
==2015 ...==
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=55011 How to dumb down/weaken/humanize an engine algorithmically?] by Dominik Klein, [[CCC]], January 18, 2015
+
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=55011 How to dumb down/weaken/humanize an engine algorithmically?] by [[Dominik Klein]], [[CCC]], January 18, 2015
 
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=57223 computing elo of multiple chess engines] by [[Alexandru Mosoi]], [[CCC]], August 09, 2015
 
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=57223 computing elo of multiple chess engines] by [[Alexandru Mosoi]], [[CCC]], August 09, 2015
 
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=57482 Name for elo without draws] by [[Marcel van Kervinck]], [[CCC]], September 02, 2015
 
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=57482 Name for elo without draws] by [[Marcel van Kervinck]], [[CCC]], September 02, 2015
Line 201: Line 222:
 
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=61548 Perfect play] by Patrik Karlsson, [[CCC]], September 28, 2016  
 
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=61548 Perfect play] by Patrik Karlsson, [[CCC]], September 28, 2016  
 
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=61784 Doubling of time control] by [[Andreas Strangmüller]], [[CCC]], October 21, 2016 » [[Match Statistics#DoublingTC|Doubling TC]], [[Depth#DiminishingReturns|Diminishing Returns]], [[Playing Strength]], [[Komodo]]
 
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=61784 Doubling of time control] by [[Andreas Strangmüller]], [[CCC]], October 21, 2016 » [[Match Statistics#DoublingTC|Doubling TC]], [[Depth#DiminishingReturns|Diminishing Returns]], [[Playing Strength]], [[Komodo]]
 +
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=61935 UCI protocol and engine strength] by [[Fermin Serrano]], [[CCC]], November 02, 2016
 
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=62146 Stockfish 8 - Double time control vs. 2 threads] by [[Andreas Strangmüller]], [[CCC]],  November 15, 2016 » [[Match Statistics#DoublingTC|Doubling TC]], [[Depth#DiminishingReturns|Diminishing Returns]], [[Playing Strength]], [[Stockfish]]
 
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=62146 Stockfish 8 - Double time control vs. 2 threads] by [[Andreas Strangmüller]], [[CCC]],  November 15, 2016 » [[Match Statistics#DoublingTC|Doubling TC]], [[Depth#DiminishingReturns|Diminishing Returns]], [[Playing Strength]], [[Stockfish]]
 
* [http://rybkaforum.net/cgi-bin/rybkaforum/topic_show.pl?tid=31867 L3 cache, RAM and other performance factors] by Nimzy, [[Computer Chess Forums|Rybka Forum]], December 04, 2016 » [[Memory]]
 
* [http://rybkaforum.net/cgi-bin/rybkaforum/topic_show.pl?tid=31867 L3 cache, RAM and other performance factors] by Nimzy, [[Computer Chess Forums|Rybka Forum]], December 04, 2016 » [[Memory]]
Line 219: Line 241:
 
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=64041 Another attempt at comparing Evals ELO-wise] by [[Kai Laskos]], [[CCC]], May 22, 2017 » [[Evaluation]]
 
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=64041 Another attempt at comparing Evals ELO-wise] by [[Kai Laskos]], [[CCC]], May 22, 2017 » [[Evaluation]]
 
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=64356 Testing endgame strength] by [[Álvaro Begué]], [[CCC]], June 21, 2017 » [[Endgame]], [[Engine Testing]], [[RuyDos]]
 
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=64356 Testing endgame strength] by [[Álvaro Begué]], [[CCC]], June 21, 2017 » [[Endgame]], [[Engine Testing]], [[RuyDos]]
 +
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=64512 Measuring elo rating engine outside tournament] by [[Yves De Billoëz]], [[CCC]], July 04, 2017
 
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=64683 Invariance with time control of rating schemes] by [[Kai Laskos]], [[CCC]], July 22, 2017 <ref>[http://hardy.uhasselt.be/Toga/normalized_elo.pdf Normalized Elo] (pdf) by [[Michel Van den Bergh]]</ref>
 
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=64683 Invariance with time control of rating schemes] by [[Kai Laskos]], [[CCC]], July 22, 2017 <ref>[http://hardy.uhasselt.be/Toga/normalized_elo.pdf Normalized Elo] (pdf) by [[Michel Van den Bergh]]</ref>
 
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=64719 Ways to avoid "Draw Death" in Computer Chess] by [[Kai Laskos]], [[CCC]], July 25, 2017
 
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=64719 Ways to avoid "Draw Death" in Computer Chess] by [[Kai Laskos]], [[CCC]], July 25, 2017
Line 239: Line 262:
 
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=70388 Elo World, a framework for benchmarking weak chess engines] by [[Rémi Coulom]], [[CCC]], April 02, 2019
 
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=70388 Elo World, a framework for benchmarking weak chess engines] by [[Rémi Coulom]], [[CCC]], April 02, 2019
 
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=70440 What engine breaks even with GMs in blitz?] by [[Larry Kaufman]], [[CCC]], April 07, 2019
 
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=70440 What engine breaks even with GMs in blitz?] by [[Larry Kaufman]], [[CCC]], April 07, 2019
 +
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=71419 best way to determine elos of a group] by [[Daniel Shawul]], [[CCC]], July 30, 2019
 +
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=71639 Dedicated Chess Machine Elo vs Human Elo, a least squares analysis] by JayRod, [[CCC]], August 23, 2019 » [[Dedicated Chess Computers]]
 +
==2020 ...==
 +
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=74037 Stockfish_dev is probably stronger than Sargon 1978 v1.00] by [[Kai Laskos]], [[CCC]], May 29, 2020 » [[Stockfish]], [[Sargon]]
 +
* [https://www.hiarcs.net/forums/viewtopic.php?t=10004 Ply versus ELO] by Greg, [[Computer Chess Forums|HIARCS Forum]], May 30, 2020 » [[Diogo R. Ferreira#Impact|Diogo R. Ferreira - Impact of the Search Depth ...]]
 +
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=74319 Throwing out draws to calculate Elo] by [[Dann Corbit]], [[CCC]], June 29, 2020
 +
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=75205 How many Elo points is a book?] by [[Chris Whittington]], [[CCC]], September 25, 2020 » [[Opening Book]]
 +
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=76181 Blunder option] by [[Colin Jenkins]], [[CCC]], December 29, 2020
 +
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=76190 Dispelling the Myth of NNUE with LazySMP: An Analysis] by [[Andrew Grant]], [[CCC]], December 30, 2020 » [[NNUE]], [[Lazy SMP]], [[Thread]]
 +
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=76198 Evaluation of moves from World Championship Games] by [[Ferdinand Mosca]], [[CCC]], December 31, 2020
 +
'''2021'''
 +
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=76261 What K factor should be used if two players are in different K factor brackets?] by [[Tamás Kuzmics]], [[CCC]], January 09, 2021 <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elo_rating_system#Most_accurate_K-factor Most accurate K-factor - Elo rating system from Wikipedia]</ref> <ref>[https://ratings.fide.com/calculator_rtd.phtml FIDE Chess Rating calculators: Chess Rating change calculator]</ref>
 +
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=76382 correspondence chess in the age of NNUE] by [[Larry Kaufman]], [[CCC]], January 21, 2021 » [[NNUE]]
  
 
=External Links=
 
=External Links=
 
==Chess Player==
 
==Chess Player==
 +
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_top_chess_players_throughout_history Comparison of top chess players throughout history from Wikipedia]
 
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Anderssen#Playing_strength_and_style Adolf Anderssen - Playing strength and style from Wikipedia]
 
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Anderssen#Playing_strength_and_style Adolf Anderssen - Playing strength and style from Wikipedia]
 
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Carlsen#Rating Magnus Carlsen - Rating from Wikipedia]
 
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Carlsen#Rating Magnus Carlsen - Rating from Wikipedia]
Line 253: Line 290:
 
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komodo_%28chess%29#Playing_strength_and_style Komodo (chess) - Playing strength and style from Wikipedia]
 
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komodo_%28chess%29#Playing_strength_and_style Komodo (chess) - Playing strength and style from Wikipedia]
 
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MChess_Pro#Playing_strength MChess Pro - Playing strength from Wikipedia]
 
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MChess_Pro#Playing_strength MChess Pro - Playing strength from Wikipedia]
 +
* <span id="EnginesOverTime"></span>[https://youtu.be/wljgxS7tZVE The Strongest Computer Chess Engines Over Time from 1985 to 2019], by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess.com Chess.com], May 20, 2020 <ref>The primary data source is the [[SSDF]], [[Deep Blue]] Elo Performance: estimated by perf. against [[Garry Kasparov|Kasparov]], [[AlphaZero]] Elo Performance: estimated by perf. against [[Stockfish]], [[Leela Chess Zero]] Elo Performance from [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1XSJiCcQpCLv0fNwrUn7jXjdkZFU63YFEWpdXv6dSSg0/edit#gid=312836954 LCZ rating list (CCRL estimate)]</ref>, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube YouTube] Video
 +
: {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wljgxS7tZVE|alignment=left|valignment=top}}
 
==Analysis==
 
==Analysis==
 
* [http://en.chessbase.com/post/computers-choose-who-was-the-strongest-player- Computers choose: who was the strongest player?], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], October 30, 2006
 
* [http://en.chessbase.com/post/computers-choose-who-was-the-strongest-player- Computers choose: who was the strongest player?], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], October 30, 2006
Line 263: Line 302:
 
* [http://wismuth.com/elo/calculator.html Elo Win Probability Calculator] by [[Mathematician#FLabelle|François Labelle]]
 
* [http://wismuth.com/elo/calculator.html Elo Win Probability Calculator] by [[Mathematician#FLabelle|François Labelle]]
 
* [http://en.chessbase.com/post/arpad-elo-and-the-elo-rating-system Arpad Elo and the Elo Rating System] by [[Dan Ross]], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], December 16, 2007
 
* [http://en.chessbase.com/post/arpad-elo-and-the-elo-rating-system Arpad Elo and the Elo Rating System] by [[Dan Ross]], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], December 16, 2007
 +
* [https://www.kaggle.com/c/chess Chess ratings - Elo versus the Rest of the World] | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaggle Kaggle]
 
* [http://kirill-kryukov.com/chess/kcec/draw_rate.html Kirr's Chess Engine Comparison KCEC - Draw rate] » [[KCEC]]
 
* [http://kirill-kryukov.com/chess/kcec/draw_rate.html Kirr's Chess Engine Comparison KCEC - Draw rate] » [[KCEC]]
 
* [http://www.alliot.fr/CHESS/ficga.html.en Who is the Master?] by [[Jean-Marc Alliot]] » [[Jean-Marc Alliot#WhoistheMaster|Who is the Master?]]
 
* [http://www.alliot.fr/CHESS/ficga.html.en Who is the Master?] by [[Jean-Marc Alliot]] » [[Jean-Marc Alliot#WhoistheMaster|Who is the Master?]]
Line 281: Line 321:
 
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skill Skill from Wikipedia]
 
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skill Skill from Wikipedia]
 
* [[:Category:Chicago|Chicago]] - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feelin%27_Stronger_Every_Day Feelin' Stronger Every Day] (1973), [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube YouTube] Video
 
* [[:Category:Chicago|Chicago]] - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feelin%27_Stronger_Every_Day Feelin' Stronger Every Day] (1973), [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube YouTube] Video
: {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Q3uPysQaZY|alignment=left|valignment=top}}
+
: {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e-wHixgp2RE|alignment=left|valignment=top}}
  
 
=References=
 
=References=

Revision as of 23:41, 21 January 2021

Home * Chess * Playing Strength

Dragon and Snake on ambos [1]

Playing Strength, (Performance, Skill Level)
of a chess player, or chess playing entity, program or engine, reflects the ability to win against other players, given by a number or other element of an ordered set such as an Elo number.

The ability to solve test-positions, that is, finding the specified, likely one and only best move, might be an indicator for various particular engine skills, but does not necessarily correlate with playing strength. In his Parallelism and Selectivity in Game Tree Search lecture, Tord Romstad introduced the Worst Moves Observation (WMO), which states the practical playing strength is not primarily determined by the quality of the players best moves nor average moves, but by the quality of the players worst moves.

Measuring

A statistical valid method to measure playing strength within a defined confidence interval is to play an appropriate huge number of games with both sides versus a wide range of different opponents [2] with symmetric time constraints, and to apply match statistics. Performance isn't measured absolutely; it is inferred from wins, losses, and draws against other players or engines. Players' rating depend on the ratings of their opponents, and the results scored against them [3]. While relative playing strength of chess engines is not strictly transmissive over various time controls, the number of games played is more relevant than their duration, the todays de facto standard in measuring playing strength is parallel playing fast chess with (ultra) short time control, such as blitz, bullet or even lightning chess, as for instance used in the Fishtest framework of Stockfish [4].

Strength

The strength of a chess program depends on many things, the quality and efficiency of the algorithms involved to determine the best move of a position, the balance of the so called search versus knowledge tradeoff to evaluate or compare leaf nodes of a search tree, how to shape that tree and to propagate a score up to the root, and time management, that is how to allocate time for searching a move under time control requirements. Time used is roughly proportional to the number of visited nodes of the common depth-first search inside an iterative deepening frame, which grows exponentially by its effective branching factor raised to the power of search depth. Playing strength might be improved over the (playing) time due to learning algorithms.

Computer Analysis of Human Players

[5]

See also

Publications

1970 ...

1980 ...

1990 ...

2000 ...

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Postingss

1982 ...

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Re: A thought about ratings by Don Dailey, Computer Go Archive, December 10, 2007
Re: A thought about ratings by Edward de Grijs, Computer Go Archive, December 10, 2007
Re: A thought about ratings by Don Dailey, Computer Go Archive, December 10, 2007

2008

2009

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2011

2012

2013

2014

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2016

About expected scores and draw ratios by Jesús Muñoz, CCC, September 17, 2016

2017

Re: "Intrinsic Chess Ratings" by Regan, Haworth -- by Kenneth Regan, CCC, November 20, 2017 » Who is the Master?

2018

2019

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2021

External Links

Chess Player

Chess Engines

Analysis

Rating Systems

Misc

References

  1. Photo by Gerd Isenberg, September 18, 2016, detail of the Flottmann gate, Art Nouveau theme of Dragon and Sun designed by Carl Weinhold, art director of blacksmith and foundry Füssmann und Fleeth, Essen, exposed at the industrial and trade exhibition 1902 in Düsseldorf, and baught by Heinrich Flottmann as gate for his jackhammer factory, today adjacent to the exhibition and event space Flottmann-Hallen in Herne, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, and part of The Industrial Heritage Trail of the Ruhr area, "The dragon is a symbol of physical strength and intelligence with respect to the snake that symbolizes the tough, glowing wrought iron" from Flottmann-Tor – Hün un Perdün, see also Image by Gerd Biedermann
  2. A word for casual testers by Don Dailey, CCC, December 25, 2012
  3. Elo rating system - Mathematical details - Wikipedia
  4. Stockfish Testing Framework
  5. Comparison of top chess players throughout history from Wikipedia
  6. Elo's Book: The Rating of Chess Players by Sam Sloan
  7. Computers choose: who was the strongest player?, ChessBase News, October 30, 2006
  8. Computer analysis of world champions by Søren Riis, ChessBase News, November 02, 2006
  9. Bayesian inference from Wikipedia
  10. How I did it: Diogo Ferreira on 4th place in Elo chess ratings competition | no free hunch
  11. "Intrinsic Chess Ratings" by Regan, Haworth -- seq by Kai Middleton, CCC, November 19, 2017
  12. Re: EloStat, Bayeselo and Ordo by Rémi Coulom, CCC, June 25, 2012
  13. Re: Understanding and Pushing the Limits of the Elo Rating Algorithm by Daniel Shawul, CCC, October 15, 2019
  14. Ply versus ELO by Greg, HIARCS Forum, May 30, 2020 » Diogo R. Ferreira - Impact of the Search Depth ...
  15. Questions regarding rating systems of humans and engines by Erik Varend, CCC, December 06, 2014
  16. chess statistics scientific article by Nuno Sousa, CCC, July 06, 2016
  17. Personal bests – and why you stop after achieving them: U of T Scarborough expert | University of Toronto Scarborough - News and Events by Nina Haikara, February 7, 2018
  18. Understanding and Pushing the Limits of the Elo Rating Algorithm by Michel Van den Bergh, CCC, October 15, 2019
  19. Delphil 3.3b2 (2334) - Stockfish 030916 (3228), TCEC Season 9 - Rapid, Round 11, September 16, 2016
  20. Normalized Elo (pdf) by Michel Van den Bergh
  21. Chessanalysis homepage by Erik Varend
  22. wall - Wiktionary
  23. regression - Wiktionary
  24. Most accurate K-factor - Elo rating system from Wikipedia
  25. FIDE Chess Rating calculators: Chess Rating change calculator
  26. The primary data source is the SSDF, Deep Blue Elo Performance: estimated by perf. against Kasparov, AlphaZero Elo Performance: estimated by perf. against Stockfish, Leela Chess Zero Elo Performance from LCZ rating list (CCRL estimate)
  27. Matej Guid, Ivan Bratko (2006). Computer Analysis of World Chess Champions. ICGA Journal, Vol. 29, No. 2, pdf
  28. an interesting study from Erik Varend by scandien, Hiarcs Forum, August 13, 2017

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