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'''[[Main Page|Home]] * [[Chess]] * Playing Strength'''
[[FILE:FlottmannDragonSnakeIII.JPG|border|right|thumb|link=http://wiki.huen-un-perduen.de/index.php?title=Datei:Flottmann04.jpg|Dragon and Snake on ambos <ref>Photo by [[Gerd Isenberg]], September 18, 2016, detail of the [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Flottmann-Tor Flottmann gate], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Nouveau Art Nouveau] theme of ''Dragon and Sun'' designed by Carl Weinhold, art director of blacksmith and foundry ''Füssmann und Fleeth'', [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essen Essen], exposed at the [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrie-_und_Gewerbeausstellung_D%C3%BCsseldorf industrial and trade exhibition 1902] in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf Düsseldorf], and baught by [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Heinrich_Flottmann Heinrich Flottmann] as gate for his [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackhammer jackhammer] [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flottmann-Werke factory], today adjacent to the exhibition and event space [[:Category:Flottmann|Flottmann-Hallen]] in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herne,_North_Rhine-Westphalia Herne], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia North Rhine-Westphalia], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany Germany], and part of [[:Category:Industrial Heritage Trail|The Industrial Heritage Trail]] of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr Ruhr area], "The dragon is a symbol of physical strength and intelligence with respect to the snake that symbolizes the tough, glowing wrought iron" from [http://wiki.huen-un-perduen.de/index.php?title=Flottmann-Tor Flottmann-Tor – Hün un Perdün], see also [http://wiki.huen-un-perduen.de/index.php?title=Datei:Flottmann04.jpg Image] by Gerd Biedermann, and [http://flottmann-hallen.de/page/2?m=18 Flottmann-Hallen - Historie] (German)</ref> ]]
'''Playing Strength''', (Performance, Skill Level)<br/>
=Strength=
The strength of a chess program depends on many things, the quality and efficiency of the [[Algorithms|algorithms]] involved to determine the best move of a position, the balance of the so called [[Search|search]] versus [[Knowledge|knowledge tradeoff]] to [[Evaluation|evaluate]] or compare [[Leaf Node|leaf nodes]] of a [[Search Tree|search tree]], how to shape that tree and to propagate a [[Score|score]] up to the [[Root|root]], and [[Time Management|time management]], that is how to allocate time for searching a move under time control requirements. Time used is roughly proportional to the number of visited [[Node|nodes]] of the common [[Depth-First|depth-first search]] inside an [[Iterative Deepening|iterative deepening frame]], which [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_growth grows exponentially] by its [[Branching Factor#EffectiveBranchingFactor|effective branching factor]] raised to the power of [[Depth|search depth]]. Playing strength might be improved over the (playing) time due to [[Learning|learning algorithms]].
=Computer Analysis of Human Players=
<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_top_chess_players_throughout_history Comparison of top chess players throughout history from Wikipedia]</ref>
* [[Matej Guid#ComputerAnalysis|Matej Guid - Computer Analysis of World Chess Champions]]
* [[Jean-Marc Alliot#WhoistheMaster|Jean-Marc Alliot - Who is the Master?]]
=See also=
* [[Engine Rating Lists]]
* [[Engine Testing]]
* [[Engine Similarity]]
* [[Knowledge]]
* [[Learning]]
* [[Search with Random Leaf Values]]
* [[Test-Positions]]
* [[Alexander Szabo#TechnologyCurve|The Technology Curve]]
* [[Time Management]]
=Publications=
* [[David Cahlander]] ('''1979'''). ''Strength of a Chess Playing Computer''. [[ICGA Journal#2_1|ICCA Newsletter, Vol. 2, No. 1]]
* [[Jack Good]] ('''1979'''). ''On the Grading of Chess Players''. [[Personal Computing#3_3|Personal Computing, Vol. 3, No. 3]], pp. 47
* <span id="Ratliff"></span>[[Gary L. Ratliff]] ('''1979'''). ''Practical Rating Program''. [[Personal Computing#3_9|Personal Computing, Vol. 3, No. 9]], pp. 62 » [[Playing Strength#Bloss|Bloss]]* [[Frieder Schwenkel]] ('''1979'''). ''Berating the ratings system''. [[Personal Computing#3_11|Personal Computing, Vol. 3, No. 11]], pp. 77 » [[Playing Strength#Ratliff|Ratliff]], [[Playing Strength#Bloss|Bloss]]* [[John Shaposka]] ('''1979'''). ''"JS" Takes the Bloss Test''. [[Personal Computing#3_12|Personal Computing, Vol. 3, No. 12]], pp. 75 » [[Playing Strength#Ratliff|Ratliff]], [[Playing Strength#Bloss|Bloss]]
* Editor ('''1979'''). ''Chess Ratings from Problem Solving''. [[Personal Computing#3_12|Personal Computing, Vol. 3, No. 12]], pp. 77 » [[CAPS|CAPS II]], [[Chess Problems, Compositions and Studies]]
==1980 ...==
* Floyd R. Kirk ('''1980'''). ''Bloss Flunks Test''. [[Personal Computing#4_8|Personal Computing, Vol. 4, No. 8]], pp. 72 » [[Playing Strength#Ratliff|Ratliff]], [[Playing Strength#Bloss|Bloss]]
* [[David E. Welsh]] ('''1980'''). ''Rating Boris 2.5''. [[Personal Computing#4_10|Personal Computing, Vol. 4, No. 10]], pp. 78 » [[Boris#2.5|Boris 2.5]]
* W. W. Foster ('''1980'''). ''Six Test Problems for Chess Playing Machines''. [[Personal Computing#4_10|Personal Computing, Vol. 4, No. 10]], pp. 81
* [[Göran Grottling]] ('''1985'''). ''How to Bracket the Truth in Playing Strength''. [[ICGA Journal#8_1|ICCA Journal, Vol. 8, No. 1]]
* [[Monroe Newborn]] ('''1985'''). ''A Hypothesis Concerning the Strength of Chess Programs''. [[ICGA Journal#8_4|ICCA Journal, Vol. 8, No. 4]]
* [[Peter W. Frey]] ('''1986'''). ''Algorithmic Strategies for Improving the Performance of Game-Playing Programs''. In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/[Mathematician#JDFarmer|J._Doyne_Farmer Doyne Farmer]], [[Mathematician#AlanLapedes|Alan Lapedes]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noran_Packard [Mathematician#NHPackard|Norman Packard]], [[Burton Wendroff]] (Ed.) ('''1986'''). ''Evolution, Games and Learning: Models for Adaptation in Machines and Nature''. Proceedings of the Fifth Annual International Conference of the Center, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier Elsevier]* [[Alexander Szabo]], [[Barbara Szabo]] ('''1988'''). ''The Technology Curve Revisited''. [[ICGA Journal#11_1|ICCA Journal, Vol. 11, No. 1]]
* [[Hans Berliner]], [[Gordon Goetsch]], [[Murray Campbell]], [[Carl Ebeling]] ('''1989'''). ''Measuring the Performance Potential of Chess Programs''. [[Advances in Computer Chess 5]]
* [[Eric Hallsworth]] ('''1989'''). ''Playing Levels''. [[Selective Search|Computer Chess News Sheet]] 23, pp 2, [http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/SS_23.pdf pdf] hosted by [[Mike Watters]]
* [[Warren D. Smith]] ('''1993'''). ''Rating Systems for Gameplayers, and Learning''. [http://scorevoting.net/WarrenSmithPages/homepage/ratingspap.ps ps]
* [[Luis Antunes]], [[Luis Moniz]], [[Carlos Azevedo]] ('''1993'''). ''[https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Rb-the-Dynamic-Estimation-of-the-Opponent-s-Antunes-Moniz/4844e9d1694f61d4052a87de94c4aeb2510c2404 Rb+: the Dynamic Estimation of the Opponent's Strength]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INESC-ID INESC-ID], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon Lisbon], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal Portugal] » [[Opponent Model Search#RB|RB]]
* [[Mark E. Glickman]] ('''1993'''). ''Paired Comparison Models with Time Varying Parameters''. Ph.D. thesis, [[Harvard University]], advisor [[Mathematician#HSStern|Hal Stern]], [http://www.glicko.net/research/thesis.pdf pdf]
* [[Mark E. Glickman]] ('''1995'''). ''A Comprehensive Guide To Chess Ratings''. [http://www.glicko.net/research/acjpaper.pdf pdf]
* [[Mark E. Glickman]], [[Christopher Chabris]] ('''1996'''). ''Using Chess Ratings as Data in Psychological Research''. [https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/1ffd/3432f56476f0047426b37f7f433f5a6575b0.pdf pdf]
* [[Robert Hyatt]], [[Monroe Newborn]] ('''1997'''). ''CRAFTY Goes Deep''. [[ICGA Journal#20_2|ICCA Journal, Vol. 20, No. 2]] » [[Crafty]]
* [[Mark E. Glickman]], [[Mathematician#ACJones|Albyn C. Jones]] ('''1999'''). ''Rating the Chess Rating System''. [http://www.glicko.net/research/chance.pdf pdf]
==2000 ...==
* [[Ernst A. Heinz]] ('''2000'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/3-540-45579-5_18 New Self-Play Results in Computer Chess]''. [[CG 2000]]
* [[Ernst A. Heinz]] ('''2003'''). ''Follow-Up on Self-Play, Deep Search, and Diminishing Returns.'' [[ICGA Journal#26_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 26, No. 2]]
==2005 ...==
* [[Jan Renze Steenhuisen]] ('''2005'''). ''New Results in Deep-Search Behaviour''. [[ICGA Journal#28_4|ICGA Journal, Vol. 28, No. 4]], [http://wwwciteseerx.stist.ewipsu.tudelft.nledu/%7Erenzeviewdoc/doc/ICGA_2005_4_DeepSearchsummary?doi=10.1.1.104.pdf pdf9527 CiteSeerX]
* [[Matej Guid]], [[Ivan Bratko]] ('''2006'''). ''Computer Analysis of World Chess Champions''. [[ICGA Journal#29_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 29, No. 2]], [http://www.ailab.si/matej/doc/Computer_Analysis_of_World_Chess_Champions.pdf pdf] <ref>[http://en.chessbase.com/post/computers-choose-who-was-the-strongest-player- Computers choose: who was the strongest player?], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], October 30, 2006</ref><ref>[http://en.chessbase.com/post/computer-analysis-of-world-champions Computer analysis of world champions] by [[Søren Riis]], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], November 02, 2006</ref>
* [[Matej Guid]], [[Ivan Bratko]] ('''2006'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-540-75538-8_1 Computer Analysis of Chess Champions]''. [[CG 2006]]
* [[Kenneth W. Regan]], [[Guy Haworth]] ('''2011'''). ''[http://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/AAAI/AAAI11/paper/view/3779 Intrinsic Chess Ratings]''. [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/%7Eley/db/conf/aaai/aaai2011.html#ReganH11 AAAI 2011], [http://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/AAAI/AAAI11/paper/view/3779/3962 pdf], [http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/%7Eregan/Talks/IntrinsicRatings.pdf slides as pdf] <ref> [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=65772 "Intrinsic Chess Ratings" by Regan, Haworth -- seq] by Kai Middleton, [[CCC]], November 19, 2017</ref>
* [[Kenneth W. Regan]], [[Bartłomiej Macieja]], [[Guy Haworth|Guy McCrossan Haworth]] ('''2011'''). ''[http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/23800/ Understanding Distributions of Chess Performances]''. [[Advances in Computer Games 13]], [http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/~regan/papers/pdf/RMH11.pdf pdf]
* [[Trevor Fenner]], [[Mark Levene]], [[Mathematician#GLoizou|George Loizou]] ('''2011'''). ''A Discrete Evolutionary Model for Chess Players' Ratings''. [http://arxiv.org/list/physics.soc-ph/recent Physics and Society], [httphttps://arxiv.org/abs/1103.1530v2 1530 arXiv:1103.1530v21530]
* [[Matej Guid]], [[Ivan Bratko]] ('''2011'''). ''Using Heuristic-Search Based Engines for Estimating Human Skill at Chess''. [[ICGA Journal#34_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 34, No. 2]]
* [[Diogo R. Ferreira]] ('''2012'''). ''Determining the Strength of Chess Players based on actual Play''. [[ICGA Journal#35_1|ICGA Journal, Vol. 35, No. 1]]
* [[Daniel Shawul]], [[Rémi Coulom]] ('''2013'''). ''Paired Comparisons with Ties: Modeling Game Outcomes in Chess''. <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?topic_view=threads&p=471004&t=44180 Re: EloStat, Bayeselo and Ordo] by [[Rémi Coulom]], [[CCC]], June 25, 2012</ref> <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=72087&start=3 Re: Understanding and Pushing the Limits of the Elo Rating Algorithm] by [[Daniel Shawul]], [[CCC]], October 15, 2019</ref> * [[Diogo R. Ferreira]] ('''2013'''). ''The Impact of the Search Depth on Chess Playing Strength''. [[ICGA Journal#36_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 36, No. 2]]» [[Depth]], [[Depth#DiminishingReturns|Diminishing Returns]], [[Match Statistics]], [[Houdini]] <ref>[https://www.hiarcs.net/forums/viewtopic.php?t=10004 Ply versus ELO] by Greg, [[Computer Chess Forums|HIARCS Forum]], May 30, 2020 » [[Diogo R. Ferreira#Impact|Diogo R. Ferreira - Impact of the Search Depth ...]]</ref>
* [[Yoshikuni Sato]], [[Makoto Miwa]], [[Shogo Takeuchi]], [[Daisuke Takahashi]] ('''2013'''). ''[http://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/AAAI/AAAI13/paper/view/6402 Optimizing Objective Function Parameters for Strength in Computer Game-Playing]''. [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/conf/aaai/aaai2013.html#SatoMTT13 AAAI 2013]
* [[Erik Varend]] ('''2014'''). ''Quality of play in chess and methods for measuring''. [http://www.chessanalysis.ee/Quality%20of%20play%20in%20chess%20and%20methods%20for%20measuring.pdf pdf] <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=54571 Questions regarding rating systems of humans and engines] by [[Erik Varend]], [[CCC]], December 06, 2014</ref> <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=60721 chess statistics scientific article] by Nuno Sousa, [[CCC]], July 06, 2016</ref>
==2015 ...==
* [[Marie-Liesse Cauwet]], [[Olivier Teytaud]], [[Hua-Min Liang]], [[Shi-Jim Yen]], [[Hung-Hsuan Lin]], [[I-Chen Wu]], [[Tristan Cazenave]], [[Abdallah Saffidine]] ('''2015'''). ''Depth, balancing, and limits of the Elo model''. [[IEEE#CIG|IEEE Conference on Computational Intelligence and Games]] 2015, [https://arxiv.org/abs/1511.02006 arXiv:1511.02006]
* [[Shogo Takeuchi]], [[Tomoyuki Kaneko]] ('''2015'''). ''[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=7336038 Estimating Ratings of Computer Players by the Evaluation Scores and Principal Variations in Shogi]''. [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/mostRecentIssue.jsp?punumber=7335993 ACIT-CSI]
* [[Guy Haworth]], [[Tamal T. Biswas]], [[Kenneth W. Regan]] ('''2015'''). ''[http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/39431/ A Comparative Review of Skill Assessment: Performance, Prediction and Profiling]''. [[Advances in Computer Games 14]]
* [[Chu-Hsuan Hsueh]], [[I-Chen Wu]], [[Wen-Jie Tseng]], [[Shi-Jim Yen]], [[Jr-Chang Chen]] ('''2015'''). ''Strength Improvement and Analysis for an MCTS-Based Chinese Dark Chess Program''. [[Advances in Computer Games 14]]
* [[Ashton Anderson]], [[Jon Kleinberg]], [[Sendhil Mullainathan]] ('''2016'''). ''Assessing Human Error Against a Benchmark of Perfection''. [[ACM#SIGKDD|ACM SIGKDD 2016]], [https://arxiv.org/abs/1606.04956 arXiv:1606.04956]
* [[Jean-Marc Alliot]] ('''2017'''). ''Who is the Master''? [[ICGA Journal#39_1|ICGA Journal, Vol. 39, No. 1]], [http://www.alliot.fr/CHESS/draft-icga-39-1.pdf draft as pdf] » [[Stockfish]], [[Jean-Marc Alliot#WhoistheMaster|Who is the Master?]]
* [[Ashton Anderson]], [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=l480S2EAAAAJ&hl=en Etan A. Green] ('''2018'''). ''[https://www.pnas.org/content/115/8/1772 Personal bests as reference points]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America PNAS], Vol. 115, No. 8 <ref>[https://utsc.utoronto.ca/news-events/breaking-research/personal-bests-and-why-you-stop-after-achieving-them-u-t-scarborough-expert Personal bests – and why you stop after achieving them: U of T Scarborough expert | University of Toronto Scarborough - News and Events] by [https://everipedia.org/wiki/lang_en/nina-haikara Nina Haikara], February 7, 2018</ref>
* [[Takafumi Nakamichi]], [[Takeshi Ito]] ('''2018'''). ''Adjusting the evaluation function for weakening the competency level of a computer shogi program''. [[ICGA Journal#40_1|ICGA Journal, Vol. 40, No. 1]]
* [[Chu-Hsuan Hsueh]], [[I-Chen Wu]], [[Tsan-sheng Hsu]], [[Jr-Chang Chen]] ('''2018'''). ''An investigation of strength analysis metrics for game-playing programs: A case study in Chinese dark chess''. [[ICGA Journal#40_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 40, No. 2]] » [[Chinese Dark Chess]]
* [[Yuuto Kosaka]], [[Takeshi Ito]] ('''2018'''). ''Examination of Indicators for Estimating Players’ Strength by using Computer Go''. [[TAAI 2018]]
* [[Leszek Szczecinski]], [[Aymen Djebbi]] ('''2019'''). ''Understanding and Pushing the Limits of the Elo Rating Algorithm''. [https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.06081 arXiv:1910.06081] <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=72087 Understanding and Pushing the Limits of the Elo Rating Algorithm] by [[Michel Van den Bergh]], [[CCC]], October 15, 2019</ref>
=Forum PostsPostingss= ==1982 ...==* [http://quux.org:70/Archives/usenet-a-news/NET.chess/82.01.07_alice.349_net.chess.txt chess strength] by [[Ken Thompson]], [http://quux.org:70/Archives/usenet-a-news/NET.chess net.chess], January 7, 1982 » [[Depth#DiminishingReturns|Depth | Diminishing Returns]]
==1990 ...==
* [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess/Qe_5lhAWTsc/Uj9UNvUrb0AJ Weakest Chess Program needed] by Jones Maxime Murphy, [[Computer Chess Forums|rgc]], November 12, 1991
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=69215 from "Scacco": No steps forward in Computer Chess in the Last years !?] by [[Gianluigi Masciulli]], [[CCC]], September 18, 1999
==2000 ...==
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=183787 ELO of the chess programs in the 2010] by [[Federico Andrés Corigliano|Federico Corigliano]], [[CCC]], August 15, 2001
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=230488 Strength of the engine in chess programs] by [[Rolf Tüschen|Rolf Tueschen]], [[CCC]], May 20, 2002
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=275347 Value of playing different versions of a program against each other] by [[Tom King]], [[CCC]], January 06, 2003 » [[Engine Testing]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=21264 Artificial stupidity - making a program play badly] by [[Tord Romstad]], [[CCC]], May 20, 2008
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=22832 New testing thread] by [[Robert Hyatt]], [[CCC]], August 07, 2008 » [[Engine Testing]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=24590 Comparing two version of the same engine] by [[Fermin Serrano]], [[CCC]], October 26, 2008
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=25215 Hardware vs Software] by [[Charles Roberson]], [[CCC]], December 02, 2008
'''2009'''
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=44219 Human Elo ratings: averages and standard deviations] by [[Jesús Muñoz]], [[CCC]], March 18, 2012
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=43134 Elo versus speed] by [[Peter Österlund]], [[CCC]], April 02, 2012
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=43323 Pawn Advantage, Win Percentage, and Elo] by [[Adam Hair]], [[CCC]], April 15, 2012 » [[Pawn Advantage, Win Percentage, and Elo]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=43598 Elo Increase per Doubling] by [[Adam Hair]], [[CCC]], May 07, 2012
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=44003 Rybka odds matches and the strength of engines] by [[Kai Laskos]], [[CCC]], June 09, 2012 » [[Rybka]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=45795 Score Inaccuracy: An Engine Weakening Algorithm] by [[Erik Madsen]], [[CCC]], October 31, 2012 » [[MadChess]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=54571 Questions regarding rating systems of humans and engines] by [[Erik Varend]], [[CCC]], December 06, 2014
==2015 ...==
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=55011 How to dumb down/weaken/humanize an engine algorithmically?] by [[Dominik Klein]], [[CCC]], January 18, 2015
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=57223 computing elo of multiple chess engines] by [[Alexandru Mosoi]], [[CCC]], August 09, 2015
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=57482 Name for elo without draws] by [[Marcel van Kervinck]], [[CCC]], September 02, 2015
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=61548 Perfect play] by Patrik Karlsson, [[CCC]], September 28, 2016
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=61784 Doubling of time control] by [[Andreas Strangmüller]], [[CCC]], October 21, 2016 » [[Match Statistics#DoublingTC|Doubling TC]], [[Depth#DiminishingReturns|Diminishing Returns]], [[Playing Strength]], [[Komodo]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=61935 UCI protocol and engine strength] by [[Fermin Serrano]], [[CCC]], November 02, 2016
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=62146 Stockfish 8 - Double time control vs. 2 threads] by [[Andreas Strangmüller]], [[CCC]], November 15, 2016 » [[Match Statistics#DoublingTC|Doubling TC]], [[Depth#DiminishingReturns|Diminishing Returns]], [[Playing Strength]], [[Stockfish]]
* [http://rybkaforum.net/cgi-bin/rybkaforum/topic_show.pl?tid=31867 L3 cache, RAM and other performance factors] by Nimzy, [[Computer Chess Forums|Rybka Forum]], December 04, 2016 » [[Memory]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=64041 Another attempt at comparing Evals ELO-wise] by [[Kai Laskos]], [[CCC]], May 22, 2017 » [[Evaluation]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=64356 Testing endgame strength] by [[Álvaro Begué]], [[CCC]], June 21, 2017 » [[Endgame]], [[Engine Testing]], [[RuyDos]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=64512 Measuring elo rating engine outside tournament] by [[Yves De Billoëz]], [[CCC]], July 04, 2017
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=64683 Invariance with time control of rating schemes] by [[Kai Laskos]], [[CCC]], July 22, 2017 <ref>[http://hardy.uhasselt.be/Toga/normalized_elo.pdf Normalized Elo] (pdf) by [[Michel Van den Bergh]]</ref>
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=64719 Ways to avoid "Draw Death" in Computer Chess] by [[Kai Laskos]], [[CCC]], July 25, 2017
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=66969 Elostat Question] by [[Michael Sherwin]], [[CCC]], March 30, 2018
'''2019'''
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=70217 Depth reduced but ELO increased] by [[Tom King]], [[CCC]], March 16, 2019 » [[Countermove Heuristic]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=70388 Elo World, a framework for benchmarking weak chess engines] by [[Rémi Coulom]], [[CCC]], April 02, 2019
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=70440 What engine breaks even with GMs in blitz?] by [[Larry Kaufman]], [[CCC]], April 07, 2019
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=71419 best way to determine elos of a group] by [[Daniel Shawul]], [[CCC]], July 30, 2019
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=71639 Dedicated Chess Machine Elo vs Human Elo, a least squares analysis] by JayRod, [[CCC]], August 23, 2019 » [[Dedicated Chess Computers]]
==2020 ...==
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=74037 Stockfish_dev is probably stronger than Sargon 1978 v1.00] by [[Kai Laskos]], [[CCC]], May 29, 2020 » [[Stockfish]], [[Sargon]]
* [https://www.hiarcs.net/forums/viewtopic.php?t=10004 Ply versus ELO] by Greg, [[Computer Chess Forums|HIARCS Forum]], May 30, 2020 » [[Diogo R. Ferreira#Impact|Diogo R. Ferreira - Impact of the Search Depth ...]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=74319 Throwing out draws to calculate Elo] by [[Dann Corbit]], [[CCC]], June 29, 2020
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=75205 How many Elo points is a book?] by [[Chris Whittington]], [[CCC]], September 25, 2020 » [[Opening Book]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=76181 Blunder option] by [[Colin Jenkins]], [[CCC]], December 29, 2020
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=76190 Dispelling the Myth of NNUE with LazySMP: An Analysis] by [[Andrew Grant]], [[CCC]], December 30, 2020 » [[NNUE]], [[Lazy SMP]], [[Thread]]
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=76198 Evaluation of moves from World Championship Games] by [[Ferdinand Mosca]], [[CCC]], December 31, 2020
'''2021'''
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=76261 What K factor should be used if two players are in different K factor brackets?] by [[Tamás Kuzmics]], [[CCC]], January 09, 2021 <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elo_rating_system#Most_accurate_K-factor Most accurate K-factor - Elo rating system from Wikipedia]</ref> <ref>[https://ratings.fide.com/calculator_rtd.phtml FIDE Chess Rating calculators: Chess Rating change calculator]</ref>
* [http://www.talkchess.com/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=76382 correspondence chess in the age of NNUE] by [[Larry Kaufman]], [[CCC]], January 21, 2021 » [[NNUE]]
=External Links=
==Chess Player==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_top_chess_players_throughout_history Comparison of top chess players throughout history from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Anderssen#Playing_strength_and_style Adolf Anderssen - Playing strength and style from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Carlsen#Rating Magnus Carlsen - Rating from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komodo_%28chess%29#Playing_strength_and_style Komodo (chess) - Playing strength and style from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MChess_Pro#Playing_strength MChess Pro - Playing strength from Wikipedia]
* <span id="EnginesOverTime"></span>[https://youtu.be/wljgxS7tZVE The Strongest Computer Chess Engines Over Time from 1985 to 2019], by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess.com Chess.com], May 20, 2020 <ref>The primary data source is the [[SSDF]], [[Deep Blue]] Elo Performance: estimated by perf. against [[Garry Kasparov|Kasparov]], [[AlphaZero]] Elo Performance: estimated by perf. against [[Stockfish]], [[Leela Chess Zero]] Elo Performance from [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1XSJiCcQpCLv0fNwrUn7jXjdkZFU63YFEWpdXv6dSSg0/edit#gid=312836954 LCZ rating list (CCRL estimate)]</ref>, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube YouTube] Video
: {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wljgxS7tZVE|alignment=left|valignment=top}}
==Analysis==
* [http://en.chessbase.com/post/computers-choose-who-was-the-strongest-player- Computers choose: who was the strongest player?], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], October 30, 2006
* [http://wismuth.com/elo/calculator.html Elo Win Probability Calculator] by [[Mathematician#FLabelle|François Labelle]]
* [http://en.chessbase.com/post/arpad-elo-and-the-elo-rating-system Arpad Elo and the Elo Rating System] by [[Dan Ross]], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], December 16, 2007
* [https://www.kaggle.com/c/chess Chess ratings - Elo versus the Rest of the World] | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaggle Kaggle]
* [http://kirill-kryukov.com/chess/kcec/draw_rate.html Kirr's Chess Engine Comparison KCEC - Draw rate] » [[KCEC]]
* [http://www.alliot.fr/CHESS/ficga.html.en Who is the Master?] by [[Jean-Marc Alliot]] » [[Jean-Marc Alliot#WhoistheMaster|Who is the Master?]]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skill Skill from Wikipedia]
* [[:Category:Chicago|Chicago]] - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feelin%27_Stronger_Every_Day Feelin' Stronger Every Day] (1973), [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube YouTube] Video
: {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Q3uPysQaZYe-wHixgp2RE|alignment=left|valignment=top}}
=References=
