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Created page with "'''Home * Knowledge * Cognition * Perceiver''' FILE:Boldriaan_oog.jpg|border|right|thumb|link=http://www.schaakkunst.nl/Schaakkunst_Boldriaan.htm|[[:C..."
'''[[Main Page|Home]] * [[Knowledge]] * [[Cognition]] * Perceiver'''
[[FILE:Boldriaan_oog.jpg|border|right|thumb|link=http://www.schaakkunst.nl/Schaakkunst_Boldriaan.htm|[[:Category:Boldriaan|Boldriaan]] - Het Oplettende Oog (2002) <ref>[http://www.chess-art.eu/catalog/product_info.php?cPath=27_35&products_id=102 Het Oplettende Oog] - The Watchful Eye (2002), [http://www.schaakkunst.nl/Schaakkunst_Boldriaan.htm Schaakkunst van Boldriaan]</ref> ]]
'''Perceiver''',<br/>
an experimental chess program by [[Michael Barenfeld]] and [[Herbert Simon]] of the late 60s with focus on [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perception perceptual processes] in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_solving problem solving]. Perceiver was able to duplicate the [[Eye Movements|eye movements]] of a chess expert by adhering to the simple relations of [[Attack and Defend Maps|attack and defense]], based on previously developed routines of the program [[Mater]] for detecting those basic chess relations <ref>[[George Baylor|George W. Baylor]], [[Herbert Simon|Herbert A. Simon]] ('''1966'''). ''[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1464182.1464233&coll=GUIDE&dl=GUIDE A chess mating combinations program]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Federation_of_Information_Processing_Societies AFIPS] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Computer_Conference Joint Computer Conferences], reprinted in [[Herbert Simon|Herbert A. Simon]] ('''1979'''). ''[https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300024326/models-thought Models of Thought]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press Yale University Press], pp. 181-200, in [[David Levy]] (ed.) ('''1988'''). ''[[Computer Chess Compendium]]''.</ref>.
=Fixated Squares=
With the simulated [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fovea_centralis fovea centralis] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixation_%28visual%29 fixated] on a [[Squares|square]] of the [[Chessboard|board]], information is acquired [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_vision peripherally] about [[Pieces|pieces]] standing on nearby squares that [[Square Attacked By|attack or defend the fixated square]], or that are attacked or defended by the piece on that square. Attention is then assumed to switch to one of these nearby squares, and, unless it immediately returns to the square already fixated, causes a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccade saccadic movement] to the new square. With the fovea fixated on the new square, the process simply repeats, causing a biased random walk of the fixation point around the board, returning most frequently to those regions of interest where relations among pieces are densest and spending little time on the edges of the board.
=MAPP=
[[Kevin J. Gilmartin]] and Herbert Simon further extended Perceiver into a system called [[MAPP]] (Memory-aided Pattern Perceiver) which uses the [[Learning|learning]] mechanism of [[EPAM]], and reinforced the [[Chunking|chunking]] hypothesis by subjecting MAPP to the [[William Chase#Perception|same board reconstruction experiment]] that the human players faced <ref>[[William Chase]], [[Herbert Simon]] ('''1973'''). ''[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0010028573900042 Perception in chess]''. [http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/622807/description#description Cognitive Psychology], Vol. 4, No. 1</ref> <ref>[[Herbert Simon]], [[Kevin J. Gilmartin]] ('''1973'''). ''[http://psycnet.apa.org/record/1974-08458-001 A Simulation of Memory for Chess Positions]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_Psychology_(journal) Cognitive Psychology], Vol. 5, reprinted in [[Herbert Simon|Herbert A. Simon]] ('''1979'''). ''[https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300024326/models-thought Models of Thought]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press Yale University Press]</ref>.
=See also=
* [[Attack and Defend Maps]]
* [[CHREST]]
* [[Chunking]]
* [[EPAM]]
* [[Eye Movements]]
* [[MAPP]]
* [[Mater]]
* [[William Chase#Perception|Perception]]
* [[William Chase#Video|Perception - Video]]
* [[Square Attacked By]]
=Publicatons=
* [[Herbert Simon]], [[Michael Barenfeld]] ('''1968'''). ''Information Processing in the Perception of Chess Positions''. [[Carnegie Mellon University]], Paper #127
* [[Herbert Simon]], [[Michael Barenfeld]] ('''1969'''). ''[http://psycnet.apa.org/record/1970-01781-001 Information-processing analysis of perceptual processes in problem solving]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_Review Psychological Review], Vol. 76, No. 5, [https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/768a/0b6d7fbc759797012fefb2f4988c6581e2c3.pdf pdf], reprinted in [[Herbert Simon|Herbert A. Simon]] ('''1979'''). ''[https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300024326/models-thought Models of Thought]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press Yale University Press]
* [[Herbert Simon]] ('''1973'''). ''Lessons from Perception for Chess-Playing Programs (and Vice Versa)''. Computer Science Research Review, [http://digitalcollections.library.cmu.edu/awweb/awarchive?type=file&item=33779 pdf]
* [[Herbert Simon]], [[Kevin J. Gilmartin]] ('''1973'''). ''[http://psycnet.apa.org/record/1974-08458-001 A Simulation of Memory for Chess Positions]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_Psychology_(journal) Cognitive Psychology], Vol. 5, reprinted in [[Herbert Simon|Herbert A. Simon]] ('''1979'''). ''[https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300024326/models-thought Models of Thought]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press Yale University Press]
* [[Herbert Simon]], [[William Chase]] ('''1973'''). ''Skill in Chess''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Scientist American Scientist], Vol. 61, No. 4, reprinted ('''1988''') in [[Computer Chess Compendium]], [https://digitalcollections.library.cmu.edu/awweb/awarchive?type=file&item=44582 pdf]
=External Links=
* [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/perceiver perceiver - Wiktionary]
* [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/perceive perceive - Wiktionary]
* [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/perception perception - Wiktionary]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perception Perception from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_perception Visual perception from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_movement Eye movement from Wikipedia]
* [[:Category:Agnes Obel|Agnes Obel]] - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_Obel#Citizen_of_Glass Stretch your Eyes], March 24, 2017, [http://www.opb.org/opbmusic/series/sessions/agnes-obel-wonder-ballroom-soundcheck/?utm_source=agnesobel.com&utm_medium=referral Soundcheck] at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonder_Ballroom Wonder Ballroom], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon Portland], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube YouTube] Video <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trautonium Trautonium from Wikipedia]</ref>
: {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gCdX1AEEVa4|alignment=left|valignment=top}}
=References=
<references />
'''[[Cognition|Up one Level]]'''
[[Category:Boldriaan]]
[[Category:Agnes Obel]]
[[FILE:Boldriaan_oog.jpg|border|right|thumb|link=http://www.schaakkunst.nl/Schaakkunst_Boldriaan.htm|[[:Category:Boldriaan|Boldriaan]] - Het Oplettende Oog (2002) <ref>[http://www.chess-art.eu/catalog/product_info.php?cPath=27_35&products_id=102 Het Oplettende Oog] - The Watchful Eye (2002), [http://www.schaakkunst.nl/Schaakkunst_Boldriaan.htm Schaakkunst van Boldriaan]</ref> ]]
'''Perceiver''',<br/>
an experimental chess program by [[Michael Barenfeld]] and [[Herbert Simon]] of the late 60s with focus on [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perception perceptual processes] in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_solving problem solving]. Perceiver was able to duplicate the [[Eye Movements|eye movements]] of a chess expert by adhering to the simple relations of [[Attack and Defend Maps|attack and defense]], based on previously developed routines of the program [[Mater]] for detecting those basic chess relations <ref>[[George Baylor|George W. Baylor]], [[Herbert Simon|Herbert A. Simon]] ('''1966'''). ''[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1464182.1464233&coll=GUIDE&dl=GUIDE A chess mating combinations program]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Federation_of_Information_Processing_Societies AFIPS] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Computer_Conference Joint Computer Conferences], reprinted in [[Herbert Simon|Herbert A. Simon]] ('''1979'''). ''[https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300024326/models-thought Models of Thought]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press Yale University Press], pp. 181-200, in [[David Levy]] (ed.) ('''1988'''). ''[[Computer Chess Compendium]]''.</ref>.
=Fixated Squares=
With the simulated [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fovea_centralis fovea centralis] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixation_%28visual%29 fixated] on a [[Squares|square]] of the [[Chessboard|board]], information is acquired [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_vision peripherally] about [[Pieces|pieces]] standing on nearby squares that [[Square Attacked By|attack or defend the fixated square]], or that are attacked or defended by the piece on that square. Attention is then assumed to switch to one of these nearby squares, and, unless it immediately returns to the square already fixated, causes a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccade saccadic movement] to the new square. With the fovea fixated on the new square, the process simply repeats, causing a biased random walk of the fixation point around the board, returning most frequently to those regions of interest where relations among pieces are densest and spending little time on the edges of the board.
=MAPP=
[[Kevin J. Gilmartin]] and Herbert Simon further extended Perceiver into a system called [[MAPP]] (Memory-aided Pattern Perceiver) which uses the [[Learning|learning]] mechanism of [[EPAM]], and reinforced the [[Chunking|chunking]] hypothesis by subjecting MAPP to the [[William Chase#Perception|same board reconstruction experiment]] that the human players faced <ref>[[William Chase]], [[Herbert Simon]] ('''1973'''). ''[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0010028573900042 Perception in chess]''. [http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/622807/description#description Cognitive Psychology], Vol. 4, No. 1</ref> <ref>[[Herbert Simon]], [[Kevin J. Gilmartin]] ('''1973'''). ''[http://psycnet.apa.org/record/1974-08458-001 A Simulation of Memory for Chess Positions]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_Psychology_(journal) Cognitive Psychology], Vol. 5, reprinted in [[Herbert Simon|Herbert A. Simon]] ('''1979'''). ''[https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300024326/models-thought Models of Thought]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press Yale University Press]</ref>.
=See also=
* [[Attack and Defend Maps]]
* [[CHREST]]
* [[Chunking]]
* [[EPAM]]
* [[Eye Movements]]
* [[MAPP]]
* [[Mater]]
* [[William Chase#Perception|Perception]]
* [[William Chase#Video|Perception - Video]]
* [[Square Attacked By]]
=Publicatons=
* [[Herbert Simon]], [[Michael Barenfeld]] ('''1968'''). ''Information Processing in the Perception of Chess Positions''. [[Carnegie Mellon University]], Paper #127
* [[Herbert Simon]], [[Michael Barenfeld]] ('''1969'''). ''[http://psycnet.apa.org/record/1970-01781-001 Information-processing analysis of perceptual processes in problem solving]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_Review Psychological Review], Vol. 76, No. 5, [https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/768a/0b6d7fbc759797012fefb2f4988c6581e2c3.pdf pdf], reprinted in [[Herbert Simon|Herbert A. Simon]] ('''1979'''). ''[https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300024326/models-thought Models of Thought]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press Yale University Press]
* [[Herbert Simon]] ('''1973'''). ''Lessons from Perception for Chess-Playing Programs (and Vice Versa)''. Computer Science Research Review, [http://digitalcollections.library.cmu.edu/awweb/awarchive?type=file&item=33779 pdf]
* [[Herbert Simon]], [[Kevin J. Gilmartin]] ('''1973'''). ''[http://psycnet.apa.org/record/1974-08458-001 A Simulation of Memory for Chess Positions]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_Psychology_(journal) Cognitive Psychology], Vol. 5, reprinted in [[Herbert Simon|Herbert A. Simon]] ('''1979'''). ''[https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300024326/models-thought Models of Thought]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press Yale University Press]
* [[Herbert Simon]], [[William Chase]] ('''1973'''). ''Skill in Chess''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Scientist American Scientist], Vol. 61, No. 4, reprinted ('''1988''') in [[Computer Chess Compendium]], [https://digitalcollections.library.cmu.edu/awweb/awarchive?type=file&item=44582 pdf]
=External Links=
* [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/perceiver perceiver - Wiktionary]
* [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/perceive perceive - Wiktionary]
* [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/perception perception - Wiktionary]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perception Perception from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_perception Visual perception from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_movement Eye movement from Wikipedia]
* [[:Category:Agnes Obel|Agnes Obel]] - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_Obel#Citizen_of_Glass Stretch your Eyes], March 24, 2017, [http://www.opb.org/opbmusic/series/sessions/agnes-obel-wonder-ballroom-soundcheck/?utm_source=agnesobel.com&utm_medium=referral Soundcheck] at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonder_Ballroom Wonder Ballroom], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon Portland], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube YouTube] Video <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trautonium Trautonium from Wikipedia]</ref>
: {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gCdX1AEEVa4|alignment=left|valignment=top}}
=References=
<references />
'''[[Cognition|Up one Level]]'''
[[Category:Boldriaan]]
[[Category:Agnes Obel]]
