Changes

all [[Pawn|pawns]] that are blocked by the opponent's pawns. A ram is a mutual mechanical obstruction. If the rammed pawn is no [[Pawn Levers (Bitboards)|lever pawn]], it becomes member of the [[Immobile Pawns|immobile pawns]]. Specially if other properties match, e.g. there is no or no mutual lever-possibility against the opponent counterpart, rams are a '''symptom''' of '''congealment'''. The term Ram or [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widder Widder] in German ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovis Ovis], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aries_%28constellation%29 Aries]) was coined by [[Hans Kmoch]] <ref>[[Hans Kmoch]] ('''1959, 1990'''). ''Pawn Power in Chess''. New York: Dover, 1990. Previous ed.: New York: McKay, 1959. ISBN 0-486-26486-6</ref> <ref>[https://www.chess.com/forum/view/chess-equipment/pawn-power-in-chess-by-hans-kmoch-glossary-of-terms Pawn Power in Chess by Hans Kmoch - Glossary of Terms - Chess Forums] - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess.com [Chess.com]]</ref>. Rammed none lever pawns in the [[Center|center]] or [[Center#ExtendedCenter|extended center]] are most important to decide about [[Bad Bishop|bad bishops]].

* [http://groups.google.com/group/gnu.chess/browse_frm/thread/37bbd87f491aa673 Pawn ram code in gnuchess] by [[Chua Kong Sian]], [[GNU Chess#NewsGroup|gnu.chess]], June 18, 1994» [[GNU Chess]]* [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/fishcooking/rwakDGcuf5E/YUyeJX9rBQAJ Two ideas for pawn patches] by [[Stephane Nicolet]], [[Computer Chess Forums|FishCooking]], July 28, 2016 » [[Stockfish]]

* [https://www.chess.com/forum/view/chess-equipment/pawn-power-in-chess-by-hans-kmoch-glossary-of-terms Pawn Power in Chess by Hans Kmoch - Glossary of Terms - Chess Forums] - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess.com [Chess.com]]