25,161
edits
Changes
no edit summary
The '''Pawn Endgame''' is an endgame actually without any [[Pieces|pieces]] but only [[Pawn|pawns]] and [[King|kings]]. Pawn endings somehow remind on a completely different game domain, requiring special evaluation routines, as well as conditions inside the [[Search|search]], i. e. switching of [[Null Move Pruning|null move pruning]]. Specially in "closed" or blocked pawn endgames with [[Pawn Rams (Bitboards)|rammed]] and [[Backward Pawn|backward pawns]] with only very few reasonable moves due to extremely low [[Mobility|mobility]], [[Zugzwang|zugzwang]], [[Stalemate|stalemate]], [[Triangulation|triangulation]], [[Tempo|tempo]] issues, the concepts of [[Opposition|opposition]] or more general [[Corresponding Squares|corresponding squares]], and [[King Pattern#FloodFillAlgorithms|king path puzzles]] start to dominate. Otherwise, in open pawn endings, naturally with a bigger [[Branching Factor|branching factor]] than the closed, all kinds of [[Passed Pawn|passed pawn]] issues are taken into account.
Using the [[Transposition Table|transposition table]] is essential in pawn endings, as demonstrated in positions like the [[Lasker-Reichhelm Position]] (Fine 70) or the [[Réti Endgame Study]] with astonishing [[Depth|search depths]]. Certainly, many programs [[Capture Extensions|extend]] a lot, if the last piece was captured with the transition into an "unclear" pawn endgame. [[Ed Schroder|Ed Schröder]] for instance, extends by three [[Ply|plies]] in [[Rebel]] considering [[Bound|bounds]] <ref>Quote by [[Ed Schroder|Ed Schröder]] from his [http://www.top-5000.nl/authors/rebel/chess840.htm [Rebel#ProgrammerCorner|Programmer Corner]]: The Search is extended with 3 plies when the search transits to a pawn-ending. An extra window check of 3 pawns is done on I_SCORE before the extension is rewarded</ref> .
=Considerations=
=Pawn Endgame Programs=
* [[Chunker]]
* [[Endspiel]]
* [[PawnKing]]
* [[Peasant]]
* [[Pawn Pattern and Properties]] in [[Bitboards]]
* [[Pawn Structure]]
* [[Queen versus Pawn]]
* [[Transposition Table]]
=Publications=
==Chess==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitaly_Halberstadt Vitali Halberstadt] and [[Arts#:Category:Marcel Duchamp|Marcel Duchamp]] ('''1932'''). ''L'opposition et les cases conjuguées sont réconciliées''. » [[Corresponding Squares]]
: Paris-Brussels 1932, German Edition 2001 ''[http://www.buecher-nach-isbn.info/3-608/3608500359-Opposition-und-Schwesterfelder-Marcel-Duchamp-Vitali-Halberstadt-3-608-50035-9.html Opposition und Schwesterfelder]'', ISBN 3-932170-35-0
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuben_Fine Reuben Fine] ('''1941'''). ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Chess_Endings Basic Chess Endings]'', Chapter 2, King and Pawn Endings
* [[Wilhelm Barth]] ('''1995'''). ''The KPKP Endgame: An Amplification''. [[ICGA Journal#18_4|ICCA Journal, Vol. 18, No. 4]]
==2000 ...==
* [[Eli David|Omid David]], [[Ariel Felner]], [[Nathan S. Netanyahu]] ('''2004'''). ''Blockage Detection in Pawn Endgames''. [[ICGA Journal#27_3|ICGA Journal, Vol. 27, No. 3]]
* [[Zvi Retchkiman Königsberg]] ('''2007'''). ''A Combinatorial Game Mathematical Strategy Planning Procedure for a Class of Chess Endgames''. [http://www.m-hikari.com/imf-password2007/65-68-2007/index.html International Mathematical Forum, Vol. 2, No. 68]
==2010 ...==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_endgame#King_and_pawn_endings King and pawn endings from Wikipedia]
* [http://chess-training.blogspot.com/2006/11/endgame-lab-king-and-pawn-endings_24.html Chess Training: Endgame Lab - King and Pawn Endings]
=References=
'''[[Endgame|Up one Level]]'''
[[Category:Elke Rehder]]
[[Category:Marcel Duchamp]]
