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Paul W. Abrahams

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an American mathematician, consulting computer scientist, and past president of the [[ACM|Association for Computing Machinery]]. Paul W. Abrahams received a bachelor's degree in mathematics in 1956, and a Ph.D. in mathematics in 1963 on ''Machine Verification of Mathematical Proof'', both from [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], studying [[Artificial Intelligence|artificial intelligence]] under [[Marvin Minsky]] and [[John McCarthy]]. He is one of the designers of the first [[Lisp]] system and also the designer of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courant_Institute_of_Mathematical_Sciences CIMS] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PL/I PL/I] system.
=Computer Chess===Mate-in-two==In the 2007 interview with Arthur Norberg, Abrahams mentioned that he met [[Claude Shannon]] and was working with him and [[John McCarthy|McCarthy]] — on a chess program <ref>[http://www.cbi.umn.edu/about/norberg.html Arthur Norberg] ('''2007'''). ''[http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1380529 Paul W. Abrahams Interview]''.</ref>: And I also met [[Claude Shannon]] and was working with him and [[John McCarthy|McCarthy]] — on a chess program. It calculated two-move mates and was written in [[Fortran|FORTRAN]]. That was also the time that FORTRAN was starting to hit the world.  ==Kotok-McCarthy==Paul W. Abrahams contributed to ' routines were used in the [[Kotok-McCarthy-Program]], as mentioned in [[Alan Kotok|Alan Kotok's]] memo and thesis about the program <ref>[[Alan Kotok]] ('''1962'''). ''[http://www.kotok.org/AI_Memo_41.html Artificial Intelligence Project - MIT Computation Center: Memo 41 - A Chess Playing Program]''. [ftp://publications.ai.mit.edu/ai-publications/pdf/AIM-041.pdf pdf]</ref> <ref>[[Alan Kotok]] ('''1962'''). ''A Chess Playing Program for the IBM 7090''. B.S. Thesis, MIT, AI Project Memo 41, Computation Center, Cambridge MA. [http://www.kotok.org/AK-Thesis-1962.pdf pdf]</ref>: In the fall of 1960 the chess group, without [[Elwyn Berlekamp|Mr. Berlekamp]], began planning for the general chess program. It was decided to retain the original McCarthy/Abrahams move routines, and to continue coding in [[Fortran|FORTRAN]] and FAP. The program was to be a variable [[Depth|depth]] search with a "stable position" termination. An [[Evaluation|evaluation]] was to be made at the terminal points of the move tree. This evaluation would be a weighted sum of such criteria as [[Material|material balance]], [[Center Control|center control]], [[Pawn Structure|pawn structure]], "[[Tempo|tempo]]" advantage, and [[Development|development]].
=Selected Publications=
<ref>[httphttps://www.informatikdblp.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/indicespers/a-treehd/a/Abrahams:Paul_W=.html DBLPdblp: Paul W. Abrahams]</ref>==1960 ...==
* [[John McCarthy]], [[Paul W. Abrahams]], [[Daniel Edwards]], [[Timothy Hart]], [[Michael Levin]] ('''1962''') ''LISP 1.5 Programmer's Manual''. The M.I.T. Press, second edition (1985) as [http://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/LISP/book/LISP%201.5%20Programmers%20Manual.pdf pdf] <ref>[http://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/LISP/book/LISP%201.5%20Programmers%20Manual.pdf/view McCarthy et al. LISP 1.5 Programmer's Manual.] from [[The Computer History Museum]] Software Preservation Group</ref>
* [[Paul W. Abrahams]] ('''1963'''). ''Machine Verification of Mathematical Proof''. Ph.D. Thesis in Mathematics, [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], Cambridge, Massachusetts
* [[Paul W. Abrahams]] ('''1966'''). ''A final solution to the Dangling else of ALGOL 60 and related languages''. [[ACM#Communications|Communications of the ACM]] , Vol. 9, No. 9
* [[Paul W. Abrahams]] ('''1968'''). ''Symbol Manipulation Languages''. Advances in Computers 9
==1970 ...==* [[Paul W. Abrahams]] ('''1974'''). ''Some Remarks on Lookup of Structured Variables''. [[ACM#Communications|Communications of the ACM]] , Vol. 17, No. 4
* [[Paul W. Abrahams]] ('''1979'''). ''The CIMS PL/I compiler''. SIGPLAN Symposium on Compiler Construction
==1980 ...==
* [[Paul W. Abrahams]] ('''1983'''). ''Subset/G PL/I and the PL/I Standard''. ACM Annual Conference 1983
* [[Paul W. Abrahams]] ('''1988'''). ''Some sad remarks about string handling in C''. SIGPLAN Notices Vol. 23, No. 10
* [[Paul W. Abrahams]] ('''1988'''). ''The Strategic Defense Initiative - President's Letter''. [[ACM#Communications|Communications of the ACM]] , Vol. 31, No. 6==1990 ...==
* [[Paul W. Abrahams]], [http://dangerouscurve.org/k/ Kathryn A. Hargreaves], [http://www.tug.org/interviews/berry.html Karl Berry] ('''1990'''). ''[http://www.bluesky.com/bookshelf/texfortheimpatient/tfti.html TEX for the Impatient]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addison-Wesley Addison-Wesley], ISBN 0-201-51375-7, [http://sunsite.informatik.rwth-aachen.de/ftp/pub/mirror/ctan/info/impatient/book.pdf pdf], [http://books.google.com/books/about/TEX_for_the_impatient.html?id=9wwZAQAAIAAJ google], [http://www.amazon.com/Tex-Impatient-Paul-W-Abrahams/dp/0201513757 amazon] <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TeX TeX from Wikipedia]</ref>
* [[Paul W. Abrahams]] ('''1993'''). ''Typographical Extensions for Programming Languages: Breaking out of the ASCII Straitjacket''. SIGPLAN Notices 28(2)
* [[Paul W. Abrahams]], [http://www.informit.com/authors/bio.aspx?a=3df2119c-f10e-412e-a1ea-5d5e030eb8d4 Bruce R. Larson] ('''1996'''). ''Unix for the Impatient''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addison-Wesley Addison-Wesley], ISBN 0-201-82376-4, [http://books.google.com/books/about/Unix_for_the_impatient.html?id=kqJVAAAAMAAJ google], [http://www.amazon.com/UNIX-Impatient-2nd-Paul-Abrahams/dp/0201823764 amozon]
==2000 ...==* [http://www.cbi.umn.edu/about/norberg.html Arthur Norberg] ('''2007'''). ''[http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1380529 Paul W. Abrahams Interview]''. [http://delivery.acm.org/10.1145/1390000/1380529/paul_abrahams_interview.pdf?ip=195.50.166.189&id=1380529&acc=OPEN&key=4D4702B0C3E38B35%2E4D4702B0C3E38B35%2E4D4702B0C3E38B35%2E6D218144511F3437&__acm__=1538400928_bf0a908290a208fb710a95ad056fc14e pdf]
=External Links=

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