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'''[[Main Page|Home]] * [[People]] * Mikhail R. Shura-Bura'''
[[FILE:Shura_Bura.jpg|border|right|thumb|link=http://www.computer-museum.ru/english/galglory_en/Shura-Bura.htm| Mikhail R. Shura-Bura <ref>[http://www.computer-museum.ru/english/galglory_en/Shura-Bura.htm Mikhail Romanovich Shura-Bura] from the [[Russian Virtual Computer Museum]]</ref> ]]
'''Mikhail Romanovich Shura-Bura''', (Михаил Романович Шура-Бура, October 21, 1918 - December 14, 2008)<br/>
was a Soviet and Russian outstanding computer pioneer, applied mathematician, scholar, and the patriarch of domestic programming, who has made significant contributions to the establishment and development of software in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union USSR] <ref>[http://www.computer-museum.ru/english/galglory_en/Shura-Bura.htm Mikhail Romanovich Shura-Bura] from the [[Russian Virtual Computer Museum]]</ref> .
=Biography=
Mikhail R. Shura-Bura studied at the Institute of Mathematics at [[Moscow State University]] under the guidance of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Alexandrov Pavel Alexandrov], where he researched on [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_topology general topology] and submitted a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidate_of_Sciences candidate dissertation] thesis in 1947 on ''Projection Spectra of Bicompact Spaces'', and in 1952 he defended a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thesis doctoral dissertation] on ''The Questions of Solving Mathematical Problems Involving a Large Number of Operations'' <ref>The Editorial Board ('''2009'''). ''To the Memory of Mikhail Romanovich Shura-Bura''. [http://www.springer.com/computer/journal/11086 Programming and Computer Software], Vol. 35, No. 4, pp. 181–182. © [http://www.maikonline.com/maik/about.do?tileName=about.copyright Pleiades Publishing, Ltd.], Original Russian Text © Editorial Board, published in [http://www.maik.ru/cgi-perl/journal.pl?name=procom&page=main Programmirovanie], Vol. 35, No. 4, [http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1134%2FS036176880904001X.pdf pdf]</ref> . In 1952, he co-authored the first Soviet textbook on programming <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazar_Lyusternik Lazar A. Lyusternik], [http://www.mathnet.ru/php/person.phtml?personid=30351&option_lang=eng Aleksandr A. Abramov], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Shestakov Victor I. Shestakov], [[Mikhail R. Shura-Bura]] ('''1952'''). ''Programming for High-Speed Electronic Computers''. (Программирование для электронных счетных машин)</ref> . Mikhail R. Shura-Bura was head of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keldysh_Institute_of_Applied_Mathematics Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences Moscow Academy of Sciences], and professor of the department of system programming, Moscow State University, head of its Software Engineering Chair, and since 1994 Professor Emeritus at MSU. Two times Mikhail Romanovich Shura-Bura was awarded with the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSR_State_Prize USSR State Prize], in 1955 for his contribution in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_atomic_bomb_project Soviet atomic bomb project], and in 1978 for the development of computer software <ref>[http://www.chernyshov.com/PROGRAMMERS/GrosProg.htm Выдающиеся программисты и математики-программисты] (Outstanding programmers and mathematicians)</ref> .
=Strela=
During the mid 50s, Mikhail R. Shura-Bura was involved in the software development for the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strela_computer Strela computer], where he developed programs for the calculation of the energy of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_explosion nuclear explosions], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajectory_optimization trajectory optimizations].
=M-20=
In 1958, Mikhail R. Shura-Bura became chief developer of the [[M-20]] computer under [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Alexeyevich_Lebedev Sergey Alexeyevich Lebedev] <ref>[http://www.computer-museum.ru/english/m20.htm M-20 Computer] from [[Russian Virtual Computer Museum]]</ref> <ref>[http://dl.acm.org/author_page.cfm?id=81430666284&coll=DL&dl=ACM&trk=0&cfid=243855333&cftoken=87926302 Gregory D. Crowe], [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/pers/hd/g/Goodman:Seymour_E= Seymour E. Goodman] ('''1994'''). ''S.A. Lebedev and the Birth of Soviet Computing''.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Annals_of_the_History_of_Computing IEEE Annals of the History of Computing], Vol. 16, No. 1, [http://devcistp.gatech.edu/sites/devcistp.gatech.edu/files/lebedev_and_the_birth_of_soviet_computing.pdf pdf]
</ref>, where he designed the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_code instruction codes], and took the most active part in developing the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system operating system] IS-2, a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_%28computing%29 library] of standard programs, [[Algol]] <ref>[http://www.osp.ru/cw/1999/45/38679/ Трансляторы с Алгола-60 - № 45, 1999] [[Computerworld#Russia|Computerworld Россия]] (Russian)</ref> and [[Fortran]] compilers, a [[Shura-Bura's Program|chess playing program]], and further continued working on [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajectory_optimization trajectory optimizations] for [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite satellites], also used for [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin Yuri Gagarin's] first journey into [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_space outer space], when his [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostok_%28spacecraft%29 Vostok] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacecraft spacecraft] completed an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit orbit] of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth Earth] on April 12, 1961.
=Computer Chess=
[[Shura-Bura's Program|Shura-Bura's chess playing program]], presumably for the [[M-20]], was developed in 1961 by a team headed by Shura-Bura <ref>V. Tomanov ('''1961'''). ''The best move in 58 seconds''. in the 8th Bulletin of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1961 Botvinnik Tal 1961 revenge-match] (Russian)</ref> <ref>[[Jaap van den Herik]] ('''1983'''). ''Computerschaak, Schaakwereld en Kunstmatige Intelligentie''. Ph.D. thesis, [[Delft University of Technology]]. Academic Service, The Hague. ISBN 90 62 33 093 2 (Dutch), 2.2.9. Sjoera-Boera - translation from Russian by J.P. Warris, Russian teacher at TH Delft</ref> <ref>[http://www.schachcomputer.at/gesch6.htm Schachcomputer - Geschichte - 6] by [[Karsten Bauermeister]] (German)</ref> <ref>[http://www.dsk1931ev.de/Computerschach/computer.htm Computerschach - ein Überblick] von Mathias Grontzki (German)</ref>.
=Quotes=
from ''The Early Development of Programming in the USSR'' <ref>[[Mathematician#Ershov|Andrey Ershov]], [[Mikhail R. Shura-Bura]] ('''1980'''). ''[http://ershov.iis.nsk.su/archive/eaindex.asp?lang=2&gid=910 The Early Development of Programming in the USSR]''. in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_C._Metropolis Nicholas C. Metropolis] (ed.) ''[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=578384 A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_Press Academic Press], pp. 137-196</ref>.
<span id="Bitsets"></span>
==Bitsets==
Machine representation of sets i.e. foundation of [[Bitboards]] and [[Piece-Sets]] <ref>[http://ershov.iis.nsk.su/archive/eaimage.asp?did=28792&fileid=173670 preprint pp. 43]</ref> <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazar_Lyusternik Lazar A. Lyusternik], [http://www.mathnet.ru/php/person.phtml?personid=30351&option_lang=eng Aleksandr A. Abramov], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Shestakov Victor I. Shestakov], [[Mikhail R. Shura-Bura]] ('''1952'''). ''Programming for High-Speed Electronic Computers''. (Программирование для электронных счетных машин)</ref>
In 1952, Shura-Bura proposed a universal method for machine representation of sets which are subsets of some general enumerated set {m1,...,mn}. Each such subset {mi1, ... ,mik} is represented by a binary vector |β1,...,βn| where βi1 = βi2 = ... = βik = 1 while the other elements are all equal to zero. Such a vector is called a "logical scale". Computing the [[Population Count|cardinality]] of such sets and other set theoretic operations are rather conveniently reduced to machine instructions such as [[General Setwise Operations#ShiftingBitboards|shift]], [[BitScan#DoubleConversionBSR|normalization]] and [[General Setwise Operations#Bitwisebooleanoperations|bitwise logical operations]].
<span id="ComputerizedChess"></span>
==Computerized Chess==
{{Quote Shura-Bura}}
=Selected Publications=
<ref>[http://www.mathnet.ru/php/person.phtml?option_lang=eng&personid=23635 Persons: Shura-Bura Mikhail Romanovich]</ref> <ref>[http://ershov.iis.nsk.su/archive/eacard.asp?pplid=1319 Academician A. Ershov's archive | Documents associated with Michael R. Shura-Bura]</ref> <ref>[http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/pers/hd/s/Shura=Bura:Mikhail_R= dblp: Mikhail R. Shura-Bura]</ref>
* [[Mikhail R. Shura-Bura|M. Šura-Bura]] ('''1941'''). ''К теории бикомпактных пространств''. (Zur Theorie der bikompakten Räume), Recueil Mathématique - Matematicheskii Sbornik. Novaya Seriya, Vol. 9(51), No. 2, [http://www.mathnet.ru/links/21a1738438d9e76cfb6c25345cd0c6e7/sm6092.pdf pdf] (Russian, German Resume)
* [[Mikhail R. Shura-Bura]] ('''1952'''). ''The Questions of Solving Mathematical Problems Involving a Large Number of Operations''. Doctoral Dissertation
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazar_Lyusternik Lazar A. Lyusternik], [http://www.mathnet.ru/php/person.phtml?personid=30351&option_lang=eng Aleksandr A. Abramov], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Shestakov Victor I. Shestakov], [[Mikhail R. Shura-Bura]] ('''1952'''). ''Programming for High-Speed Electronic Computers''. (Программирование для электронных счетных машин)
* [http://www.mathnet.ru/php/person.phtml?option_lang=eng&personid=63222 V. I. Sobel'man], [[Mikhail R. Shura-Bura]] ('''1962'''). ''[http://www.mathnet.ru/php/archive.phtml?wshow=paper&jrnid=zvmmf&paperid=7886&option_lang=eng Realization of recursive procedures in the language of AlGOL-60]''. (Реализация Рекурсивных Процедур В Языке Алгол-60) [http://www.mathnet.ru/php/archive.phtml?jrnid=zvmmf&option_lang=eng&wshow=statlist Zhurnal Vychislitel'noi Matematiki i Matematicheskoi Fiziki], Vol. 2, No. 2
* [[Mikhail R. Shura-Bura]] ('''1974''') ''Software Implementation Studies: Problems and Prospects''. [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/conf/ifip/ifip74.html#Shura-Bura74 IFIP Congress 1974], Stockholm, Sweden » [[WCCC 1974]]
* [[Mathematician#Ershov|Andrey Ershov]], [[Mikhail R. Shura-Bura]] ('''1980'''). ''[http://ershov.iis.nsk.su/archive/eaindex.asp?lang=2&gid=910 The Early Development of Programming in the USSR]''. in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_C._Metropolis Nicholas C. Metropolis] (ed.) ''[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=578384 A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_Press Academic Press], pp. 137-196
* The Editorial Board ('''2009'''). ''To the Memory of Mikhail Romanovich Shura-Bura''. [http://www.springer.com/computer/journal/11086 Programming and Computer Software], Vol. 35, No. 4, pp. 181–182. © [http://www.maikonline.com/maik/about.do?tileName=about.copyright Pleiades Publishing, Ltd.], Original Russian Text © Editorial Board, published in [http://www.maik.ru/cgi-perl/journal.pl?name=procom&page=main Programmirovanie], Vol. 35, No. 4, [http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1134%2FS036176880904001X.pdf pdf]
=External Links=
* [http://www.computer-museum.ru/english/galglory_en/Shura-Bura.htm Mikhail Romanovich Shura-Bura] from the [[Russian Virtual Computer Museum]]
* [http://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=106676 The Mathematics Genealogy Project - Mikhail Shura-Bura]
* [http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0-%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0,_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87 Шура-Бура, Михаил Романович - Материал из Википедии] (Wikipedia.ru Russian)
* [http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B-%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B Лемма Шуры-Буры - Материал из Википедии] (Wikipedia.ru Russian, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemma_%28mathematics%29 Lemma] Shura-Bura)
* [http://keldysh.ru/events/ketkov/ Школа программирования ИПМ им.М.В.Келдыша, Ю.Л.Кетков, Нижегородский университет] (Programming School KIAM, by Yu.L.Ketkov, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._I._Lobachevsky_State_University_of_Nizhny_Novgorod University of Nizhni Novgorod])
* [http://keldysh.ru/pages/shb80/shura-bura.htm Михаи Романович Шура-Бура], Obituary from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keldysh_Institute_of_Applied_Mathematics Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences Moscow Academy of Sciences] (Russian)
* [http://www.calend.ru/person/3898/ Михаил Шура-Бура родился 21 октября 1918 - Михаил Шура-Бура умер 14 декабря 2008] from [http://www.calend.ru/ calend.ru] (Russian)
* [http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Science+and+Scholarship Science and Scholarship definition] in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheFreeDictionary.com TheFreeDictionary.com], article from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Soviet_Encyclopedia The Great Soviet Encyclopedia] (1979)
=References=
<references />
'''[[People|Up one Level]]'''
[[FILE:Shura_Bura.jpg|border|right|thumb|link=http://www.computer-museum.ru/english/galglory_en/Shura-Bura.htm| Mikhail R. Shura-Bura <ref>[http://www.computer-museum.ru/english/galglory_en/Shura-Bura.htm Mikhail Romanovich Shura-Bura] from the [[Russian Virtual Computer Museum]]</ref> ]]
'''Mikhail Romanovich Shura-Bura''', (Михаил Романович Шура-Бура, October 21, 1918 - December 14, 2008)<br/>
was a Soviet and Russian outstanding computer pioneer, applied mathematician, scholar, and the patriarch of domestic programming, who has made significant contributions to the establishment and development of software in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union USSR] <ref>[http://www.computer-museum.ru/english/galglory_en/Shura-Bura.htm Mikhail Romanovich Shura-Bura] from the [[Russian Virtual Computer Museum]]</ref> .
=Biography=
Mikhail R. Shura-Bura studied at the Institute of Mathematics at [[Moscow State University]] under the guidance of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Alexandrov Pavel Alexandrov], where he researched on [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_topology general topology] and submitted a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidate_of_Sciences candidate dissertation] thesis in 1947 on ''Projection Spectra of Bicompact Spaces'', and in 1952 he defended a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thesis doctoral dissertation] on ''The Questions of Solving Mathematical Problems Involving a Large Number of Operations'' <ref>The Editorial Board ('''2009'''). ''To the Memory of Mikhail Romanovich Shura-Bura''. [http://www.springer.com/computer/journal/11086 Programming and Computer Software], Vol. 35, No. 4, pp. 181–182. © [http://www.maikonline.com/maik/about.do?tileName=about.copyright Pleiades Publishing, Ltd.], Original Russian Text © Editorial Board, published in [http://www.maik.ru/cgi-perl/journal.pl?name=procom&page=main Programmirovanie], Vol. 35, No. 4, [http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1134%2FS036176880904001X.pdf pdf]</ref> . In 1952, he co-authored the first Soviet textbook on programming <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazar_Lyusternik Lazar A. Lyusternik], [http://www.mathnet.ru/php/person.phtml?personid=30351&option_lang=eng Aleksandr A. Abramov], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Shestakov Victor I. Shestakov], [[Mikhail R. Shura-Bura]] ('''1952'''). ''Programming for High-Speed Electronic Computers''. (Программирование для электронных счетных машин)</ref> . Mikhail R. Shura-Bura was head of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keldysh_Institute_of_Applied_Mathematics Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences Moscow Academy of Sciences], and professor of the department of system programming, Moscow State University, head of its Software Engineering Chair, and since 1994 Professor Emeritus at MSU. Two times Mikhail Romanovich Shura-Bura was awarded with the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSR_State_Prize USSR State Prize], in 1955 for his contribution in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_atomic_bomb_project Soviet atomic bomb project], and in 1978 for the development of computer software <ref>[http://www.chernyshov.com/PROGRAMMERS/GrosProg.htm Выдающиеся программисты и математики-программисты] (Outstanding programmers and mathematicians)</ref> .
=Strela=
During the mid 50s, Mikhail R. Shura-Bura was involved in the software development for the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strela_computer Strela computer], where he developed programs for the calculation of the energy of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_explosion nuclear explosions], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajectory_optimization trajectory optimizations].
=M-20=
In 1958, Mikhail R. Shura-Bura became chief developer of the [[M-20]] computer under [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Alexeyevich_Lebedev Sergey Alexeyevich Lebedev] <ref>[http://www.computer-museum.ru/english/m20.htm M-20 Computer] from [[Russian Virtual Computer Museum]]</ref> <ref>[http://dl.acm.org/author_page.cfm?id=81430666284&coll=DL&dl=ACM&trk=0&cfid=243855333&cftoken=87926302 Gregory D. Crowe], [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/pers/hd/g/Goodman:Seymour_E= Seymour E. Goodman] ('''1994'''). ''S.A. Lebedev and the Birth of Soviet Computing''.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Annals_of_the_History_of_Computing IEEE Annals of the History of Computing], Vol. 16, No. 1, [http://devcistp.gatech.edu/sites/devcistp.gatech.edu/files/lebedev_and_the_birth_of_soviet_computing.pdf pdf]
</ref>, where he designed the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_code instruction codes], and took the most active part in developing the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system operating system] IS-2, a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_%28computing%29 library] of standard programs, [[Algol]] <ref>[http://www.osp.ru/cw/1999/45/38679/ Трансляторы с Алгола-60 - № 45, 1999] [[Computerworld#Russia|Computerworld Россия]] (Russian)</ref> and [[Fortran]] compilers, a [[Shura-Bura's Program|chess playing program]], and further continued working on [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajectory_optimization trajectory optimizations] for [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite satellites], also used for [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin Yuri Gagarin's] first journey into [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_space outer space], when his [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostok_%28spacecraft%29 Vostok] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacecraft spacecraft] completed an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit orbit] of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth Earth] on April 12, 1961.
=Computer Chess=
[[Shura-Bura's Program|Shura-Bura's chess playing program]], presumably for the [[M-20]], was developed in 1961 by a team headed by Shura-Bura <ref>V. Tomanov ('''1961'''). ''The best move in 58 seconds''. in the 8th Bulletin of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1961 Botvinnik Tal 1961 revenge-match] (Russian)</ref> <ref>[[Jaap van den Herik]] ('''1983'''). ''Computerschaak, Schaakwereld en Kunstmatige Intelligentie''. Ph.D. thesis, [[Delft University of Technology]]. Academic Service, The Hague. ISBN 90 62 33 093 2 (Dutch), 2.2.9. Sjoera-Boera - translation from Russian by J.P. Warris, Russian teacher at TH Delft</ref> <ref>[http://www.schachcomputer.at/gesch6.htm Schachcomputer - Geschichte - 6] by [[Karsten Bauermeister]] (German)</ref> <ref>[http://www.dsk1931ev.de/Computerschach/computer.htm Computerschach - ein Überblick] von Mathias Grontzki (German)</ref>.
=Quotes=
from ''The Early Development of Programming in the USSR'' <ref>[[Mathematician#Ershov|Andrey Ershov]], [[Mikhail R. Shura-Bura]] ('''1980'''). ''[http://ershov.iis.nsk.su/archive/eaindex.asp?lang=2&gid=910 The Early Development of Programming in the USSR]''. in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_C._Metropolis Nicholas C. Metropolis] (ed.) ''[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=578384 A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_Press Academic Press], pp. 137-196</ref>.
<span id="Bitsets"></span>
==Bitsets==
Machine representation of sets i.e. foundation of [[Bitboards]] and [[Piece-Sets]] <ref>[http://ershov.iis.nsk.su/archive/eaimage.asp?did=28792&fileid=173670 preprint pp. 43]</ref> <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazar_Lyusternik Lazar A. Lyusternik], [http://www.mathnet.ru/php/person.phtml?personid=30351&option_lang=eng Aleksandr A. Abramov], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Shestakov Victor I. Shestakov], [[Mikhail R. Shura-Bura]] ('''1952'''). ''Programming for High-Speed Electronic Computers''. (Программирование для электронных счетных машин)</ref>
In 1952, Shura-Bura proposed a universal method for machine representation of sets which are subsets of some general enumerated set {m1,...,mn}. Each such subset {mi1, ... ,mik} is represented by a binary vector |β1,...,βn| where βi1 = βi2 = ... = βik = 1 while the other elements are all equal to zero. Such a vector is called a "logical scale". Computing the [[Population Count|cardinality]] of such sets and other set theoretic operations are rather conveniently reduced to machine instructions such as [[General Setwise Operations#ShiftingBitboards|shift]], [[BitScan#DoubleConversionBSR|normalization]] and [[General Setwise Operations#Bitwisebooleanoperations|bitwise logical operations]].
<span id="ComputerizedChess"></span>
==Computerized Chess==
{{Quote Shura-Bura}}
=Selected Publications=
<ref>[http://www.mathnet.ru/php/person.phtml?option_lang=eng&personid=23635 Persons: Shura-Bura Mikhail Romanovich]</ref> <ref>[http://ershov.iis.nsk.su/archive/eacard.asp?pplid=1319 Academician A. Ershov's archive | Documents associated with Michael R. Shura-Bura]</ref> <ref>[http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/pers/hd/s/Shura=Bura:Mikhail_R= dblp: Mikhail R. Shura-Bura]</ref>
* [[Mikhail R. Shura-Bura|M. Šura-Bura]] ('''1941'''). ''К теории бикомпактных пространств''. (Zur Theorie der bikompakten Räume), Recueil Mathématique - Matematicheskii Sbornik. Novaya Seriya, Vol. 9(51), No. 2, [http://www.mathnet.ru/links/21a1738438d9e76cfb6c25345cd0c6e7/sm6092.pdf pdf] (Russian, German Resume)
* [[Mikhail R. Shura-Bura]] ('''1952'''). ''The Questions of Solving Mathematical Problems Involving a Large Number of Operations''. Doctoral Dissertation
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazar_Lyusternik Lazar A. Lyusternik], [http://www.mathnet.ru/php/person.phtml?personid=30351&option_lang=eng Aleksandr A. Abramov], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Shestakov Victor I. Shestakov], [[Mikhail R. Shura-Bura]] ('''1952'''). ''Programming for High-Speed Electronic Computers''. (Программирование для электронных счетных машин)
* [http://www.mathnet.ru/php/person.phtml?option_lang=eng&personid=63222 V. I. Sobel'man], [[Mikhail R. Shura-Bura]] ('''1962'''). ''[http://www.mathnet.ru/php/archive.phtml?wshow=paper&jrnid=zvmmf&paperid=7886&option_lang=eng Realization of recursive procedures in the language of AlGOL-60]''. (Реализация Рекурсивных Процедур В Языке Алгол-60) [http://www.mathnet.ru/php/archive.phtml?jrnid=zvmmf&option_lang=eng&wshow=statlist Zhurnal Vychislitel'noi Matematiki i Matematicheskoi Fiziki], Vol. 2, No. 2
* [[Mikhail R. Shura-Bura]] ('''1974''') ''Software Implementation Studies: Problems and Prospects''. [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/conf/ifip/ifip74.html#Shura-Bura74 IFIP Congress 1974], Stockholm, Sweden » [[WCCC 1974]]
* [[Mathematician#Ershov|Andrey Ershov]], [[Mikhail R. Shura-Bura]] ('''1980'''). ''[http://ershov.iis.nsk.su/archive/eaindex.asp?lang=2&gid=910 The Early Development of Programming in the USSR]''. in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_C._Metropolis Nicholas C. Metropolis] (ed.) ''[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=578384 A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_Press Academic Press], pp. 137-196
* The Editorial Board ('''2009'''). ''To the Memory of Mikhail Romanovich Shura-Bura''. [http://www.springer.com/computer/journal/11086 Programming and Computer Software], Vol. 35, No. 4, pp. 181–182. © [http://www.maikonline.com/maik/about.do?tileName=about.copyright Pleiades Publishing, Ltd.], Original Russian Text © Editorial Board, published in [http://www.maik.ru/cgi-perl/journal.pl?name=procom&page=main Programmirovanie], Vol. 35, No. 4, [http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1134%2FS036176880904001X.pdf pdf]
=External Links=
* [http://www.computer-museum.ru/english/galglory_en/Shura-Bura.htm Mikhail Romanovich Shura-Bura] from the [[Russian Virtual Computer Museum]]
* [http://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=106676 The Mathematics Genealogy Project - Mikhail Shura-Bura]
* [http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0-%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0,_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87 Шура-Бура, Михаил Романович - Материал из Википедии] (Wikipedia.ru Russian)
* [http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B-%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B Лемма Шуры-Буры - Материал из Википедии] (Wikipedia.ru Russian, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemma_%28mathematics%29 Lemma] Shura-Bura)
* [http://keldysh.ru/events/ketkov/ Школа программирования ИПМ им.М.В.Келдыша, Ю.Л.Кетков, Нижегородский университет] (Programming School KIAM, by Yu.L.Ketkov, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._I._Lobachevsky_State_University_of_Nizhny_Novgorod University of Nizhni Novgorod])
* [http://keldysh.ru/pages/shb80/shura-bura.htm Михаи Романович Шура-Бура], Obituary from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keldysh_Institute_of_Applied_Mathematics Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences Moscow Academy of Sciences] (Russian)
* [http://www.calend.ru/person/3898/ Михаил Шура-Бура родился 21 октября 1918 - Михаил Шура-Бура умер 14 декабря 2008] from [http://www.calend.ru/ calend.ru] (Russian)
* [http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Science+and+Scholarship Science and Scholarship definition] in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheFreeDictionary.com TheFreeDictionary.com], article from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Soviet_Encyclopedia The Great Soviet Encyclopedia] (1979)
=References=
<references />
'''[[People|Up one Level]]'''
