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'''Mikhail Moiseyevich Botvinnik''', (Михаил Ботвинник , August 17, 1911 – May 5, 1995) <br/>
was a Russian chess [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandmaster_%28chess%29 Grandmaster], three-time [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship World Chess Champion] from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1948 1948] to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1957 1957], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1958 1958] to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1960 1960], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1961 1961] to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1963 1963], and a Doctor of Technical Sciences. Botvinnik’s interest in Computer Chess started in the 50s, favouring chess algorithms based on [[Claude Shannon|Shannon's]] selective [[Type B Strategy|type B strategy]], as discussed along with [[Max Euwe]] 1958 in Dutch Television <ref>[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chess.pl?tid=81282 Wageningen Caltex (1958)] from [http://www.chessgames.com/index.html chessgames.com]</ref>. Botvinnik served as a consultant to Soviet computer chess developers who developed the [[ITEP Chess Program]] at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow Moscow's] [[Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics]] (ITEP) which won a [[Stanford-ITEP Match|correspondence chess match]] against the [[Kotok-McCarthy-Program]] led by [[John McCarthy]] in 1967. Later he advised the team that created the chess program [[Kaissa]] at Moscow’s [[Institute of Control Sciences]] <ref>[http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=stl-430b9bbdb9817 International Grandmaster and World Champion Mikhail Botvinnik in Moscow], 1980, Gift of [[Monroe Newborn]], "[[Mikhail Botvinnik|Botvinnik]] served as a consultant to Soviet computer chess developers who developed an early program at [[Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics|ITEP]] which won a [[Stanford-ITEP Match|correspondence chess match]] against a [[Stanford University]] [[Kotok-McCarthy-Program|chess program]] led by [[John McCarthy]] in 1967. Later he advised the team that created the chess program [[Kaissa]] at [[Institute of Control Sciences|Moscow’s Institute for Control Science]]"</ref> <ref>[http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~brudno/ Michael Brudno] ('''2000'''). ''Competitions, Controversies, and Computer Chess'', [http://www.cs.toronto.edu/%7Ebrudno/essays/cchess.pdf pdf]</ref> <ref>[http://groups.google.com/group/rec.games.chess.computer/browse_frm/thread/e9f5b809a7ac0952 Kaissa & Botvinik] by [[Shay Bushinsky]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rgcc]], October 16, 1997</ref> .
=Computer Chess=Botvinnik’s interest in Computer Chess started in the 50s, favouring chess algorithms based on [[Claude Shannon|Shannon's]] selective [[Type B Strategy|type B strategy]], as discussed along with [[Max Euwe]] 1958 in Dutch Television <ref>[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chess.pl?tid=81282 Wageningen Caltex (1958)] from [http://www.chessgames.com/index.html chessgames.com]</ref>. Botvinnik served as a consultant to Soviet computer chess developers who developed the [[ITEP Chess Program]] at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow Moscow's] [[Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics]] (ITEP) which won a [[Stanford-ITEP Match|correspondence chess match]] against the [[Kotok-McCarthy-Program]] led by [[John McCarthy]] in 1967. Later he advised the team that created the chess program [[Kaissa]] at Moscow’s [[Institute of Control Sciences]] <ref>[http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=stl-430b9bbdb9817 International Grandmaster and World Champion Mikhail Botvinnik in Moscow], 1980, Gift of [[Monroe Newborn]], "[[Mikhail Botvinnik|Botvinnik]] served as a consultant to Soviet computer chess developers who developed an early program at [[Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics|ITEP]] which won a [[Stanford-ITEP Match|correspondence chess match]] against a [[Stanford University]] [[Kotok-McCarthy-Program|chess program]] led by [[John McCarthy]] in 1967. Later he advised the team that created the chess program [[Kaissa]] at [[Institute of Control Sciences|Moscow’s Institute for Control Science]]"</ref> <ref>[http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~brudno/ Michael Brudno] ('''2000'''). ''Competitions, Controversies, and Computer Chess'', [http://www.cs.toronto.edu/%7Ebrudno/essays/cchess.pdf pdf]</ref> <ref>[http://groups.google.com/group/rec.games.chess.computer/browse_frm/thread/e9f5b809a7ac0952 Kaissa & Botvinik] by [[Shay Bushinsky]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rgcc]], October 16, 1997</ref> . However, Botvinnik had his own ideas to model a Chess Master's Mind. After publishing and discussing his early ideas on [[Attack and Defend Maps|attack maps]] and [[Trajectory|trajectories]] at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_Centres Moscow Central Chess Club] <ref>[http://en.chessbase.com/home/TabId/211/PostId/4007513 The last day of the “Botvinnik Memorial”] by [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Denissowna_Burtassowa Anna Burtasova], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], September 07, 2011</ref> in 1966, with the skeptical [[Georgy Adelson-Velsky]] and others attending, he found [[Vladimir Butenko]] as supporter and collaborator. Butenko first implemented the [[Vector Attacks|15x15 vector attacks]] board representation on a [[M-20]] computer, [[Distance#15x15|determining trajectories]]. After Botvinnik introduced the concept of Zones in 1970, Butenko refused further cooperation and began to write his own program, dubbed [[Butenko's program|programEureka]] <ref>[http://atimopheyev.narod.ru/Frame/index.html Лингвистическая Геометрия] Бориса Штильмана, [http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=de&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=ru&tl=en&u=http://atimopheyev.narod.ru/Frame/index.html&usg=ALkJrhjGqyvJey-MTGqcGxzMU53Od0Y7VQ Linguistic Geometry] [[Boris Stilman]] by [[Alexander Timofeev]] ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Translate Google Translate])
[http://atimopheyev.narod.ru/AfterPIONEER/index.html По стопам ПИОНЕРа], [http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=de&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=ru&tl=en&u=http://atimopheyev.narod.ru/AfterPIONEER/index.html&usg=ALkJrhh0I8eGI93tpR27m-YIWUnG3l5SjA In the footsteps of Pioneer]</ref>.
==Pioneer==
In the 70s and 80s, leading a team around [[Boris Stilman]], [[Alexander Yudin]], [[Alexander Reznitskiy]], [[Michael Tsfasman]] and [[Mikhail Chudakov]], Botvinnik worked on his own project [[Pioneer]]. The research and work on Pioneer took place at the ''State Committee for Science and Technology'', [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow Moscow], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union USSR], the ''National Research Institute for Electrical Engineering'', Moscow, USSR and the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences USSR Academy of Sciences], Moscow, USSR. Short time visits with Stilman and Yudin took place in 1978 at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Mannheim University of Mannheim], Germany, and the [[University of Dortmund]], Germany, as well at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_Data_Corporation Control Data Corp.], USA. Based on this research, Boris Stilman coined the term [[Linguistic Geometry]] <ref>[http://www.stilman-strategies.com/bstilman/lgmain.html The Home Page of Linguistic Geometry] by [[Boris Stilman]]</ref>, a new type of game theory. Botvinnik published Pioneer's abilities on selected positions, but it never played a public complete game of chess.
==CC Sapiens==
In the 90s, Botvinnik already in his 80s, he worked on the new project [[CC Sapiens]], in collaboration with [[Vasily Vladimirov]], [[Evgeniĭ Dmitrievich Cherevik]] and [[Vitaly Vygodsky]] <ref>[[Mikhail Botvinnik]], [[Evgeniĭ Dmitrievich Cherevik]], [[Vasily Vladimirov]], [[Vitaly Vygodsky]] ('''1994'''). ''[https://getinfo.de/app/Solving-Shannon-s-Problem-Ways-and-Means/id/BLCP%3ACN011979464 Solving Shannon's Problem: Ways and Means]''. [[Advances in Computer Chess 7]]</ref>. For his publication ''Three Positions'' <ref>[[Mikhail Botvinnik]] ('''1993'''). ''Three Positions''. [[ICGA Journal#16_2|ICCA Journal, Vol. 16, No. 2]]</ref> , Botvinnik was criticized by [[Hans Berliner]] <ref>[[Hans Berliner]] ('''1993'''). ''Playing Computer Chess in the Human Style''. [[ICGA Journal#16_3|ICCA Journal, Vol. 16, No. 3]]</ref> <ref>[http://groups.google.com/group/rec.games.chess/browse_frm/thread/c6c81bbb1a2b399f# Kasparov missed Beautiful win; Botvinnik's Program muffs analysis] by [[Hans Berliner]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rec.games.chess]], July 9, 1993</ref> <ref>[https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess/k4GtEUygkcA/2InGGoEXHAAJ Berliner paper about Botvinnik] by [[Shane Hudson]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rgc]], September 10, 1994</ref> <ref>[https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess.computer/ZWQ5ZwvXx_s/EgXPrz6jZFYJ Botvinnik article] by [[Jonathan Schaeffer]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rgcc]], October 23, 1996</ref> <ref>[http://atimopheyev.narod.ru/AfterPIONEER/info/PIONEER/2-Berliner.htm Hans Berliner against Mikhail Botvinnik] by [[Alexander Timofeev]]</ref>, and his old chess rival [[David Bronstein]] <ref>[[David Bronstein]] ('''1993'''). ''Mimicking Human Oversight''. [[ICGA Journal#16_3|ICCA Journal, Vol. 16, No. 3]]</ref>.
==Computer Chess==
<ref>[http://ilk.uvt.nl/icga/journal/docs/References.pdf ICGA Reference Database] (pdf)</ref>
===1968 ...===
* [[Mikhail Botvinnik]] ('''1968'''). ''Algoritm igry v shakhmaty''. (The algorithm of chess)
===1970 ...===* [[Mikhail Botvinnik]] ('''1970'''). ''[httphttps://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4684-6245-6 Computers, Chess and Long-Range Planning]''. [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media Springer], [httphttps://www.goodreads.com/book/show/1000006.Computers_Chess_and_Long_Range_Planning_ reviews Computers_Chess_and_Long_Range_Planning from goodreads] <ref>[[Paul Rushton]], [[Tony Marsland]] ('''1973'''). ''Current Chess Programs: A Summary of their Potential and Limitations''. INFOR Journal of the Canadian Information Processing Society Vol. 11, No. 1, [http://webdocs.cs.ualberta.ca/~tony/OldPapers/Rushton-Marsland-Feb73.pdf pdf]</ref> <ref>[http://www.johnljerz.com/superduper/tlxdownloadsiteMAIN/id128.html Computers, Chess and Long-range Planning by Botvinnik] by [[John L. Jerz]]</ref>
* [[Mikhail Botvinnik]] ('''1975'''). ''O Kiberneticheskoi Celi Igri''. (On the Cybernetic Goal of Games), Soviet Radio, Moscow
* [[Mikhail Botvinnik]], [[Boris Stilman]], [[Alexander Yudin]] ('''1978'''). ''Iskusstvennyǐ šahmatnyǐ Vestnik''. (An Artificial chess master) [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_Russian_Academy_of_Sciences:_Physics Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the USSSR], 1978, No. 4
* [[Mikhail Botvinnik]] ('''1979'''). ''O Reshenii Netochnih Prebornih Zadach''. (On Solving Inexact Search Problems), Soviet Radio, Moscow
===1980 ...===* [[Mikhail Botvinnik]], [[Boris Stilman]], [[Alexander Yudin]], [[Alexander Reznitskiy]], [[Michael Tsfasman]] ('''1980'''). ''Thinking of Man and Computer'', . Proc. of the Second International Meeting on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 1-9, Repino, Leningrad, Russia.
* [[Mikhail Botvinnik]] ('''1982'''). ''Decision Making and Computers.'' [[Advances in Computer Chess 3]]
* [[Mikhail Botvinnik]] ('''1982'''). ''Meine neuen Ideen zur Schachprogrammierung''. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. [http://www.amazon.de/Meine-neuen-Schachprogrammierung-Informationstechnik-Datenverarbeitung/dp/3540110941 amazon.de] (German)* [[Mikhail Botvinnik]] ('''1984'''). ''[httphttps://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4612-5204-7 Computers in Chess: Solving Inexact Search Problems]''. [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media Springer]
* [[Mikhail Botvinnik]] ('''1983'''). ''The Game of Chess: Its past, present and future''. [[ICGA Journal#6_3|ICCA Journal, Vol. 6, No. 3]]
===1990 ...===
* [[Mikhail Botvinnik]] ('''1993'''). ''Three Positions''. [[ICGA Journal#16_2|ICCA Journal, Vol. 16, No. 2]] » [[Réti Endgame Study]] <ref>[https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=101063 "The Tale of a Small Tree" by M.M.Botvinnik [fragment]] by [[José Antônio Fabiano Mendes]], [[CCC]], March 09, 2000</ref>
* [[Mikhail Botvinnik]], [[Evgeniĭ Dmitrievich Cherevik]], [[Vasily Vladimirov]], [[Vitaly Vygodsky]] ('''1994'''). ''[https://getinfo.de/app/Solving-Shannon-s-Problem-Ways-and-Means/id/BLCP%3ACN011979464 Solving Shannon's Problem: Ways and Means]''. [[Advances in Computer Chess 7]]
* [[Marty Hirsch]] ('''1995'''). ''Botwinnik und die Schachprogrammierung''. [[Computerschach und Spiele]], June-July 1995 (German)
* [http://history.ucsc.edu/graduate/alumni/index.html Michael A. Hudson] ('''2013'''). ''Storming Fortresses: A Political History of Chess in the Soviet Union, 1917-1948''. Ph.D. thesis, [[University of California, Santa Cruz]], [http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/0s71f0cw#page-1 eScholarship], Chapter Ten - Botvinnik: The New Soviet (Chess)Man
=Forum Posts===1993 ...==
* [http://groups.google.com/group/rec.games.chess/browse_frm/thread/c6c81bbb1a2b399f# Kasparov missed Beautiful win; Botvinnik's Program muffs analysis] by [[Hans Berliner]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rec.games.chess]], July 9, 1993
* [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess.computer/ZWQ5ZwvXx_s/EgXPrz6jZFYJ Botvinnik article] by [[Jonathan Schaeffer]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rgcc]], October 23, 1996
* [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess.computer/PfUC5qeA1wg/DM9diAkN0WMJ Botvinniks Chess Algorithm ??] by [[Bruce Moreland]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rgcc]], October 05, 1997
* [http://groups.google.com/group/rec.games.chess.computer/browse_frm/thread/e9f5b809a7ac0952 Kaissa & Botvinik] by [[Shay Bushinsky]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rgcc]], October 16, 1997
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=45952 Botwinnik] by [[Jan Willem de Kort]], [[CCC]], March 17, 1999
==2000 ...==
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=98380 What is Botvinnik's legacy to computer chess?] by Drazen Marovic, [[CCC]], February 20, 2000
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=101063 "The Tale of a Small Tree" by M.M.Botvinnik [fragment]] by [[José Antônio Fabiano Mendes]], [[CCC]], March 09, 2000 » [[Réti Endgame Study]]
* [http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/search.php?more=&submitted=1&keywords=Botvinnik&x=42&y=17&all=all&item_document=item_document&item_moving_image=item_moving_image&item_artifact=item_artifact&item_still_image=item_still_image&item_oral_history=item_oral_history&item_software=item_software Mikhail Botvinnik] from [[The Computer History Museum]]
* [http://www.computerwoche.de/heftarchiv/1978/15/1195495/ Über Stand und Entwicklung seines Computer-Schachprogramms "Pionier" referierte Prof. Michael Botwinnik (67), UdSSR, auf einer einwöchigen Vortragsreise durch die Bundesrepublik], April 04, 1978, [[Computerworld#Woche|Computerwoche]] 15/1978 (German)
* [http://en.chessbase.com/post/the-wrong-bishop-part-two The wrong bishop – part two] by [[Frederic Friedel]], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], May 22, 2016 » [[Cray Blitz]], [[WCCC 1983]], [[Wrong color Color Bishop and rook pawnRook Pawn]]* [https://en.chessbase.com/post/the-adventure-of-chess-programming-part-2 The Adventure of Chess Programming (Part 2)] by [[Frederic Friedel]], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], February 12, 2019
* Михаил Ботвинник. Осень шахматиста (1990), [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube YouTube] Videos
: {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N6Rc2UMLdnY|alignment=left|valignment=top}}
=References=
<references />
'''[[People|Up one level]]'''
[[Category:Chess Player|Botvinnik]]
[[Category:Chess Programmer|Botvinnik]]
