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Created page with "'''Home * People * Max Euwe''' FILE:Max Euwe 1963.jpg|border|right|thumb| Max Euwe <ref>Max Euwe, 26 December 1962, by Harry Pot / Anefo, [https://en.wiki..."
'''[[Main Page|Home]] * [[People]] * Max Euwe'''
[[FILE:Max Euwe 1963.jpg|border|right|thumb| Max Euwe <ref>Max Euwe, 26 December 1962, by Harry Pot / Anefo, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationaal_Archief Dutch National Archives], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague The Hague], Fotocollectie Algemeen Nederlands Persbureau (ANEFO), 1945-1989, Nummer toegang 2.24.01.05 Bestanddeelnummer 915-8814, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Euwe Max Euwe from Wikipedia]</ref>]]
'''Machgielis (Max) Euwe''', (May 20, 1901 – November 26, 1981)<br/>
was a Dutch [[Psychology|psychologist]], mathematician, mathematics teacher, computer scientist and chess [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandmaster_%28chess%29 Grandmaster], who was the fifth [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship World Chess Champion] from 1935 until 1937. He served as third President of the [[FIDE]] from 1970 to 1978 <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE FIDE from Wikipedia]</ref>.
As friend of [[Adriaan de Groot]], Euwe supported him in his [[Cognition|cognitive]] experiments, and actively took part. He also encouraged other [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVRO_1938_chess_tournament AVRO 1938 chess tournament] players, such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Alekhine Alekhine], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuben_Fine Fine], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salo_Flohr Flohr], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Keres Keres] to participate as well <ref>[[Fernand Gobet]] ('''2006'''). ''Adriaan de Groot: Marriage of two Passions''. [[ICGA Journal]], [http://ilk.uvt.nl/icga/journal/contents/content29-4.htm Vol. 29, No. 4], [http://people.brunel.ac.uk/%7Ehsstffg/preprints/De%20Groot%27s%20obituary%20--%20ICGA.pdf pdf]</ref> . During the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands_%281939%E2%80%931945%29 German Occupation of the Netherlands] in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II World War II], Euwe was director of ''Van Amerongen'', a food trader, and could arrange food transports on behalf of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Resistance Dutch resistance] in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam Amsterdam] <ref>[http://www.maxeuwe.nl/loopbaan.html Max Euwe Centrum - Max Euwe's loopbaan]</ref>.
=Photos=
==World Chess Championship 1948==
[[FILE:interregnum11.jpg|none|border|text-bottom|640px|link=http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/interregnum.html]]
Euwe, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Smyslov Smyslov], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Keres Keres], [[Mikhail Botvinnik|Botvinnik]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Reshevsky Reshevsky], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1948 World Chess Championship 1948] <ref>[http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/interregnum.html Interregnum] by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Winter_%28chess_historian%29 Edward Winter]</ref>
==Euwe and Botvinnik==
[[FILE:cn5613_euwebotvinnik.jpg|none|border|text-bottom|640px|link=http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/winter47.html#5612._Chess_literature_in_Hellenic]]
Max Euwe and [[Mikhail Botvinnik]] <ref>[http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/winter47.html Chess Notes] 5613. Euwe line in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Defence#Winawer_Variation_3...Bb4 Winawer Variation], by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Winter_%28chess_historian%29 Edward Winter]</ref>
<span id="ProuhetThueMorseSequence"></span>
=Prouhet–Thue–Morse Sequence=
In 1929 Euwe wrote a paper about set-theoretic aspects of chess <ref>Max Euwe ('''1929'''). ''Mengentheoretische Betrachtungen über das Schachspiel'', Proc. Konin. Akad. Wetenschappen (Amsterdam)</ref> , where he re-discovered the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thue%E2%80%93Morse_sequence Prouhet–Thue–Morse sequence] <ref>[http://www.cba.ua.edu/%7Ejma/ Jun Ma] and [http://personal.kenyon.edu/holdenerj/ Judy Holdener] ('''2005'''). ''When Thue-Morse meets Koch''. a remarkable connection between the Thue-Morse sequence and the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koch_snowflake Koch snowflake], [http://personal.kenyon.edu/holdenerj/StudentResearch/WhenThueMorsemeetsKochJan222005.pdf pdf]</ref>
01101001100101101001011001101001...
in an application of chess proving infinity of games under one certain rule at that time <ref>[http://www.fh-friedberg.de/users/boergens/english/problems/problem059engl.htm Mathematical Problems - Max Euwe's sequence] by [http://www.fh-friedberg.de/users/boergens/main.htm Manfred Börgens]</ref> ...
A chess game ends with a draw if a sequence of moves - with all pieces in exactly the same positions - is played three times successively.
... which did not comprise a [[Repetitions|repetition]] of the three same moves <ref>[http://www.chess-theory.com/encpbl3004_chess_practice_blog3.php The EUWE SUITE by Rodney Waschka II, John, E Hawkes Chess Blog, Chess-Theory, chess practice]</ref> . It had always been the intention of the rules that this should not be possible, but the rule that a game is a draw if the same sequence of moves occurs three times in succession was not sufficient, as demonstrated by Euwe, f. i. with following move indices <ref>[http://www.fh-friedberg.de/users/boergens/english/problems/problem059englloe.htm Mathematical Problems - Max Euwe's sequence - Solution] by [http://www.fh-friedberg.de/users/boergens/main.htm Manfred Börgens]</ref> :
<pre>
0: Nb1-c3 Nb8-c6 Nc3-b1 Nc6-b8
1: Ng1-f3 Ng8-f6 Nf3-g1 Nf6-g8
</pre>
The Prouhet–Thue–Morse sequence is the sequence t satisfying for all positive integers n.
<pre>
t[0] = 0
t[2n] = t[n]
t[2n+1] = 1 - t[n]
</pre>
{|
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| [[FILE:ProuhetThueMorseSequence.JPG|none|border|text-bottom|411px]]
|-
| Prouhet–Thue–Morse Sequence 0x6996966996696996 as [[Bitboards|Bitboard]]
|-
| [[FILE:Morse-Thue sequence.gif|none|border|text-bottom]]
|}
=Computer Science=
In 1956, Euwe became involved with computers. He joined [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remington_Rand Remington Rand’s] computer department as a scientific advisor. In 1959 he became the director of the Research Center for [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_Data_Processing Automatic Data Processing] in the Netherlands. Euwe was appointed professor in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatics Informatics] - the forerunner of today’s Computer Science - at the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_University_Rotterdam Universities of Rotterdam] and [[Tilburg University|Tilburg]] in 1964. In 1976 he was appointed as professor in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybernetics Cybernetics] at the University of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manternach Manternach] in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg Luxembourg]. Influenced by the ideas of De Groot, Euwe was also very interested in computer chess and researched on the topic, the simulation of human-like, fallible player in the 60s under the auspices of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Atomic_Energy_Community Euratom] agency. In 1980, Euwe was co-founder of the [[CSVN]], the Dutch Computer Chess Federation.
=Euratom=
An AI-effort in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_translation machine translation] and on developing a computer chess program in the "human style" was conducted under the auspices of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Atomic_Energy_Community Euratom] agency in the 60s in the spirit of its President [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Hirsch Étienne Hirsch] and a team around Max Euwe, [[Adriaan de Groot]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Le_Lionnais François Lionnais], [[Mathematician#CBerge|Claude Berge]] and [http://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Barzin Marcel Barzin] <ref>[http://www.paulbraffort.net/langage/intelligence_et_artifices/grisablues.htm Le langage / Intelligence et artifices], by [http://www.paulbraffort.net/ Paul Braffort] 2002 (French)</ref> :
Finally an important international team had been gathered around [[Max Euwe]] (former world champion) to work on the problem of the simulation of the play of the failures. One found there the encyclopedist [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Le_Lionnais François Lionnais], the mathematician [[Mathematician#CBerge|Claude Berge]], the logician [http://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Barzin Barzin], the psychologist [[Adriaan de Groot|De Groot]]. This team made considerably progress on the problems of the mediums of part, but did not have the possibility of carrying out a program of a complete set.
=CSVN=
Max Euwe's greeting at the foundation of the [[CSVN]], the Dutch Computer Chess Federation <ref>[http://www.csvnsupplementsite.nl/CSVNPAGINA1.html Computerschaak pagina 1] (Dutch) Redactie: J. ten Have and Drs. S. Kooi, translation with the help of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babel_Fish_%28website%29 babelfish]</ref> :
Who already thought about computer chess 50 years ago? Nobody of course, because the computer dodn't yet exist. However, one already spoke about mechanized chess playing, and experienced positional players were compared to a playing chess machine, players stipulated on strictly logical grounds (that coincided with the nature of the proposition) and thereby no deep calculations or combinations was made.
However, the development in computer chess drove in a different direction! The computer appeared and from the first moment big interest on playing chess arose by this marvellous machines. The programs went however in that direction that the computer did not play as a playing chess machine, as we presented ourselves in that former days, but correctly as an ace in conducting deep calculations in all possible directions, a lot of millions per minute.
For the time of computer chess, much (too much) emphasis was steered on brutal force, brutal strength. Moreover, one tried as much as possible on well-known, attentive patterns in the programs. The combination of calculation and recognition in the long run will play chess, whether it yields to master strength is difficult to predict. It is certain, that raising interest on computer chess will bring us closer to a solution. The solution which the computer either crowns to world champion, recognizes as a strong, but unilaterally developed player. In this respect, the establishment of the computer chess association is very welcome. I wish all members success to study the possibilities of the computer and especially introducing methods which will lead to improvements and "humanization" of the programs.
Max Euwe
<span id="Plein"></span>
=Max Euweplein=
In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam Amsterdam] is a [https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Euweplein Max Euweplein] <ref>[http://www.maxeuweplein.net/index.html Welkom op het Max Euweplein]</ref> <ref>[http://www.hiarcs.net/forums/viewtopic.php?t=2346 Ma place favorite à Amsterdam] by [[Alain Zanchetta]], [[Computer Chess Forums|Hiarcs Forum]], April 26, 2009</ref> <ref>[https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.75816803429.73725.844068429&l=0a46cc2c4f&_fb_noscript=1 Max Euwe Plein | Facebook] by [[Alain Zanchetta]]</ref> (square) (near [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leidseplein Leidseplein]) in remembrance of Max Euwe - with a large chess board and pieces and statue of Max Euwe. The 'Max Euwe Foundation' located there has a [http://www.maxeuwe.nl/en/museum.html Max Euwe museum] and a large [http://www.maxeuwe.nl/en/library.html collection of chess books]. During the [[WCCC 2007]] in Amsterdam some participants visited Max Euweplein. [[Vincent Diepeveen]] and [[Johannes Zwanzger]] couldn't resist to play a fast game on the large board.
{|
|-
| [[FILE:Max Euwebeeld.jpg|none|border|text-bottom|245px]]
| {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Noul9tCjOyg?rel=0|alignment=left|valignment=top}}
|-
| Max Euwe sculpture <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Euwe Max Euwe from Wikipedia]</ref>
| Max Euwe Schaakfestival, Amsterdam 2007 <ref>HPGvideos2007 MEC Schaakfestival Amsterdam 2007 Part 1, Memories of Julia and [http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessplayer?pid=60789 Herbert Pérez García], feat. [http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_B%C3%B6hm Hans Böhm], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Nagel Jan Nagel], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessel_Kok Bessel Kok]</ref>, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube YouTube] Video
|}
=Selected Publications=
<ref>[http://ilk.uvt.nl/icga/journal/docs/References.pdf ICGA Reference Database] (pdf)</ref> <ref>[http://www.maxeuwe.nl/opauteur.html Max Euwe Centrum - Bibliotheek - Boeken op Auteur]</ref> <ref>[https://portal.d-nb.de/opac.htm?query=Woe%3D118685554&method=simpleSearch Literatur von und über Max Euwe], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_National_Library German National Library]</ref>
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Chess_Federation H.J. den Hertog], [[Max Euwe]] ('''1927'''). ''Praktische schaaklessen. III.'' Van Goor, Gouda.
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Chess_Federation H.J. den Hertog], [[Max Euwe]] ('''1928'''). ''Praktische schaaklessen. IV.'' Van Goor, Gouda.
* [[Max Euwe]] ('''1929'''). ''Mengentheoretische Betrachtungen über das Schachspiel''. Proc. Konin. Akad. Wetenschappen (Amsterdam)
* [[Max Euwe]] ('''1931'''). ''De Fundamenten van het Schaakspel''. W.P. van Stockum & Zoon, Den Haag.
* [[Max Euwe]] ('''1935'''). ''Strategie en Taktiek in het Schaakspel''. W.P. van Stockum & zoon n.v., Den Haag.
* [[Max Euwe]], [[Hans Kmoch]] ('''1948'''). ''Staunton-Turnier Groningen 1946'', from [http://www.wernerkaufmann.ch/Detail.aspx?id=1159 Wernis Schachlade]
* [[Max Euwe]] ('''1950'''). ''Het Eindspel, No. 5. Stukken tegen Stukken II''. 2e druk. G.B. van Goor Zonen Uitgeversmaatschappij B.V., Den Haag, Batavia.
* [[Max Euwe]] ('''1952'''). ''Oordeel en plan: het denkproces in het schaken''.
* [[Max Euwe]] ('''1953'''). ''Judgment and Planning in Chess''. McKay Company, New York, N.Y. <ref>[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chesscollection?cid=1006215 Judgment and Planning in Chess], games from [[Max Euwe|Dr. Max Euwe's]] book ''Judgment and Planning in Chess''. [http://www.chessgames.com/index.html chessgames.com]</ref>
* [[Max Euwe]], [https://www.goodreads.com/author/list/48728.Walter_Meiden Walter Meiden] ('''1963'''). ''Meester tegen amateur''.
* [[Max Euwe]] ('''1970'''). ''Feldherrnkunst im Schach''. Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin.
* [[Max Euwe]] ('''1973'''). ''Oordeel en Plan: de strategie van het schaakspel''. Van Goor Zonen, Den Haag. ISBN 90-00-01577-4.
: [[FILE:kaft-oordeelenplan.jpg|none|border|text-bottom]]
* [[Max Euwe]], [http://schaakclubutrecht.nl/w12.html Hans Kramer] ('''1977'''). ''Het middenspel, deel 1-4''. Spectrum, Utrecht.
* [[Max Euwe]], [https://www.goodreads.com/author/list/48728.Walter_Meiden Walter Meiden] ('''1977'''). ''Chess master vs. chess master''.
* [[Max Euwe]] ('''1982'''). ''The Logical Approach to Chess''. Dover Publications Inc. New York, N.Y. ISBN 0486243532.
* [[Max Euwe]], [https://www.goodreads.com/author/list/48728.Walter_Meiden Walter Meiden] ('''1982'''). ''Meester tegen meester, deel 1''
* [[Max Euwe]], [https://www.goodreads.com/author/list/48728.Walter_Meiden Walter Meiden] ('''1982'''). ''Meester tegen meester, deel 2''
* [[Max Euwe]], [https://www.goodreads.com/author/list/48728.Walter_Meiden Walter Meiden] ('''1983'''). ''Amateur wordt meester''.
: [[FILE:kaft-amateurwordtmeester.jpg|none|border|text-bottom]]
* [[Jan van Reek]] ('''1997'''). ''Max Euwe - praktische strategie''. STES, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margraten Margraten]. ISBN 90-74827-32-2
* [[Jan van Reek]] ('''1997'''). ''Strategisch denken. 64 partijen van Euwe''. STES, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margraten Margraten]. ISBN 90-74827-31-4
* [http://www.newinchess.com/Alexander_M%C3%BCnninghoff-pa-314.html Alexander Münninghoff] ('''2001'''). ''[http://www.newinchess.com/Euwe__Max___The_Biography-p-113.html Max Euwe - The Biography]''. [http://www.newinchess.com/ New in Chess], ISBN: 90.5691.079.5
=External Links=
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Euwe Max Euwe from Wikipedia]
* [http://www.maxeuwe.nl/ Max Euwe Centrum]
* [http://www.maxeuwe.nl/fotogalerij.html Max Euwe Centrum - Max Euwe - Fotogalerij]
* [http://www.maxeuwe.nl/nieuwsbrief/nummer74.pdf Max Euwe Centrum - Nieuwsbrief nummer 74] (pdf) (Dutch)
* [http://www.gap-system.org/%7Ehistory/Biographies/Euwe.html Euwe biography] by [http://home.att.net/%7Enumericana/fame/#o-connor J.J. O'Connor] and [http://home.att.net/%7Enumericana/fame/#robertson E.F. Robertson], 2003
* [http://www.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=61173 The Mathematics Genealogy Project - Machgielis Euwe]
* [http://wvegter.hivemind.net/abacus/CyberHeroes/Euwe.htm Cyber Heroes of the past: Max Euwe] by [http://wvegter.hivemind.net/abacus/BiographyWV.htm Wobbe Vegter], 2007
* [http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessplayer?pid=10706 The chess games of Max Euwe] from [http://www.chessgames.com/index.html chessgames.com]
* [http://www.chesscafe.com/text/skittles167.pdf Remembering Max Euwe] (pdf) by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gennadi_Sosonko Genna Sosonko] on the 100th anniversary of Euwe's birth, from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChessCafe.com ChessCafe.com]
* [http://en.euwetoernooi.nl/ Max Euwe chesstournament], November 13-20, 2011 <ref>[http://susanpolgar.blogspot.de/2011/11/max-euwe-tournament.html Susan Polgar Chess Daily News and Information: Max Euwe Tournament]</ref>
: [http://en.euwetoernooi.nl/max-euwe/biography/ Biography - Max Euwe chesstournament]
: [http://en.euwetoernooi.nl/max-euwe/paul-van-der-sterren-over-max-euwe/ Paul van der Sterren on Max Euwe - Max Euwe chesstournament] » [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_van_der_Sterren Paul van der Sterren]
: [http://en.euwetoernooi.nl/program/lectures/ Lectures - Max Euwe chesstournament] » [[Jos Uiterwijk#Euwe|Jos Uiterwijk on Euwe]]
* [http://en.chessbase.com/post/the-max-euwe-center-in-peril The Max Euwe Center in peril] by [[Frederic Friedel]], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], August 13, 2015
* Max Euwe Wereldkampioen Schaken 1935, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube YouTube] Video
: {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=efVRHGkPefU|alignment=left|valignment=top}}
=References=
<references />
'''[[People|Up one level]]'''
[[FILE:Max Euwe 1963.jpg|border|right|thumb| Max Euwe <ref>Max Euwe, 26 December 1962, by Harry Pot / Anefo, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationaal_Archief Dutch National Archives], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague The Hague], Fotocollectie Algemeen Nederlands Persbureau (ANEFO), 1945-1989, Nummer toegang 2.24.01.05 Bestanddeelnummer 915-8814, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Euwe Max Euwe from Wikipedia]</ref>]]
'''Machgielis (Max) Euwe''', (May 20, 1901 – November 26, 1981)<br/>
was a Dutch [[Psychology|psychologist]], mathematician, mathematics teacher, computer scientist and chess [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandmaster_%28chess%29 Grandmaster], who was the fifth [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship World Chess Champion] from 1935 until 1937. He served as third President of the [[FIDE]] from 1970 to 1978 <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE FIDE from Wikipedia]</ref>.
As friend of [[Adriaan de Groot]], Euwe supported him in his [[Cognition|cognitive]] experiments, and actively took part. He also encouraged other [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVRO_1938_chess_tournament AVRO 1938 chess tournament] players, such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Alekhine Alekhine], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuben_Fine Fine], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salo_Flohr Flohr], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Keres Keres] to participate as well <ref>[[Fernand Gobet]] ('''2006'''). ''Adriaan de Groot: Marriage of two Passions''. [[ICGA Journal]], [http://ilk.uvt.nl/icga/journal/contents/content29-4.htm Vol. 29, No. 4], [http://people.brunel.ac.uk/%7Ehsstffg/preprints/De%20Groot%27s%20obituary%20--%20ICGA.pdf pdf]</ref> . During the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands_%281939%E2%80%931945%29 German Occupation of the Netherlands] in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II World War II], Euwe was director of ''Van Amerongen'', a food trader, and could arrange food transports on behalf of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Resistance Dutch resistance] in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam Amsterdam] <ref>[http://www.maxeuwe.nl/loopbaan.html Max Euwe Centrum - Max Euwe's loopbaan]</ref>.
=Photos=
==World Chess Championship 1948==
[[FILE:interregnum11.jpg|none|border|text-bottom|640px|link=http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/interregnum.html]]
Euwe, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Smyslov Smyslov], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Keres Keres], [[Mikhail Botvinnik|Botvinnik]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Reshevsky Reshevsky], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1948 World Chess Championship 1948] <ref>[http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/interregnum.html Interregnum] by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Winter_%28chess_historian%29 Edward Winter]</ref>
==Euwe and Botvinnik==
[[FILE:cn5613_euwebotvinnik.jpg|none|border|text-bottom|640px|link=http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/winter47.html#5612._Chess_literature_in_Hellenic]]
Max Euwe and [[Mikhail Botvinnik]] <ref>[http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/winter47.html Chess Notes] 5613. Euwe line in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Defence#Winawer_Variation_3...Bb4 Winawer Variation], by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Winter_%28chess_historian%29 Edward Winter]</ref>
<span id="ProuhetThueMorseSequence"></span>
=Prouhet–Thue–Morse Sequence=
In 1929 Euwe wrote a paper about set-theoretic aspects of chess <ref>Max Euwe ('''1929'''). ''Mengentheoretische Betrachtungen über das Schachspiel'', Proc. Konin. Akad. Wetenschappen (Amsterdam)</ref> , where he re-discovered the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thue%E2%80%93Morse_sequence Prouhet–Thue–Morse sequence] <ref>[http://www.cba.ua.edu/%7Ejma/ Jun Ma] and [http://personal.kenyon.edu/holdenerj/ Judy Holdener] ('''2005'''). ''When Thue-Morse meets Koch''. a remarkable connection between the Thue-Morse sequence and the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koch_snowflake Koch snowflake], [http://personal.kenyon.edu/holdenerj/StudentResearch/WhenThueMorsemeetsKochJan222005.pdf pdf]</ref>
01101001100101101001011001101001...
in an application of chess proving infinity of games under one certain rule at that time <ref>[http://www.fh-friedberg.de/users/boergens/english/problems/problem059engl.htm Mathematical Problems - Max Euwe's sequence] by [http://www.fh-friedberg.de/users/boergens/main.htm Manfred Börgens]</ref> ...
A chess game ends with a draw if a sequence of moves - with all pieces in exactly the same positions - is played three times successively.
... which did not comprise a [[Repetitions|repetition]] of the three same moves <ref>[http://www.chess-theory.com/encpbl3004_chess_practice_blog3.php The EUWE SUITE by Rodney Waschka II, John, E Hawkes Chess Blog, Chess-Theory, chess practice]</ref> . It had always been the intention of the rules that this should not be possible, but the rule that a game is a draw if the same sequence of moves occurs three times in succession was not sufficient, as demonstrated by Euwe, f. i. with following move indices <ref>[http://www.fh-friedberg.de/users/boergens/english/problems/problem059englloe.htm Mathematical Problems - Max Euwe's sequence - Solution] by [http://www.fh-friedberg.de/users/boergens/main.htm Manfred Börgens]</ref> :
<pre>
0: Nb1-c3 Nb8-c6 Nc3-b1 Nc6-b8
1: Ng1-f3 Ng8-f6 Nf3-g1 Nf6-g8
</pre>
The Prouhet–Thue–Morse sequence is the sequence t satisfying for all positive integers n.
<pre>
t[0] = 0
t[2n] = t[n]
t[2n+1] = 1 - t[n]
</pre>
{|
|-
| [[FILE:ProuhetThueMorseSequence.JPG|none|border|text-bottom|411px]]
|-
| Prouhet–Thue–Morse Sequence 0x6996966996696996 as [[Bitboards|Bitboard]]
|-
| [[FILE:Morse-Thue sequence.gif|none|border|text-bottom]]
|}
=Computer Science=
In 1956, Euwe became involved with computers. He joined [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remington_Rand Remington Rand’s] computer department as a scientific advisor. In 1959 he became the director of the Research Center for [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_Data_Processing Automatic Data Processing] in the Netherlands. Euwe was appointed professor in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatics Informatics] - the forerunner of today’s Computer Science - at the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_University_Rotterdam Universities of Rotterdam] and [[Tilburg University|Tilburg]] in 1964. In 1976 he was appointed as professor in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybernetics Cybernetics] at the University of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manternach Manternach] in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg Luxembourg]. Influenced by the ideas of De Groot, Euwe was also very interested in computer chess and researched on the topic, the simulation of human-like, fallible player in the 60s under the auspices of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Atomic_Energy_Community Euratom] agency. In 1980, Euwe was co-founder of the [[CSVN]], the Dutch Computer Chess Federation.
=Euratom=
An AI-effort in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_translation machine translation] and on developing a computer chess program in the "human style" was conducted under the auspices of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Atomic_Energy_Community Euratom] agency in the 60s in the spirit of its President [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Hirsch Étienne Hirsch] and a team around Max Euwe, [[Adriaan de Groot]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Le_Lionnais François Lionnais], [[Mathematician#CBerge|Claude Berge]] and [http://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Barzin Marcel Barzin] <ref>[http://www.paulbraffort.net/langage/intelligence_et_artifices/grisablues.htm Le langage / Intelligence et artifices], by [http://www.paulbraffort.net/ Paul Braffort] 2002 (French)</ref> :
Finally an important international team had been gathered around [[Max Euwe]] (former world champion) to work on the problem of the simulation of the play of the failures. One found there the encyclopedist [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Le_Lionnais François Lionnais], the mathematician [[Mathematician#CBerge|Claude Berge]], the logician [http://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Barzin Barzin], the psychologist [[Adriaan de Groot|De Groot]]. This team made considerably progress on the problems of the mediums of part, but did not have the possibility of carrying out a program of a complete set.
=CSVN=
Max Euwe's greeting at the foundation of the [[CSVN]], the Dutch Computer Chess Federation <ref>[http://www.csvnsupplementsite.nl/CSVNPAGINA1.html Computerschaak pagina 1] (Dutch) Redactie: J. ten Have and Drs. S. Kooi, translation with the help of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babel_Fish_%28website%29 babelfish]</ref> :
Who already thought about computer chess 50 years ago? Nobody of course, because the computer dodn't yet exist. However, one already spoke about mechanized chess playing, and experienced positional players were compared to a playing chess machine, players stipulated on strictly logical grounds (that coincided with the nature of the proposition) and thereby no deep calculations or combinations was made.
However, the development in computer chess drove in a different direction! The computer appeared and from the first moment big interest on playing chess arose by this marvellous machines. The programs went however in that direction that the computer did not play as a playing chess machine, as we presented ourselves in that former days, but correctly as an ace in conducting deep calculations in all possible directions, a lot of millions per minute.
For the time of computer chess, much (too much) emphasis was steered on brutal force, brutal strength. Moreover, one tried as much as possible on well-known, attentive patterns in the programs. The combination of calculation and recognition in the long run will play chess, whether it yields to master strength is difficult to predict. It is certain, that raising interest on computer chess will bring us closer to a solution. The solution which the computer either crowns to world champion, recognizes as a strong, but unilaterally developed player. In this respect, the establishment of the computer chess association is very welcome. I wish all members success to study the possibilities of the computer and especially introducing methods which will lead to improvements and "humanization" of the programs.
Max Euwe
<span id="Plein"></span>
=Max Euweplein=
In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam Amsterdam] is a [https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Euweplein Max Euweplein] <ref>[http://www.maxeuweplein.net/index.html Welkom op het Max Euweplein]</ref> <ref>[http://www.hiarcs.net/forums/viewtopic.php?t=2346 Ma place favorite à Amsterdam] by [[Alain Zanchetta]], [[Computer Chess Forums|Hiarcs Forum]], April 26, 2009</ref> <ref>[https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.75816803429.73725.844068429&l=0a46cc2c4f&_fb_noscript=1 Max Euwe Plein | Facebook] by [[Alain Zanchetta]]</ref> (square) (near [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leidseplein Leidseplein]) in remembrance of Max Euwe - with a large chess board and pieces and statue of Max Euwe. The 'Max Euwe Foundation' located there has a [http://www.maxeuwe.nl/en/museum.html Max Euwe museum] and a large [http://www.maxeuwe.nl/en/library.html collection of chess books]. During the [[WCCC 2007]] in Amsterdam some participants visited Max Euweplein. [[Vincent Diepeveen]] and [[Johannes Zwanzger]] couldn't resist to play a fast game on the large board.
{|
|-
| [[FILE:Max Euwebeeld.jpg|none|border|text-bottom|245px]]
| {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Noul9tCjOyg?rel=0|alignment=left|valignment=top}}
|-
| Max Euwe sculpture <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Euwe Max Euwe from Wikipedia]</ref>
| Max Euwe Schaakfestival, Amsterdam 2007 <ref>HPGvideos2007 MEC Schaakfestival Amsterdam 2007 Part 1, Memories of Julia and [http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessplayer?pid=60789 Herbert Pérez García], feat. [http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_B%C3%B6hm Hans Böhm], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Nagel Jan Nagel], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessel_Kok Bessel Kok]</ref>, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube YouTube] Video
|}
=Selected Publications=
<ref>[http://ilk.uvt.nl/icga/journal/docs/References.pdf ICGA Reference Database] (pdf)</ref> <ref>[http://www.maxeuwe.nl/opauteur.html Max Euwe Centrum - Bibliotheek - Boeken op Auteur]</ref> <ref>[https://portal.d-nb.de/opac.htm?query=Woe%3D118685554&method=simpleSearch Literatur von und über Max Euwe], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_National_Library German National Library]</ref>
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Chess_Federation H.J. den Hertog], [[Max Euwe]] ('''1927'''). ''Praktische schaaklessen. III.'' Van Goor, Gouda.
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Chess_Federation H.J. den Hertog], [[Max Euwe]] ('''1928'''). ''Praktische schaaklessen. IV.'' Van Goor, Gouda.
* [[Max Euwe]] ('''1929'''). ''Mengentheoretische Betrachtungen über das Schachspiel''. Proc. Konin. Akad. Wetenschappen (Amsterdam)
* [[Max Euwe]] ('''1931'''). ''De Fundamenten van het Schaakspel''. W.P. van Stockum & Zoon, Den Haag.
* [[Max Euwe]] ('''1935'''). ''Strategie en Taktiek in het Schaakspel''. W.P. van Stockum & zoon n.v., Den Haag.
* [[Max Euwe]], [[Hans Kmoch]] ('''1948'''). ''Staunton-Turnier Groningen 1946'', from [http://www.wernerkaufmann.ch/Detail.aspx?id=1159 Wernis Schachlade]
* [[Max Euwe]] ('''1950'''). ''Het Eindspel, No. 5. Stukken tegen Stukken II''. 2e druk. G.B. van Goor Zonen Uitgeversmaatschappij B.V., Den Haag, Batavia.
* [[Max Euwe]] ('''1952'''). ''Oordeel en plan: het denkproces in het schaken''.
* [[Max Euwe]] ('''1953'''). ''Judgment and Planning in Chess''. McKay Company, New York, N.Y. <ref>[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chesscollection?cid=1006215 Judgment and Planning in Chess], games from [[Max Euwe|Dr. Max Euwe's]] book ''Judgment and Planning in Chess''. [http://www.chessgames.com/index.html chessgames.com]</ref>
* [[Max Euwe]], [https://www.goodreads.com/author/list/48728.Walter_Meiden Walter Meiden] ('''1963'''). ''Meester tegen amateur''.
* [[Max Euwe]] ('''1970'''). ''Feldherrnkunst im Schach''. Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin.
* [[Max Euwe]] ('''1973'''). ''Oordeel en Plan: de strategie van het schaakspel''. Van Goor Zonen, Den Haag. ISBN 90-00-01577-4.
: [[FILE:kaft-oordeelenplan.jpg|none|border|text-bottom]]
* [[Max Euwe]], [http://schaakclubutrecht.nl/w12.html Hans Kramer] ('''1977'''). ''Het middenspel, deel 1-4''. Spectrum, Utrecht.
* [[Max Euwe]], [https://www.goodreads.com/author/list/48728.Walter_Meiden Walter Meiden] ('''1977'''). ''Chess master vs. chess master''.
* [[Max Euwe]] ('''1982'''). ''The Logical Approach to Chess''. Dover Publications Inc. New York, N.Y. ISBN 0486243532.
* [[Max Euwe]], [https://www.goodreads.com/author/list/48728.Walter_Meiden Walter Meiden] ('''1982'''). ''Meester tegen meester, deel 1''
* [[Max Euwe]], [https://www.goodreads.com/author/list/48728.Walter_Meiden Walter Meiden] ('''1982'''). ''Meester tegen meester, deel 2''
* [[Max Euwe]], [https://www.goodreads.com/author/list/48728.Walter_Meiden Walter Meiden] ('''1983'''). ''Amateur wordt meester''.
: [[FILE:kaft-amateurwordtmeester.jpg|none|border|text-bottom]]
* [[Jan van Reek]] ('''1997'''). ''Max Euwe - praktische strategie''. STES, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margraten Margraten]. ISBN 90-74827-32-2
* [[Jan van Reek]] ('''1997'''). ''Strategisch denken. 64 partijen van Euwe''. STES, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margraten Margraten]. ISBN 90-74827-31-4
* [http://www.newinchess.com/Alexander_M%C3%BCnninghoff-pa-314.html Alexander Münninghoff] ('''2001'''). ''[http://www.newinchess.com/Euwe__Max___The_Biography-p-113.html Max Euwe - The Biography]''. [http://www.newinchess.com/ New in Chess], ISBN: 90.5691.079.5
=External Links=
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Euwe Max Euwe from Wikipedia]
* [http://www.maxeuwe.nl/ Max Euwe Centrum]
* [http://www.maxeuwe.nl/fotogalerij.html Max Euwe Centrum - Max Euwe - Fotogalerij]
* [http://www.maxeuwe.nl/nieuwsbrief/nummer74.pdf Max Euwe Centrum - Nieuwsbrief nummer 74] (pdf) (Dutch)
* [http://www.gap-system.org/%7Ehistory/Biographies/Euwe.html Euwe biography] by [http://home.att.net/%7Enumericana/fame/#o-connor J.J. O'Connor] and [http://home.att.net/%7Enumericana/fame/#robertson E.F. Robertson], 2003
* [http://www.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=61173 The Mathematics Genealogy Project - Machgielis Euwe]
* [http://wvegter.hivemind.net/abacus/CyberHeroes/Euwe.htm Cyber Heroes of the past: Max Euwe] by [http://wvegter.hivemind.net/abacus/BiographyWV.htm Wobbe Vegter], 2007
* [http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessplayer?pid=10706 The chess games of Max Euwe] from [http://www.chessgames.com/index.html chessgames.com]
* [http://www.chesscafe.com/text/skittles167.pdf Remembering Max Euwe] (pdf) by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gennadi_Sosonko Genna Sosonko] on the 100th anniversary of Euwe's birth, from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChessCafe.com ChessCafe.com]
* [http://en.euwetoernooi.nl/ Max Euwe chesstournament], November 13-20, 2011 <ref>[http://susanpolgar.blogspot.de/2011/11/max-euwe-tournament.html Susan Polgar Chess Daily News and Information: Max Euwe Tournament]</ref>
: [http://en.euwetoernooi.nl/max-euwe/biography/ Biography - Max Euwe chesstournament]
: [http://en.euwetoernooi.nl/max-euwe/paul-van-der-sterren-over-max-euwe/ Paul van der Sterren on Max Euwe - Max Euwe chesstournament] » [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_van_der_Sterren Paul van der Sterren]
: [http://en.euwetoernooi.nl/program/lectures/ Lectures - Max Euwe chesstournament] » [[Jos Uiterwijk#Euwe|Jos Uiterwijk on Euwe]]
* [http://en.chessbase.com/post/the-max-euwe-center-in-peril The Max Euwe Center in peril] by [[Frederic Friedel]], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], August 13, 2015
* Max Euwe Wereldkampioen Schaken 1935, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube YouTube] Video
: {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=efVRHGkPefU|alignment=left|valignment=top}}
=References=
<references />
'''[[People|Up one level]]'''
