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Created page with "'''Home * Engines * Machiavelli''' FILE:Machiavelli Principe Cover Page.jpg|border|right|thumb|220px|Il Principe, 1532 <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki..."
'''[[Main Page|Home]] * [[Engines]] * Machiavelli'''
[[FILE:Machiavelli Principe Cover Page.jpg|border|right|thumb|220px|Il Principe, 1532 <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prince The Prince from Wikipedia]</ref> ]]
'''Machiavelli''',<br/>
a chess program developed in [[Timeline#1948|1947-1948]] by [[Donald Michie]] and [[Shaun Wylie]] which was a rival "paper machine" of [[Alan Turing|Alan Turing's]] and [[David Champernowne|David Champernowne's]] [[Turochamp]]. Turing began programming both at [[University of Manchester]] but never completed them and they never played each other <ref>[http://www.fbi.fh-darmstadt.de/fileadmin/vmi/chronologie/index.htm Chronology of Computing] compiled by [[Mathematician#DSingmaster|David Singmaster]]</ref>.
In their 1961 article ''Machines that play games'' <ref>[[John Maynard Smith]], [[Donald Michie]] ('''1961'''). ''Machines that play games''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Scientist New Scientist], 12, 367-9. [http://books.google.com/books?id=lo7r0zX_T0sC&lpg=PA369&dq=Machines%20that%20play%20games.%201961%2C%20New%20Scientist%2C%2012&pg=PA367#v=onepage&q&f=false google books]</ref>, [[John Maynard Smith]] and [[Donald Michie]] elaborate the [[Evaluation|evaluation]] features of their one-ply analyzers [[SOMA]] and Machiavelli, to consider [[Material|material]], [[Center|center]] and [[King Safety#SquareControl|neighboring king square control]], pieces [[En prise|en-prise]], [[Static Exchange Evaluation|swap-off values]] and other [[Tactics|tactical]] and [[Strategy|strategical]] considerations. Later, John Maynard Smith built a SOMA-Machiavelli hybrid named SOMAC (SOMA with features taken from the Machiavelli) <ref>[[Donald Michie]] ('''1966'''). ''Game Playing and Game Learning Automata.'' Advances in Programming and Non-Numerical Computation, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Fox Leslie Fox] (ed.), pp 183-200. Oxford, Pergamon. » Includes Appendix: ''Rules of SOMAC'' by [[John Maynard Smith]]</ref>. This machine, when allowed a lookahead of two, has a standard of play equal to that of a mediocre human player ... <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Fox Leslie Fox] ('''1966'''). ''Advances in programming and non-numerical computation''. Pergamon</ref> <ref>[[Donald Michie]] ('''1974'''). ''On Machine Intelligence''. Edinburgh: University Press, ISBN 10: 085224262X, ISBN 13: 9780852242629, [http://www.abebooks.com/servlet/SearchResults?isbn=085224262X abebooks.com], [http://www.alibris.com/search/books/qwork/4836304/used/On%20machine%20intelligence alibris.com], [http://www.biblio.com/isbn/9780852242629.html biblio.com]</ref> .
=SOMA - Machiavelli=
Following game between [[SOMA]] and Machiavelli was played, with the conclusion that it seems unlikely that a one-ply analyzer would beat any but the most inexperienced human player.
<pre>
[Event "?"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1961.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "SOMA"]
[Black "Machiavelli"]
[Result "1/2-1/2"]
1.e3 e5 2.d4 Nc6 3.Nc3 d5 4.Nf3 e4 5.Ne5 Bb4 6.Nxc6 bxc6 7.Bd2 Nf6 8.a3 Bd6 9.h4
Bg4 10.Be2 Qd7 11.O-O O-O-O 12.f3 Bf5 13.fxe4 Bxe4 14.Ba6+ Kb8 15.Nxe4 Nxe4 16.Qe2
Qe6 17.Ba5 Ng3 18.Qf3 Nxf1 19.Rxf1 f6 20.Rd1 Qe4 21.Qxe4 dxe4 22.d5 cxd5 23.Rxd5
Be5 24.Rb5+ Ka8 25.Bb7+ Kb8 26.Bxe4+ Kc8 27.Bf5+ Rd7 28.Bxd7+ Kxd7
1/2-1/2 {agreed}
</pre>
=Publications=
* [[John Maynard Smith]], [[Donald Michie]] ('''1961'''). ''Machines that play games''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Scientist New Scientist], 12, 367-9. [http://books.google.com/books?id=lo7r0zX_T0sC&lpg=PA369&dq=Machines%20that%20play%20games.%201961%2C%20New%20Scientist%2C%2012&pg=PA367#v=onepage&q&f=false google books]
* [[Donald Michie]] ('''1966'''). ''Game Playing and Game Learning Automata.'' Advances in Programming and Non-Numerical Computation, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Fox Leslie Fox] (ed.), pp 183-200. Oxford, Pergamon. » Includes Appendix: ''Rules of SOMAC'' by [[John Maynard Smith]] <ref>see [[Helmut Richter#Swapoff|Swap-off]] by [[Helmut Richter]]</ref>
* [[Donald Michie]] ('''1974'''). ''On Machine Intelligence''. Edinburgh: University Press, ISBN 10: 085224262X, ISBN 13: 9780852242629, [http://www.abebooks.com/servlet/SearchResults?isbn=085224262X abebooks.com], [http://www.alibris.com/search/books/qwork/4836304/used/On%20machine%20intelligence alibris.com], [http://www.biblio.com/isbn/9780852242629.html biblio.com]
* [http://people.ict.usc.edu/~gordon/ Andrew S. Gordon] ('''2001'''). ''Playing Chess with Machiavelli: Improving Interactive Entertainment with Explicit Strategies''. AAAI Technical Report, [http://www.aaai.org/Papers/Symposia/Spring/2001/SS-01-02/SS01-02-009.pdf pdf]
=External Links=
* [http://www.fbi.fh-darmstadt.de/fileadmin/vmi/chronologie/index.htm Chronology of Computing] compiled by [[Mathematician#DSingmaster|David Singmaster]]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machiavelli_%28disambiguation%29 Machiavelli (disambiguation) from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli Niccolò Machiavelli from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Works_by_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli Category:Works by Niccolò Machiavelli from Wikipedia]
: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discourses_on_Livy Discourses on Livy from Wikipedia]
: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_of_War_%28Machiavelli%29 The Art of War (Machiavelli) from Wikipedia]
: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prince The Prince from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machiavellianism Machiavellianism from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machiavellian_intelligence Machiavellian intelligence from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Machiavel Anti-Machiavel from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djambi Djambi from Wikipedia]
* Machiavelli, The Prince 1/5, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube YouTube] Video
: {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5IGBKu6qM7Y|alignment=left|valignment=top}}
=References=
<references />
'''[[Engines|Up one Level]]'''
[[FILE:Machiavelli Principe Cover Page.jpg|border|right|thumb|220px|Il Principe, 1532 <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prince The Prince from Wikipedia]</ref> ]]
'''Machiavelli''',<br/>
a chess program developed in [[Timeline#1948|1947-1948]] by [[Donald Michie]] and [[Shaun Wylie]] which was a rival "paper machine" of [[Alan Turing|Alan Turing's]] and [[David Champernowne|David Champernowne's]] [[Turochamp]]. Turing began programming both at [[University of Manchester]] but never completed them and they never played each other <ref>[http://www.fbi.fh-darmstadt.de/fileadmin/vmi/chronologie/index.htm Chronology of Computing] compiled by [[Mathematician#DSingmaster|David Singmaster]]</ref>.
In their 1961 article ''Machines that play games'' <ref>[[John Maynard Smith]], [[Donald Michie]] ('''1961'''). ''Machines that play games''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Scientist New Scientist], 12, 367-9. [http://books.google.com/books?id=lo7r0zX_T0sC&lpg=PA369&dq=Machines%20that%20play%20games.%201961%2C%20New%20Scientist%2C%2012&pg=PA367#v=onepage&q&f=false google books]</ref>, [[John Maynard Smith]] and [[Donald Michie]] elaborate the [[Evaluation|evaluation]] features of their one-ply analyzers [[SOMA]] and Machiavelli, to consider [[Material|material]], [[Center|center]] and [[King Safety#SquareControl|neighboring king square control]], pieces [[En prise|en-prise]], [[Static Exchange Evaluation|swap-off values]] and other [[Tactics|tactical]] and [[Strategy|strategical]] considerations. Later, John Maynard Smith built a SOMA-Machiavelli hybrid named SOMAC (SOMA with features taken from the Machiavelli) <ref>[[Donald Michie]] ('''1966'''). ''Game Playing and Game Learning Automata.'' Advances in Programming and Non-Numerical Computation, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Fox Leslie Fox] (ed.), pp 183-200. Oxford, Pergamon. » Includes Appendix: ''Rules of SOMAC'' by [[John Maynard Smith]]</ref>. This machine, when allowed a lookahead of two, has a standard of play equal to that of a mediocre human player ... <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Fox Leslie Fox] ('''1966'''). ''Advances in programming and non-numerical computation''. Pergamon</ref> <ref>[[Donald Michie]] ('''1974'''). ''On Machine Intelligence''. Edinburgh: University Press, ISBN 10: 085224262X, ISBN 13: 9780852242629, [http://www.abebooks.com/servlet/SearchResults?isbn=085224262X abebooks.com], [http://www.alibris.com/search/books/qwork/4836304/used/On%20machine%20intelligence alibris.com], [http://www.biblio.com/isbn/9780852242629.html biblio.com]</ref> .
=SOMA - Machiavelli=
Following game between [[SOMA]] and Machiavelli was played, with the conclusion that it seems unlikely that a one-ply analyzer would beat any but the most inexperienced human player.
<pre>
[Event "?"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1961.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "SOMA"]
[Black "Machiavelli"]
[Result "1/2-1/2"]
1.e3 e5 2.d4 Nc6 3.Nc3 d5 4.Nf3 e4 5.Ne5 Bb4 6.Nxc6 bxc6 7.Bd2 Nf6 8.a3 Bd6 9.h4
Bg4 10.Be2 Qd7 11.O-O O-O-O 12.f3 Bf5 13.fxe4 Bxe4 14.Ba6+ Kb8 15.Nxe4 Nxe4 16.Qe2
Qe6 17.Ba5 Ng3 18.Qf3 Nxf1 19.Rxf1 f6 20.Rd1 Qe4 21.Qxe4 dxe4 22.d5 cxd5 23.Rxd5
Be5 24.Rb5+ Ka8 25.Bb7+ Kb8 26.Bxe4+ Kc8 27.Bf5+ Rd7 28.Bxd7+ Kxd7
1/2-1/2 {agreed}
</pre>
=Publications=
* [[John Maynard Smith]], [[Donald Michie]] ('''1961'''). ''Machines that play games''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Scientist New Scientist], 12, 367-9. [http://books.google.com/books?id=lo7r0zX_T0sC&lpg=PA369&dq=Machines%20that%20play%20games.%201961%2C%20New%20Scientist%2C%2012&pg=PA367#v=onepage&q&f=false google books]
* [[Donald Michie]] ('''1966'''). ''Game Playing and Game Learning Automata.'' Advances in Programming and Non-Numerical Computation, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Fox Leslie Fox] (ed.), pp 183-200. Oxford, Pergamon. » Includes Appendix: ''Rules of SOMAC'' by [[John Maynard Smith]] <ref>see [[Helmut Richter#Swapoff|Swap-off]] by [[Helmut Richter]]</ref>
* [[Donald Michie]] ('''1974'''). ''On Machine Intelligence''. Edinburgh: University Press, ISBN 10: 085224262X, ISBN 13: 9780852242629, [http://www.abebooks.com/servlet/SearchResults?isbn=085224262X abebooks.com], [http://www.alibris.com/search/books/qwork/4836304/used/On%20machine%20intelligence alibris.com], [http://www.biblio.com/isbn/9780852242629.html biblio.com]
* [http://people.ict.usc.edu/~gordon/ Andrew S. Gordon] ('''2001'''). ''Playing Chess with Machiavelli: Improving Interactive Entertainment with Explicit Strategies''. AAAI Technical Report, [http://www.aaai.org/Papers/Symposia/Spring/2001/SS-01-02/SS01-02-009.pdf pdf]
=External Links=
* [http://www.fbi.fh-darmstadt.de/fileadmin/vmi/chronologie/index.htm Chronology of Computing] compiled by [[Mathematician#DSingmaster|David Singmaster]]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machiavelli_%28disambiguation%29 Machiavelli (disambiguation) from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli Niccolò Machiavelli from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Works_by_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli Category:Works by Niccolò Machiavelli from Wikipedia]
: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discourses_on_Livy Discourses on Livy from Wikipedia]
: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_of_War_%28Machiavelli%29 The Art of War (Machiavelli) from Wikipedia]
: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prince The Prince from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machiavellianism Machiavellianism from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machiavellian_intelligence Machiavellian intelligence from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Machiavel Anti-Machiavel from Wikipedia]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djambi Djambi from Wikipedia]
* Machiavelli, The Prince 1/5, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube YouTube] Video
: {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5IGBKu6qM7Y|alignment=left|valignment=top}}
=References=
<references />
'''[[Engines|Up one Level]]'''
