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A [[Shura-Bura's Program|chess program]] was already written in developed around 1961 under direction of [[Mikhail R. Shura-Bura]] at the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steklov_Institute_of_Mathematics Steklov Institute of Mathematics] under direction of [[Mikhail R. Shura-Bura]] <ref>[[Jaap van den Herik]] ('''1983'''). ''Computerschaak, Schaakwereld en Kunstmatige Intelligentie''. Ph.D. thesis, [[Delft University of Technology]]. Academic Service, The Hague. ISBN 90 62 33 093 2 (Dutch), 2.2.9. Sjoera-Boera</ref> <ref>[http://www.schachcomputer.at/gesch6.htm Schachcomputer - Geschichte - 6] by [[Karsten Bauermeister]] (German)</ref> <ref>[http://www.dsk1931ev.de/Computerschach/computer.htm Computerschach - ein Überblick] von Mathias Grontzki (German)</ref>, presumably running on a M-20.

The [[ITEP Chess Program]], forerunner of [[Kaissa]], developed since 1963 1961 <ref>[http://adamant1.fromru.com/kaissa.html "Каисса" - Историю программы рассказывает один из ее создателей Михаил Донской] (Russian [[Kaissa]] - by [[Mikhail Donskoy]])</ref> at [[Alexander Kronrod|Alexander Kronrod’s]] laboratory at the Moscow [[Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics]] ('''ITEP''') by [[Georgy Adelson-Velsky]], [[Vladimir Arlazarov]], [[Anatoly Uskov]], [[Alexander Zhivotovsky]], A. Leman, M. Rozenfeld and Russian chess master [[Alexander Bitman]] <ref>[[Georgy Adelson-Velsky]], [[Vladimir Arlazarov]], [[Alexander Bitman]], [[Alexander Zhivotovsky]], [[Anatoly Uskov]] ('''1970'''). ''Programming a Computer to Play Chess''. [http://iopscience.iop.org/0036-0279/25/2 Russian Mathematical Surveys, Vol. 25], pp. 221-262.</ref> is mentioned to ran the [[Stanford-ITEP Match]] on a [[M-2]] computer <ref>[http://www.computer-museum.ru/english/m2.htm The Fast Universal Digital Computer M-2] by the [[Russian Virtual Computer Museum]]</ref>, while it was also ported to run on written for the [[M-20]] <ref>[http://sites.google.com/site/grekochess/ GreKo - Download] has a listing of the [[ITEP Chess Program]] for the [[M-20]] computer, hosted by [[Vladimir Medvedev]]</ref> <ref>[http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~brudno/ Michael Brudno] ('''2000'''). ''Competitions, Controversies, and Computer Chess'', [http://www.cs.toronto.edu/%7Ebrudno/essays/cchess.pdf pdf]</ref>.

==Butenko's ProgramEureka==After [[Mikhail Botvinnik]] introduced his early computer chess ideas concerning [[Attack and Defend Maps|attack maps]] and [[Trajectory|trajectories]] at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_Centres Moscow Central Chess Club] <ref>[http://en.chessbase.com/home/TabId/211/PostId/4007513 The last day of the “Botvinnik Memorial”] by [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Denissowna_Burtassowa Anna Burtasova], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], September 07, 2011</ref> in 1966, with the skeptical [[Georgy Adelson-Velsky]] and others attending, he found [[Vladimir Butenko]] as supporter and collaborator. Butenko first implemented the [[Vector Attacks|15x15 vector attacks]] board representation, [[Distance#15x15|determining trajectories]] on a [[M-20]] computer in a program which apparently was a forerunner of [[Pioneer]], which also evolved to [[Butenko's programEureka]] after he refused further cooperation with Botvinnik in 1970 <ref>[http://atimopheyev.narod.ru/Frame/index.html Лингвистическая Геометрия] Бориса Штильмана, [http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=de&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=ru&tl=en&u=http://atimopheyev.narod.ru/Frame/index.html&usg=ALkJrhjGqyvJey-MTGqcGxzMU53Od0Y7VQ Linguistic Geometry] [[Boris Stilman]] by [[Alexander Timofeev]] ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Translate Google Translate])

In his [[Advances in Computer Chess 8]] conference paper, Bronstein mentioned he played [[Kaissa]] in 1963 with queen odds <ref>[[David Bronstein]] ('''1997'''). ''My Experiences with Computers.'' [[Advances in Computer Chess 8]]</ref>, so one may assume it was already an early version of the [[ITEP Chess Program]] running on a M-20. However, according to [[Mikhail Donskoy]], the development on ITEP started in 1963 <ref>[http://adamant1.fromru.com/kaissa.html "Каисса" - Историю программы рассказывает один из ее создателей Михаил Донской] (Russian [[Kaissa]] - by [[Mikhail Donskoy]])</ref>. In ''The Early Development of Programming in the USSR'' <ref>[[Mathematician#Ershov|Andrey Ershov]], [[Mikhail R. Shura-Bura]] ('''1980'''). ''[http://ershov.iis.nsk.su/archive/eaindex.asp?lang=2&gid=910 The Early Development of Programming in the USSR]''. in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_C._Metropolis Nicholas C. Metropolis] (ed.) ''[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=578384 A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_Press Academic Press], pp. 137-196</ref>, [[Mathematician#Ershov|Andrey Ershov]] and [[Mikhail R. Shura-Bura]] note that in the end of the 1950's a group of Moscow mathematicians began a study of computerized chess which eventually led to the victory at the [[WCCC 1974]] <ref>[http://ershov.iis.nsk.su/archive/eaimage.asp?did=28792&fileid=173671 preprint pp. 44]</ref>.