Difference between revisions of "Hydra"

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'''Hydra''',<br/>
 
'''Hydra''',<br/>
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was a chess playing entity based on a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_(computing) cluster computer] containing [[FPGA|Field Programmable Gate Arrays]], under the patronage of the Pal Group of Companies <ref>[http://www.palgroup.com/ Pal Group of Companies]</ref> and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh Sheikh] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahnoun_bin_Mohammed_Al_Nahyan Tahnoun Bin Zayed Al Nahyan] <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Nahyan_family Al Nahyan family from Wikipedia]</ref> <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydra_%28chess%29 Hydra (chess) from Wikipedia]</ref> <ref>[http://gsec.abudhabi.ae/Sites/GSEC/Navigation/EN/ExecutiveCouncil/picture-gallery.html The General Secretariat of the Executive Council - Abu Dhabi - Members' Profiles]</ref> of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Dhabi_%28city%29 Abu Dhabi], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates United Arab Emirates]. Chief programmer of Hydra was [[Chrilly Donninger]] who already had experience with the former FPGA-Project [[Brutus]]. Hydra played its last game in June 2006 <ref>[http://en.chessbase.com/post/who-will-be-the-next-freestyle-champion Who will be the next Freestyle Champion] by [[Arno Nickel]], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], July 05, 2006</ref>. In June 2009, Hydra book author [[Christopher Lutz]] stated that "unfortunately the Hydra project is discontinued." The sponsors decided to end the project <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydra_%28chess%29 Hydra (chess) from Wikipedia]</ref>. Hydra was two times winner of the [[IPCCC|International Paderborn Computer Chess Championship]], the [[IPCCC 2004]] and [[IPCCC 2005]], and was runner up at the [[ICT 2004]].
+
was a chess playing entity based on a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrinet Myrinet] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_(computing) computer cluster] consisting of [[FPGA|FPGAs]] and [[x86]] PCs.
 +
Hydra was the continuous development of the [[ChessBase]] funded FPGA project called [[Brutus]] by [[Chrilly Donninger]] et al. now under the patronage of the ''Pal Group of Companies'' <ref>[http://www.palgroup.com/ Pal Group of Companies]</ref> and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh Sheikh] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahnoun_bin_Mohammed_Al_Nahyan Tahnoun Bin Zayed Al Nahyan] <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Nahyan_family Al Nahyan family from Wikipedia]</ref> <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydra_%28chess%29 Hydra (chess) from Wikipedia]</ref> <ref>[http://gsec.abudhabi.ae/Sites/GSEC/Navigation/EN/ExecutiveCouncil/picture-gallery.html The General Secretariat of the Executive Council - Abu Dhabi - Members' Profiles]</ref> of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Dhabi_%28city%29 Abu Dhabi], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates United Arab Emirates].  
 +
 
 +
=Tournament Play=
 +
Hydra had its tournament debut at the [[IPCCC 2004]] winning clearly with 6½/7 ahead of [[Fritz]] and [[Shredder]]. Soon later, at the [[ICT 2004]], Hydra came in behind Shredder,
 +
but taking revanche in August 2004, winning a match with 6½-2½. Also the [[IPCCC 2005]] was dominated with 8/9, a half point ahead of Shredder.  
 +
Hydra also achieved strong results versus humans, playing two times the [[Man vs Machine Team Championship]], and in 2005 [[Adams versus Hydra 2005|versus]] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Adams_(chess_player) Michael Adams] winning decisively  with 6½-½.
 +
The chess monster further played [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Chess freestyle matches] along with its sponsor, chess lover and chess player under the pseudonym ''Zorchamp'' <ref>[https://en.chessbase.com/post/zor-champ-wins-freestyle-tournament Zor-Champ wins Freestyle Tournament] by [[Arno Nickel]], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], April 16, 2006</ref>, and was active on the [[Playchess]] server - its last game in June 2006 <ref>[http://en.chessbase.com/post/who-will-be-the-next-freestyle-champion Who will be the next Freestyle Champion] by [[Arno Nickel]], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], July 05, 2006</ref>. In June 2009, Hydra book author [[Christopher Lutz]] stated that "unfortunately the Hydra project is discontinued." The sponsors decided to end the project <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydra_%28chess%29 Hydra (chess) from Wikipedia]</ref>.
  
 
=System Hydra=
 
=System Hydra=
 
[[FILE:SystemHydra.png|none|border|text-bottom|580px|link=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydra_(Schachcomputer)]]  
 
[[FILE:SystemHydra.png|none|border|text-bottom|580px|link=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydra_(Schachcomputer)]]  
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System architecture of Hydra <ref>[https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydra_(Schachcomputer) Hydra (Schachcomputer) – Wikipedia.de] (German)</ref>
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Hydra <ref>[https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydra_(Schachcomputer) Hydra (Schachcomputer) – Wikipedia.de] (German)</ref> ran on a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrinet Myrinet] interconnected [[Linux]] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_cluster cluster] of four (later eight) dual [[IBM PC|PC]] server nodes able to handle two [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventional_PCI PCI] buses, which are conneced to a FPGA card each, simultaneously. The [[Parallel Search|distributed search]] algorithm ran on the [[x86]] nodes as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Message_Passing_Interface MPI] [[Process|processes]], where the last three [[Ply|plies]] of an n-ply search including [[Quiescence Search|quiescence]] and all [[Evaluation|evaluations]] are delegated to the FPGA card, typically 100.000 times per second and processor. For further information see the [[Brutus#Description|description]] of [[Brutus]].
  
 
=Team Hydra=  
 
=Team Hydra=  
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==2008==
 
==2008==
 
The Hydra team, led by [[Abdul Mateen Khan]], was working on two new chess projects: ''Cryptic'' and ''Shark'', as in 2008 mentioned on the now defunct Hydra site, and from May 2008 until December 2009 on  Wikipedia <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydra_%28chess%29&oldid=215962237 Hydra (chess): 13:34, 30 May 2008 by 80.227.14.13]</ref> <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydra_%28chess%29&oldid=332038940 Hydra (chess): 13:57, 16 December 2009‎ by 217.165.22.102]</ref>:
 
The Hydra team, led by [[Abdul Mateen Khan]], was working on two new chess projects: ''Cryptic'' and ''Shark'', as in 2008 mentioned on the now defunct Hydra site, and from May 2008 until December 2009 on  Wikipedia <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydra_%28chess%29&oldid=215962237 Hydra (chess): 13:34, 30 May 2008 by 80.227.14.13]</ref> <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydra_%28chess%29&oldid=332038940 Hydra (chess): 13:57, 16 December 2009‎ by 217.165.22.102]</ref>:
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* Cryptic runs on modern high speed multi-processor CPU. It is programmed in mixed [[C]] and [[Assembly]] Language. It is aimed to be the world's top single machine Chess Engine.
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* '''Cryptic''' runs on modern high speed multi-processor CPU. It is programmed in mixed [[C]] and [[Assembly]] Language. It is aimed to be the world's top single machine Chess Engine.
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* Shark is network based deep search meta engine. It is based on unique idea by which it reaches to depth of 25+ easily with the help of only 6 CPUs in less than a minute. Currently a dual core CPU takes more than an hour to reach to this depth.  
+
* '''Shark''' is network based deep search meta engine. It is based on unique idea by which it reaches to depth of 25+ easily with the help of only 6 CPUs in less than a minute. Currently a dual core CPU takes more than an hour to reach to this depth.  
  
 
==Former Members==  
 
==Former Members==  
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=Publications=  
 
=Publications=  
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* [[Chrilly Donninger]], [[Ulf Lorenz]] ('''2004'''). ''[http://www.springerlink.com/content/hp9la9pwq0a1cmrp/ The Chess Monster Hydra]''. in [http://www.springerlink.com/content/8grv6pu2e8hd/?p=3037c8af6a0147319f6f5a8e133083dd&pi=0 Field Programmable Logic and Application], 14th International Conference, FPL 2004, Leuven, Belgium, August 30-September 1, 2004. Proceedings, pp 927-932. Springer Berlin / Heidelberg, ISBN 978-3-540-22989-6, [http://www2.cs.uni-paderborn.de/cs/ag-monien/PERSONAL/FLULO/publications/fpl04.pdf pdf]
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* [[Chrilly Donninger]], [[Ulf Lorenz]] ('''2004'''). ''[http://www.springerlink.com/content/hp9la9pwq0a1cmrp/ The Chess Monster Hydra]''. [http://www.springerlink.com/content/8grv6pu2e8hd/?p=3037c8af6a0147319f6f5a8e133083dd&pi=0 Field Programmable Logic and Application], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media Springer], [http://www.top-5000.nl/ps/The%20chess%20monster%20Hydra.pdf pdf]
 
: Abstract
 
: Abstract
 
: With the help of the FPGA technology, the boarder between hard- and software has vanished. It is now possible to develop complex designs and fine grained parallel applications without the long-lasting chip design cycles. Additionally, it has become easier to write coarse grained parallel applications with the help of message passing libraries like MPI. The chess program Hydra is a high level hardware-software co-design application which profits from both worlds. We describe the design philosophy, general architecture and performance of Hydra. The time critical part of the search tree, near the leaves, is explored with the help of fine grain parallelism of FPGA cards. For nodes near the root, the search algorithm runs distributed on a cluster of conventional processors. A nice detail is that the FPGA cards allow the implementation of sophisticated chess knowledge without decreasing the computational speed.
 
: With the help of the FPGA technology, the boarder between hard- and software has vanished. It is now possible to develop complex designs and fine grained parallel applications without the long-lasting chip design cycles. Additionally, it has become easier to write coarse grained parallel applications with the help of message passing libraries like MPI. The chess program Hydra is a high level hardware-software co-design application which profits from both worlds. We describe the design philosophy, general architecture and performance of Hydra. The time critical part of the search tree, near the leaves, is explored with the help of fine grain parallelism of FPGA cards. For nodes near the root, the search algorithm runs distributed on a cluster of conventional processors. A nice detail is that the FPGA cards allow the implementation of sophisticated chess knowledge without decreasing the computational speed.
 
* [[Carl Bicknell]] ('''2004'''). ''Interview with Chrilly Donninger, Subject: Hydra''. [[Selective Search]] 113, pp. 19, [http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/SS_113.pdf pdf] hosted by [[Mike Watters]]
 
* [[Carl Bicknell]] ('''2004'''). ''Interview with Chrilly Donninger, Subject: Hydra''. [[Selective Search]] 113, pp. 19, [http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/SS_113.pdf pdf] hosted by [[Mike Watters]]
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* [[Chrilly Donninger]], [[Ulf Lorenz]] ('''2005'''). ''The Hydra project''. Xcell Journal, Issue 53, pp. 94–97.
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* [[Chrilly Donninger]], [[Ulf Lorenz]] ('''2005'''). ''The Hydra project''. Xcell Journal, Issue 53, pp. 94–97, [https://www.xilinx.com/publications/archives/xcell/Xcell53.pdf pdf]
 
* [[ChessBase]], the Editor, [[John Nunn]], [[David Levy]] ('''2005'''). ''Adams Outclassed by HYDRA''. [[ICGA Journal#28_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 28, No. 2]]
 
* [[ChessBase]], the Editor, [[John Nunn]], [[David Levy]] ('''2005'''). ''Adams Outclassed by HYDRA''. [[ICGA Journal#28_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 28, No. 2]]
 
* [[David Levy]] ('''2005'''). ''Man vs. Machine – What Next?'' [[ICGA Journal#28_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 28, No. 2]]
 
* [[David Levy]] ('''2005'''). ''Man vs. Machine – What Next?'' [[ICGA Journal#28_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 28, No. 2]]
 
* [[Peter Vossen]] ('''2007'''). ''Computer-WM Amsterdam''. [[Computerschach und Spiele|Computerschach und Spiele Online]], [http://computerschach.de/Files/2007/Computer-WM%20Amsterdam%20%281%29.pdf pdf1] <ref>[http://computerschach.de/Files/2007/Computer-WM%20Amsterdam%20%281%29.pdf Part 1] has an interview with [[Chrilly Donninger]] about [[Hydra]]</ref>
 
* [[Peter Vossen]] ('''2007'''). ''Computer-WM Amsterdam''. [[Computerschach und Spiele|Computerschach und Spiele Online]], [http://computerschach.de/Files/2007/Computer-WM%20Amsterdam%20%281%29.pdf pdf1] <ref>[http://computerschach.de/Files/2007/Computer-WM%20Amsterdam%20%281%29.pdf Part 1] has an interview with [[Chrilly Donninger]] about [[Hydra]]</ref>
 
* [[Chrilly Donninger]] ('''2007'''). ''Flugstunden mit Ken Thompson''. [https://brigitte-godot.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Flugstunden.pdf pdf] (German)  
 
* [[Chrilly Donninger]] ('''2007'''). ''Flugstunden mit Ken Thompson''. [https://brigitte-godot.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Flugstunden.pdf pdf] (German)  
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* [[Ulf Lorenz]], [[Chrilly Donninger|Christian Donninger]], [[Mohammed Nasir Ali|Muhammad N. Ali]], [[Erdogan Günes]], [[Christopher Lutz]] ('''2020'''). ''Hydra: Report and technical overview''. [[ICGA Journal#42_23|ICGA Journal, Vol. 42, Nos. 2-3]]
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 +
=Forum Posts=
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==2004==
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* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=348870 Hydra???] by Bob Durrett, [[CCC]], February 13, 2004
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* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=349141 Hydra wins Paderborn] by [[Theo van der Storm]], February 15, 2004 » [[IPCCC 2004]]
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* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=349144 IPCCC 2004 (7) Diep vs Hydra (0-1) Commented game] by [[Kurt Utzinger]], [[CCC]], February 15, 2004 » [[IPCCC 2004]]
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* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=383507 What is the purpose of Hydra?] by James T. Walker, [[CCC]], August 22, 2004
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* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=391151 Some remarks about Hydra in Bilbao, by Chrilly Donninger] by [[Enrique Irazoqui]], [[CCC]], October 11, 2004 » [[Man vs Machine Team Championship]]
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==2005 ...==
 +
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=408476 New hydra hardware !!] by [[Vincent Lejeune]], [[CCC]], January 31, 2005
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* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=469422 Re: HYDRA vs RYBKA !!] by [[Chrilly Donninger]], [[CCC]], December 12, 2005
 +
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=469605 Different Hydra personalities against Rybka] by [[Chrilly Donninger]], [[CCC]], December 13, 2005
 +
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=470834 Corr Game 3: Hydra Scylla vs. Nickel, Arno 1/2 (PGN)] by [[Eduard Nemeth]], [[CCC]], December 16, 2005
 +
* [https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=488118 Topalov will play with Hydra] by Lubo Lubop, [[CCC]], February 20, 2006
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* [https://www.hiarcs.net/forums/viewtopic.php?t=398&start=19 Re: I know something of Dr.Donninger] by [[Harvey Williamson]], [[Computer Chess Forums|Hiarcs Forum]], October 16, 2007 <ref>quoted with the kind permission of [[Chrilly Donninger|Chrilly]] and [[Enrique Irazoqui|Enir]] » [[Rybka]]</ref>
  
 
=External Links=  
 
=External Links=  
 
==Chess Entity==  
 
==Chess Entity==  
 
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydra_%28chess%29 Hydra (chess) from Wikipedia]
 
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydra_%28chess%29 Hydra (chess) from Wikipedia]
 +
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080518105542/http://www.hydrachess.com/ Hydrachess.com] ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine Wayback Machine], May 18, 2008)
 
* [http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessplayer?pid=87303 Games at chessgames.com]
 
* [http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessplayer?pid=87303 Games at chessgames.com]
−
* [https://www.donau-uni.ac.at/en/aktuell/news/archiv/02436/index.php From Brutus to Hydra - The mathematician Donninger about the evolution of his chess program], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube_University_Krems Danube University Krems], January 19, 2004
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* [https://en.chessbase.com/post/nine-headed-monster-wins-paderborn Nine-headed monster wins Paderborn], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], February 15, 2004
 +
* [https://en.chessbase.com/post/hydra-shocks-shredder-with-2-0-lead Hydra shocks Shredder with 2-0 lead], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], August 16, 2004
 
* [https://en.chessbase.com/post/all-about-the-hydra-che-project All about the Hydra chess project], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], August 22, 2004
 
* [https://en.chessbase.com/post/all-about-the-hydra-che-project All about the Hydra chess project], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], August 22, 2004
 +
* [https://en.chessbase.com/post/hydra-unbeatable-in-abu-dhabi Hydra unbeatable in Abu Dhabi], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], August 29, 2004
 +
* [https://en.chessbase.com/post/bilbao-man-vs-machine-a-resume Bilbao Man vs Machine – a resume - Drama in Bilbao] by [[David Levy]], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], October 16, 2004
 
* [https://en.chessbase.com/post/adams-vs-hydra-man-0-5-machine-5-5 Adams vs Hydra: Man 0.5 – Machine 5.5], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], June 28, 2005
 
* [https://en.chessbase.com/post/adams-vs-hydra-man-0-5-machine-5-5 Adams vs Hydra: Man 0.5 – Machine 5.5], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], June 28, 2005
 +
* [https://en.chessbase.com/post/-hydra-is-the-kasparov-of-computers- Hydra is the Kasparov of computers], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], June 30, 2005
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* [https://en.chessbase.com/post/8-4-final-score-for-the-machines-what-next- 8:4 final score for the machines – what next?] by [[David Levy]], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], November 24, 2005
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* [https://en.chessbase.com/post/zor-champ-wins-freestyle-tournament Zor-Champ wins Freestyle Tournament] by [[Arno Nickel]], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], April 16, 2006
 
* Checkmate - Documentry on Computer Chess Part 1, 2, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube YouTube] Videos
 
* Checkmate - Documentry on Computer Chess Part 1, 2, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube YouTube] Videos
 
: {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c65KkVmR16I|alignment=left|valignment=top}}
 
: {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c65KkVmR16I|alignment=left|valignment=top}}

Revision as of 12:05, 8 April 2021

Home * Engines * Hydra

Hydra species [1] [2]

Hydra,
was a chess playing entity based on a Myrinet computer cluster consisting of FPGAs and x86 PCs. Hydra was the continuous development of the ChessBase funded FPGA project called Brutus by Chrilly Donninger et al. now under the patronage of the Pal Group of Companies [3] and Sheikh Tahnoun Bin Zayed Al Nahyan [4] [5] [6] of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.

Tournament Play

Hydra had its tournament debut at the IPCCC 2004 winning clearly with 6½/7 ahead of Fritz and Shredder. Soon later, at the ICT 2004, Hydra came in behind Shredder, but taking revanche in August 2004, winning a match with 6½-2½. Also the IPCCC 2005 was dominated with 8/9, a half point ahead of Shredder. Hydra also achieved strong results versus humans, playing two times the Man vs Machine Team Championship, and in 2005 versus Michael Adams winning decisively with 6½-½. The chess monster further played freestyle matches along with its sponsor, chess lover and chess player under the pseudonym Zorchamp [7], and was active on the Playchess server - its last game in June 2006 [8]. In June 2009, Hydra book author Christopher Lutz stated that "unfortunately the Hydra project is discontinued." The sponsors decided to end the project [9].

System Hydra

SystemHydra.png

Hydra [10] ran on a Myrinet interconnected Linux cluster of four (later eight) dual PC server nodes able to handle two PCI buses, which are conneced to a FPGA card each, simultaneously. The distributed search algorithm ran on the x86 nodes as MPI processes, where the last three plies of an n-ply search including quiescence and all evaluations are delegated to the FPGA card, typically 100.000 times per second and processor. For further information see the description of Brutus.

Team Hydra

2006

2008

The Hydra team, led by Abdul Mateen Khan, was working on two new chess projects: Cryptic and Shark, as in 2008 mentioned on the now defunct Hydra site, and from May 2008 until December 2009 on Wikipedia [11] [12]:

  • Cryptic runs on modern high speed multi-processor CPU. It is programmed in mixed C and Assembly Language. It is aimed to be the world's top single machine Chess Engine.
  • Shark is network based deep search meta engine. It is based on unique idea by which it reaches to depth of 25+ easily with the help of only 6 CPUs in less than a minute. Currently a dual core CPU takes more than an hour to reach to this depth.

Former Members

Photos

HydraDsc00041.jpg

Hydra team 2004: Ulf Lorenz, Erdogan Günes and Chrilly Donninger, IPCCC 2004 [13]

Namesake

Another program by Donninger and Alex Kure was also named Hydra and played the 15th World Microcomputer Chess Championship in Paris 1997.

See also

Publications

Abstract
With the help of the FPGA technology, the boarder between hard- and software has vanished. It is now possible to develop complex designs and fine grained parallel applications without the long-lasting chip design cycles. Additionally, it has become easier to write coarse grained parallel applications with the help of message passing libraries like MPI. The chess program Hydra is a high level hardware-software co-design application which profits from both worlds. We describe the design philosophy, general architecture and performance of Hydra. The time critical part of the search tree, near the leaves, is explored with the help of fine grain parallelism of FPGA cards. For nodes near the root, the search algorithm runs distributed on a cluster of conventional processors. A nice detail is that the FPGA cards allow the implementation of sophisticated chess knowledge without decreasing the computational speed.

Forum Posts

2004

2005 ...

External Links

Chess Entity

Misc

References

  1. ↑ Hydra species filmed with a binocular stereomicroscope his eyes From School hydra jellyfish Hydrozoa Flowers, Category:Hydra (genus) - Wikimedia Commons
  2. ↑ Lewis Wolpert, Amata Hornbruch, Mike Clarke (1974). Positional Information and Positional Signalling in Hydra. Integrative and Comparative Biology, Vol. 14, No. 2
  3. ↑ Pal Group of Companies
  4. ↑ Al Nahyan family from Wikipedia
  5. ↑ Hydra (chess) from Wikipedia
  6. ↑ The General Secretariat of the Executive Council - Abu Dhabi - Members' Profiles
  7. ↑ Zor-Champ wins Freestyle Tournament by Arno Nickel, ChessBase News, April 16, 2006
  8. ↑ Who will be the next Freestyle Champion by Arno Nickel, ChessBase News, July 05, 2006
  9. ↑ Hydra (chess) from Wikipedia
  10. ↑ Hydra (Schachcomputer) – Wikipedia.de (German)
  11. ↑ Hydra (chess): 13:34, 30 May 2008 by 80.227.14.13
  12. ↑ Hydra (chess): 13:57, 16 December 2009‎ by 217.165.22.102
  13. ↑ Die Internationalen Paderborner Computerschachmeisterschaften by Mathias Feist, ChessBase Nachrichten, February 17, 2004 (German)
  14. ↑ Part 1 has an interview with Chrilly Donninger about Hydra
  15. ↑ quoted with the kind permission of Chrilly and Enir » Rybka

Up one Level

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