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'''[[Main Page|Home]] * [[Organizations]] * [[ICGA]] * [[ICGA Investigations|Investigations]] * Historical Examples'''
by [[Mark Watkins]] <ref>slightly edited version from the ''ICGA Investigations Wiki'', concerning links and headers</ref>
This is a page to briefly describe some previous ICCA/ICGA investigations, or more generally, originality and plagiarism in computer boardgames. One purpose for this is to ease the formation of a historical context in any decision process.
=Chess Examples=
<span id="Quickstep"></span>
==Quickstep==
In the [[WMCCC 1989|9th World Microcomputer Chess Championship]] (Portorož, 1989), the program [[Quickstep]] by [[Klaus Dieter Langer|Mr. Langer]] was excluded from further participation after four rounds. The reason was that the program was “an unauthorized version of the [[Mephisto Almeria]] program” <ref>[[Jaap van den Herik]], [[David Levy]] ('''1989'''). ''Disqualification at Portorož''. [[ICGA Journal|ICCA Journal]], Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 232-236</ref>.
<span id="Gunda1"></span>
==Gunda-1==
In ''Experience is a Hard Teacher'' from [[WMCCC 1996|Jakarta in 1996]], [[Tony Marsland]] writes <ref>[[Tony Marsland]] ('''1996'''). ''[http://ticc.uvt.nl/icga/games/chess/hard.php Experience is a Hard Teacher]''. [[ICGA Journal#19_4|ICCA Journal, Vol. 19, No. 4]]</ref>:
'''Original Author Programs'''
For the Triennial World Championship event all participants are required to bring source code of their program. This code must be made available to the Tournament Director (or designate) for scrutiny in case of dispute. The purpose here is to ensure that each program is unique and is owned by the representing programmer. For the Microcomputer events a less stringent standard has been applied, but amateurs must identify the authors of the program they submit. As the number of freely distributed programs grow, or if people start putting their own front end on a commercial product, then it may be necessary to scrutinize the source code of all PC-based programs too, to ascertain that significant changes have been made. In the past the integrity of our participants has rarely been questioned, but the ICCA must always be ready for the day when a serious dispute arises. Scrutinizing the credentials of the designated operator may therefore be part of the application process for future events.
One reason why there have been so few problems to date has been because a member of the design team typically serves as the operator. This meets one of our original objectives, to facilitate the exchange of ideas about chess programming. The use of operators with little knowledge of either chess or programming is therefore discouraged.
See also the comment of [[Jaap van den Herik]] on ''Augmented Ideas'' <ref>[http://ticc.uvt.nl/icga/journal/contents/node22.html ICCA Journal, Volume 20: Number 1]</ref> in the [[ICGA Journal|ICCA Journal]].
The question posed above theoretically has been partially answered in recent practice. In the 14th WMCC (Jakarta, 1996), the Indonesian program [[Gunda-1|GUNDA-1]] participated, and in the 16th Open Dutch Computer-Chess Championship (Leiden, 1996) the program [[Rajah|RAJAH]] was entered. Both programs were based on [[Robert Hyatt|Hyatt's]] world-wide available code of the program [[Crafty|CRAFTY]]. Since both teams gave due credit to CRAFTY as their original source, it is comparable to using ideas from articles while giving appropriate reference. Nevertheless, the question remains to what extent can we prolong the similarity of publications and programs. For articles, we do not allow plagiarism. For algorithms and programs I believe we are in a state of flux. Yet, the researcher who is the originator of the ideas should always be given pride of place. <ref>[http://groups.google.com/group/rec.games.chess.computer/browse_frm/thread/36325d4b7bb0eea4# Misinformation about RAJAH in the ICCA] by [[Valavan Manohararajah]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rgcc]], April 5, 1997</ref> <ref>[[Valavan Manohararajah]] ('''1997''') ''Rajah: The Design of a Chess Program.'' [[ICGA Journal#20_2|ICCA Journal, Vol. 20, No. 2]], pp. 87-91.</ref>
<span id="List"></span>
==List==
In the [[WCCC 2003|11th WCCC]] (Graz, 2003) the author of the program [[List (Program)|List]] refused inspection of his program code and was banned from the tournament for precisely this reason <ref>[[Eli David|Omid David]] ('''2003'''). ''The 11th World Computer-Chess Championship''. [[ICGA Journal#26_4|ICGA Journal, Vol. 26, No. 4]], pp. 252-259)</ref>. Subsequent letters from [[Fritz Reul|Reul]] and [[David Levy|Levy]] were published in the [[ICGA Journal]] Vol. 28, No. 1, March 2005 <ref>[[Fritz Reul]] ('''2005''') ''A Letter to the ICGA''. [http://ilk.uvt.nl/icga/journal/pdf/toc28-1.pdf ICGA Journal Vol. 28, No. 1] (pdf)</ref> <ref>[[David Levy]] ('''2005''') ''Cancellation of Suspension''. [http://ilk.uvt.nl/icga/journal/pdf/toc28-1.pdf ICGA Journal Vol. 28, No. 1] (pdf)</ref>
<span id="LION"></span>
==Lion++==
[[Jaap van den Herik]] reviews the [[WCCC 2006|2006]] case of [[Lion|Lion++]] in [[ICGA Journal#29_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 29, No. 2]], June 2006 <ref>[[Jaap van den Herik]] ('''2006'''). ''The Interpretation of Rules''. [http://ticc.uvt.nl/icga/journal/pdf/toc29-2.pdf ICGA Journal Vol. 29, No. 2] (pdf)</ref>.
<span id="ElChinito"></span>
==El Chinito==
[[Chinito|El Chinito]] (Chinito played two ICGA tournaments, the [[WCCC 2002]] and [[WCCC 2003|2003]] <ref>[https://www.game-ai-forum.org/icga-tournaments/program.php?id=71 Chinito (ICGA Tournaments)]</ref>) was suspected and proved to contain [[Crafty]] code in 2004 <ref>[https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=383228 List is NOT a Crafty clone, ... etc] by [[Matthias Gemuh]], [[CCC]], August 21, 2004</ref>. [[Eugenio Castillo Jiménez]] admitted using Crafty in an open letter and also informed the ICGA <ref>[https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=384790 Open letter by Eugenio Castillo (ELChinito team) ...] by [[Frank Quisinsky]], [[CCC]], August 28, 2004</ref>.
<span id="SquarknII"></span>
==SquarknII==
David Levy's reports on in 2010 on [[SquarknII]] by [[Johandry Gonzalez Espin]], who wanted to enter the [[WCCC 2010]] with a [[RobboLito]] clone <ref>[https://www.game-ai-forum.org/icga-tournaments/news_item.php?id=57 SquarknII Chess Program Disqualified (ICGA Tournaments)]</ref>.
<span id="Go"></span>
=Computer Go=
An overview of the case in [[Go|computer Go]], entitled ''Plagiarism in Computer Go'' was given in 2000 by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Keene Raymond Keene] <ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20081205023415/http:/www.msoworld.com/mindzine/news/scandals/scandal0400.html Plagiarism in Computer Go] by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Keene Raymond Keene], April 1, 2000</ref>, and evidence was given by [[Zhixing Chen|Chen Zhixing]] <ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20000523171809/www.wulu.com/plagiary.htm Plagiarism from Handtalk] by [[Zhixing Chen|Chen Zhixing]], [http://www.reiss.demon.co.uk/webgo/zj-silvr.htm in Chinese, with Western-readable ASM dumps]</ref>. It can also be noted that the long-term effects of this case continue to linger <ref>[http://senseis.xmp.net/?SilverStar Sensei's Library: Silver Star]</ref>:
It is unknown whether subsequent versions continue to plagiarize, due to anti-tracing measures added to KCC Igo. This stigma extends to the present day; the largely rewritten KCC Igo was denied entry to the [https://www.game-ai-forum.org/icga-tournaments/tournament.php?id=193 2009 Computer Olympiad].
I could find no independent mention of this 2009 decision, but did find an exchange regarding 2008 participation <ref>[http://www.mail-archive.com/computer-go@computer-go.org/msg09073.html Re: [computer-go] 2008 Olympiad] by [[Rémi Coulom]], August 21, 2008 </ref>:
Their registration was rejected because of "past problems with [this] program in other computer Go tournaments" (these are the words of David Levy). The ICGA will make an official statement later.
(Rémi Coulom)
It would be nice to track down the official ICGA statement.
=References=
<references />
'''[[ICGA Investigations|Up one level]]'''
by [[Mark Watkins]] <ref>slightly edited version from the ''ICGA Investigations Wiki'', concerning links and headers</ref>
This is a page to briefly describe some previous ICCA/ICGA investigations, or more generally, originality and plagiarism in computer boardgames. One purpose for this is to ease the formation of a historical context in any decision process.
=Chess Examples=
<span id="Quickstep"></span>
==Quickstep==
In the [[WMCCC 1989|9th World Microcomputer Chess Championship]] (Portorož, 1989), the program [[Quickstep]] by [[Klaus Dieter Langer|Mr. Langer]] was excluded from further participation after four rounds. The reason was that the program was “an unauthorized version of the [[Mephisto Almeria]] program” <ref>[[Jaap van den Herik]], [[David Levy]] ('''1989'''). ''Disqualification at Portorož''. [[ICGA Journal|ICCA Journal]], Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 232-236</ref>.
<span id="Gunda1"></span>
==Gunda-1==
In ''Experience is a Hard Teacher'' from [[WMCCC 1996|Jakarta in 1996]], [[Tony Marsland]] writes <ref>[[Tony Marsland]] ('''1996'''). ''[http://ticc.uvt.nl/icga/games/chess/hard.php Experience is a Hard Teacher]''. [[ICGA Journal#19_4|ICCA Journal, Vol. 19, No. 4]]</ref>:
'''Original Author Programs'''
For the Triennial World Championship event all participants are required to bring source code of their program. This code must be made available to the Tournament Director (or designate) for scrutiny in case of dispute. The purpose here is to ensure that each program is unique and is owned by the representing programmer. For the Microcomputer events a less stringent standard has been applied, but amateurs must identify the authors of the program they submit. As the number of freely distributed programs grow, or if people start putting their own front end on a commercial product, then it may be necessary to scrutinize the source code of all PC-based programs too, to ascertain that significant changes have been made. In the past the integrity of our participants has rarely been questioned, but the ICCA must always be ready for the day when a serious dispute arises. Scrutinizing the credentials of the designated operator may therefore be part of the application process for future events.
One reason why there have been so few problems to date has been because a member of the design team typically serves as the operator. This meets one of our original objectives, to facilitate the exchange of ideas about chess programming. The use of operators with little knowledge of either chess or programming is therefore discouraged.
See also the comment of [[Jaap van den Herik]] on ''Augmented Ideas'' <ref>[http://ticc.uvt.nl/icga/journal/contents/node22.html ICCA Journal, Volume 20: Number 1]</ref> in the [[ICGA Journal|ICCA Journal]].
The question posed above theoretically has been partially answered in recent practice. In the 14th WMCC (Jakarta, 1996), the Indonesian program [[Gunda-1|GUNDA-1]] participated, and in the 16th Open Dutch Computer-Chess Championship (Leiden, 1996) the program [[Rajah|RAJAH]] was entered. Both programs were based on [[Robert Hyatt|Hyatt's]] world-wide available code of the program [[Crafty|CRAFTY]]. Since both teams gave due credit to CRAFTY as their original source, it is comparable to using ideas from articles while giving appropriate reference. Nevertheless, the question remains to what extent can we prolong the similarity of publications and programs. For articles, we do not allow plagiarism. For algorithms and programs I believe we are in a state of flux. Yet, the researcher who is the originator of the ideas should always be given pride of place. <ref>[http://groups.google.com/group/rec.games.chess.computer/browse_frm/thread/36325d4b7bb0eea4# Misinformation about RAJAH in the ICCA] by [[Valavan Manohararajah]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rgcc]], April 5, 1997</ref> <ref>[[Valavan Manohararajah]] ('''1997''') ''Rajah: The Design of a Chess Program.'' [[ICGA Journal#20_2|ICCA Journal, Vol. 20, No. 2]], pp. 87-91.</ref>
<span id="List"></span>
==List==
In the [[WCCC 2003|11th WCCC]] (Graz, 2003) the author of the program [[List (Program)|List]] refused inspection of his program code and was banned from the tournament for precisely this reason <ref>[[Eli David|Omid David]] ('''2003'''). ''The 11th World Computer-Chess Championship''. [[ICGA Journal#26_4|ICGA Journal, Vol. 26, No. 4]], pp. 252-259)</ref>. Subsequent letters from [[Fritz Reul|Reul]] and [[David Levy|Levy]] were published in the [[ICGA Journal]] Vol. 28, No. 1, March 2005 <ref>[[Fritz Reul]] ('''2005''') ''A Letter to the ICGA''. [http://ilk.uvt.nl/icga/journal/pdf/toc28-1.pdf ICGA Journal Vol. 28, No. 1] (pdf)</ref> <ref>[[David Levy]] ('''2005''') ''Cancellation of Suspension''. [http://ilk.uvt.nl/icga/journal/pdf/toc28-1.pdf ICGA Journal Vol. 28, No. 1] (pdf)</ref>
<span id="LION"></span>
==Lion++==
[[Jaap van den Herik]] reviews the [[WCCC 2006|2006]] case of [[Lion|Lion++]] in [[ICGA Journal#29_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 29, No. 2]], June 2006 <ref>[[Jaap van den Herik]] ('''2006'''). ''The Interpretation of Rules''. [http://ticc.uvt.nl/icga/journal/pdf/toc29-2.pdf ICGA Journal Vol. 29, No. 2] (pdf)</ref>.
<span id="ElChinito"></span>
==El Chinito==
[[Chinito|El Chinito]] (Chinito played two ICGA tournaments, the [[WCCC 2002]] and [[WCCC 2003|2003]] <ref>[https://www.game-ai-forum.org/icga-tournaments/program.php?id=71 Chinito (ICGA Tournaments)]</ref>) was suspected and proved to contain [[Crafty]] code in 2004 <ref>[https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=383228 List is NOT a Crafty clone, ... etc] by [[Matthias Gemuh]], [[CCC]], August 21, 2004</ref>. [[Eugenio Castillo Jiménez]] admitted using Crafty in an open letter and also informed the ICGA <ref>[https://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=384790 Open letter by Eugenio Castillo (ELChinito team) ...] by [[Frank Quisinsky]], [[CCC]], August 28, 2004</ref>.
<span id="SquarknII"></span>
==SquarknII==
David Levy's reports on in 2010 on [[SquarknII]] by [[Johandry Gonzalez Espin]], who wanted to enter the [[WCCC 2010]] with a [[RobboLito]] clone <ref>[https://www.game-ai-forum.org/icga-tournaments/news_item.php?id=57 SquarknII Chess Program Disqualified (ICGA Tournaments)]</ref>.
<span id="Go"></span>
=Computer Go=
An overview of the case in [[Go|computer Go]], entitled ''Plagiarism in Computer Go'' was given in 2000 by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Keene Raymond Keene] <ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20081205023415/http:/www.msoworld.com/mindzine/news/scandals/scandal0400.html Plagiarism in Computer Go] by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Keene Raymond Keene], April 1, 2000</ref>, and evidence was given by [[Zhixing Chen|Chen Zhixing]] <ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20000523171809/www.wulu.com/plagiary.htm Plagiarism from Handtalk] by [[Zhixing Chen|Chen Zhixing]], [http://www.reiss.demon.co.uk/webgo/zj-silvr.htm in Chinese, with Western-readable ASM dumps]</ref>. It can also be noted that the long-term effects of this case continue to linger <ref>[http://senseis.xmp.net/?SilverStar Sensei's Library: Silver Star]</ref>:
It is unknown whether subsequent versions continue to plagiarize, due to anti-tracing measures added to KCC Igo. This stigma extends to the present day; the largely rewritten KCC Igo was denied entry to the [https://www.game-ai-forum.org/icga-tournaments/tournament.php?id=193 2009 Computer Olympiad].
I could find no independent mention of this 2009 decision, but did find an exchange regarding 2008 participation <ref>[http://www.mail-archive.com/computer-go@computer-go.org/msg09073.html Re: [computer-go] 2008 Olympiad] by [[Rémi Coulom]], August 21, 2008 </ref>:
Their registration was rejected because of "past problems with [this] program in other computer Go tournaments" (these are the words of David Levy). The ICGA will make an official statement later.
(Rémi Coulom)
It would be nice to track down the official ICGA statement.
=References=
<references />
'''[[ICGA Investigations|Up one level]]'''
