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Created page with "'''Home * People * Hans Berliner''' border|right|thumb|link=WCCC 1986#Video| Hans Berliner <ref>[[WCCC 1986#Video|WCCC 1986 Video..."
'''[[Main Page|Home]] * [[People]] * Hans Berliner'''
[[FILE:Berliner1986.JPG|border|right|thumb|link=WCCC 1986#Video| Hans Berliner <ref>[[WCCC 1986#Video|WCCC 1986 Video]] capture at 24:34 during interview by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_F%C3%B6lsing Albrecht Fölsing] at 24:14 before the final game [[Cray Blitz]] vs. [[HiTech]]</ref> ]]
'''Hans Jack Berliner''', (January 27, 1929 - January 13, 2017)<br/>
was a German born, American Computer Scientist and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor_Emeritus Professor Emeritus] from [[Carnegie Mellon University]] <ref>[http://people.cs.cmu.edu/faculty/adjunct.html Carnegie Mellon, School of Computer Science]</ref>, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Hans Berliner was [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandmaster_%28chess%29 Grandmaster] of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correspondence_Chess Correspondence Chess], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Master International Master] for over-the-board chess and was Correspondence Chess World Champion from 1965 until 1968.
Hans Berliner made his Ph.D. Thesis in 1974 at Carnegie Mellon about computer chess: ''Chess as Problem Solving: The Development of a Tactics Analyser'' <ref>Hans Berliner ('''1974'''). ''Chess as Problem Solving: The Development of a Tactics Analyser''. Ph.D. thesis, [[Carnegie Mellon University]]</ref> under the supervision of [[Allen Newell]]. Berliner contributed as co-author to the [[Tech|Technology Chess Program]]. He was author of the chess programs [[J. Biit]], [[CAPS]], [[Patsoc]], along with [[Murray Campbell]] co-author of the [[Chunking|chunking]] [[Pawn Endgame|pawn endgame]] program [[Chunker]], and lead the team in developing the [[HiTech]] chess entity - namely [[Carl Ebeling]], [[Murray Campbell]], [[Gordon Goetsch]] and [[Chris McConnell]]. Beside other things, Hans Berliner's research was about pattern knowledge and creation and implementation of the [[Best-First|best-first]] [[Search|tree search]] algorithm called [[B*]] <ref>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TYF-482GRKR-16&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=9bfc63b9a1da139986fd583df2de2500 The B* tree search algorithm: A best-first proof procedure] from [http://www.sciencedirect.com/ ScienceDirect.com]</ref>, also used in HiTech.
=Chess Programs=
* [[CAPS]]
* [[Chunker]]
* [[HiTech]]
* [[J. Biit]]
* [[Patsoc]]
=BKG 9.8=
In the late 70s at [[Carnegie Mellon University]], Hans Berliner developed the [[Backgammon]] playing program '''BKG 9.8''' for the [[PDP-10]] to research the principles of [[Evaluation|evaluation]] for another game than chess with a much higher [[Branching Factor|branching factor]] of more than 800 at every node <ref>[[Hans Berliner]] ('''1977'''). ''[http://www.bkgm.com/articles/Berliner/ExperiencesInEvaluationWithBKG/index.html Experiences in Evaluation with BKG, a Program That Plays Backgammon]''. [[Conferences#IJCAI1977|IJCAI 1977]], hosted by [http://www.bkgm.com/ Backgammon Galore]</ref>. Early versions of BKG played badly even against weak players, but Berliner noticed that its critical mistakes were always at transitions apparently due to [[Evaluation Discontinuity|evaluation discontinuity]]. He applied principles of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_logic fuzzy logic] to [[Tapered Eval|smooth out]] the transition between phases, and by July 1979, BKG 9.8 was strong enough to play against the ruling world champion [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Villa Luigi Villa]. It won the match 7–1, becoming the first computer program to defeat a world champion in any game. Berliner states that the victory was largely a matter of luck, as the computer received more favorable dice rolls <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Berliner Hans Berliner from Wikipedia]</ref> <ref>[[Hans Berliner]] ('''1980'''). ''[http://www.bkgm.com/articles/Berliner/BackgammonProgramBeatsWorldChamp/ Backgammon Computer Program Beats World Champion]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_%28journal%29 Artificial Intelligence], Vol. 14</ref>.
=Photos=
[[FILE:5-2a.Carnegie_Mellon_University.Berliner-Hans_Ebeling-Carl.198X.L062302001.CMU.lg.jpg|none|border|text-bottom|640px|link=http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=stl-431e1a07ad4c1]]
[[Hans Berliner]] and [[Carl Ebeling]], developers of [[HiTech]] at [[Carnegie Mellon University]] <ref>Photo ca 1985, © Bill Redick, [http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/index.php History of Computer Chess] from [[The Computer History Museum]]</ref>
[[FILE:cologne1.jpg|none|border|text-bottom|640px|link=http://members.home.nl/matador/chess820.htm]]
[[Cray Blitz]] vs. [[HiTech]], [[WCCC 1986]] <ref>[[Cray Blitz]] vs. [[HiTech]], [[WCCC 1986]], Photo from [http://members.home.nl/matador/chess820.htm Historic Pictures] by [[Ed Schroder|Ed Schröder]]</ref>
=Quotes=
==James Gillogly==
Quote by [[James Gillogly]] on Berliner's [[Tech|Technology Program]] contribution <ref>[[James Gillogly]] ('''1972'''). ''The Technology Chess Program''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_%28journal%29 Artificial Intelligence], Vol. 3, pp. 145-163. ISSN 0004-3702. Reprinted ('''1988''') in [[Computer Chess Compendium]]</ref>:
Acknowledgements: I am indebted to Hans Berliner, World Correspondence Chess Champion, who developed the elegant techniques used in the positional analysis, and whose patient discussion helped to clarify many of the conceptional problems. The basic idea of the [[Tech|Technology Program]] is due in large part to [[Allen Newell]].
==Alex Bell==
Quote by [[Alex Bell]] from his report on [[Advances in Computer Chess 1]] <ref>[http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/acl/literature/news/1975.htm 1975 Press Releases - Techniques for playing the end game] from [[Atlas Computer Laboratory]], hosted by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_Appleton_Laboratory Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL)]</ref>:
A number of experts were invited to give papers. on their work, including [[Mikhail Donskoy|Dr Mikhail Donskoy]] of the USSR, one of the authors of the world champion program, [[Kaissa|KAISSA]]. Unfortunately Donskoy was unable to attend, a disappointment only mitigated by the presence from the US of Dr Hans Berliner, of [[Carnegie Mellon University|Carnegie-Mellon]]. Berliner is the world correspondence chess champion and has also spent the last eight or nine years programming computers to play the game. To most people in the practical, model building side of the subject, ie making a program play the computer game, Berliner is THE expert. Although full of good, implementable ideas he has no illusions as to the limitations of such chess programs.
--
The conference itself lasted one and a half days and the papers (depending on the listener) ranged from the profound to the puerile. I have no desire to repeat my own personal views, indeed as one of the organisers I helped to provide a platform for speakers whose views I found astonishing. What did seem evident to me was that the majority of the audience fell into one of three categories. One group is the artificial intelligentsia. They fully understand the difficulties of the problem and are still thinking about how to solve it. The second group are the let's get on and program something crunchers, the model makers, the people who can make big computers float round the room whistling God save the Queen. These people absolutely refuse to put anything remotely resembling knowledge, chess or otherwise, into their programs if they can avoid it, believing that if the result plays good chess then it can be more easily adapted to attempt other, more useful, decision making problems. The third group is the most important, these are the people who are new to the subject, the people who say, It sounds like a fascinating problem and I'd like to know what's going on.
Hans Berliner fits into two of these categories, his talk covered the AI approach and the crunchers, but he is hardly a newcomer. He was the first speaker and the domain of his talk was chess tactics with emphasis on recognising situations and dealing with them explicitly. He is full of good ideas and techniques which are relevant to the problem of selecting the right move in a game of chess and, more important, showed clearly how each idea and technique could be implemented in a computer.
==Hans Berliner==
Hans Berliner about his role in the [[HiTech]] team <ref>Hans Berliner ('''1988'''). ''Pennsyvania State Chess Championship - HiTech Becomes First Computer Senior Master''. AI Magazine Volume 9 Number 3 (© AAAI), [http://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/article/viewFile/946/864 pdf]</ref>:
I have been responsible for doing the pattern knowledge and most of the opening book, and acting as moderator for the many fine discussions that we have about how to improve HiTech in the various areas that need work.
=See also=
* [[WCCC 1986#Video|WCCC 1986 Video]]
* [[Kasparov versus Deep Thought 1989#Video|Kasparov versus Deep Thought 1989 documentary]]
=Selected Publications=
<ref>[http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/pers/hd/b/Berliner:Hans_J=.html DBLP: Hans J. Berliner]</ref> <ref>[http://ilk.uvt.nl/icga/journal/docs/References.pdf ICGA Reference Database] (pdf)</ref>
==1970 ...==
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1970'''). ''Experiences Gained in Constructing and Testing a Chess Program''. [[IEEE]] Symposium System Science and Cybernetics, reprinted in [[David Levy]] (ed.) ('''1988'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4613-8716-9 Computer Games I]''.
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1973'''). ''Some Necessary Conditions for a Master Chess Program.'' [[Conferences#IJCAI1973|IJCAI 1973]]
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1974'''). ''Chess as Problem Solving: The Development of a Tactics Analyser''. Ph.D. thesis, [[Carnegie Mellon University]]
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1977'''). ''A Representation and Some Mechanisms for a Problem-Solving Chess Program.'' [[Advances in Computer Chess 1]]
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1977'''). ''BKG - A Program that Plays Backgammon''. Technical Report, [[Carnegie Mellon University]], reprinted in [[David Levy]] (ed.) ('''1988'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4613-8716-9 Computer Games I]''.
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1977'''). ''[http://www.bkgm.com/articles/Berliner/ExperiencesInEvaluationWithBKG/index.html Experiences in Evaluation with BKG, a Program That Plays Backgammon]''. [[Conferences#IJCAI1977|IJCAI 1977]], hosted by [http://www.bkgm.com/ Backgammon Galore]
* [[Hans Berliner]], [[Richard Greenblatt]], [[Jacques Pitrat]], [[Arthur Samuel]], [[David Slate]] ('''1977'''). ''Panel on Computer Game Playing''. [[Conferences#IJCAI1977|IJCAI 1977]], [http://ijcai.org/Past%20Proceedings/IJCAI-77-VOL2/PDF/087.pdf pdf]
* [[Crispin Perdue]], [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1977'''). ''[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1624529 EG: a case study in problem solving with king and pawn endings]''. [[Conferences#IJCAI1977|IJCAI 1977]]
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1977'''). ''The B* Tree Search Procedure: Best-first Search Combined with Branch and Bound''. Computer Science Department. [[Carnegie Mellon University]]
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1978'''). ''A Chronology of Computer Chess and its Literature.'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_%28journal%29 Artificial Intelligence], No. 10, pp. 201–214.
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1979'''). ''The B*-Tree Search Algorithm - A Best-First Proof Procedure''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_%28journal%29 Artificial Intelligence], Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 23-40. ISSN 0004-3702.
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1979'''). ''[http://www.bkgm.com/articles/Berliner/EvaluationFunctionsLargeDomains/ On the Construction of Evaluation Functions for Large Domains]''. [[Conferences#IJCAI1979|IJCAI 1979]], Vol. 1, hosted by [http://www.bkgm.com/ Backgammon Galore]
==1980 ...==
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1980'''). ''[http://www.bkgm.com/articles/Berliner/BackgammonProgramBeatsWorldChamp/ Backgammon Computer Program Beats World Champion]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_%28journal%29 Artificial Intelligence], Vol. 14, hosted by [http://www.bkgm.com/ Backgammon Galore], reprinted in [[David Levy]] (ed.) ('''1988'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4613-8716-9 Computer Games I]''.
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1980'''). ''[http://www.bkgm.com/articles/Berliner/ComputerBackgammon/index.html Computer Backgammon]''. [[Scientific American]], Vol. 242, No. 6, hosted by [http://www.bkgm.com/ Backgammon Galore]
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1981'''). ''An Examination of Brute Force Intelligence.'' [[Conferences#IJCAI1981|IJCAI 1981]]
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1982'''). ''Search vs. knowledge: an analysis from the domain of games''. Technical Report Department of Computer Science, [[Carnegie Mellon University]]
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1983'''). ''Search''. Artificial Intelligence Syllabus, Department of Computer Science, [[Carnegie Mellon University]]
* [[Murray Campbell]], [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1983'''). ''A Chess Program That Chunks''. AAAI 1983 49-53, [http://www.aaai.org/Papers/AAAI/1983/AAAI83-012.pdf pdf]
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1984'''). ''Search vs. knowledge: An analysis from the domain of games.'' In A. Elithorn and R. Banerji (Eds.), Artificial and Human Intelligence (pp. 105-117). New York, NY: Elsevier.
* [[Hans Berliner]], [[Murray Campbell]] ('''1984'''). ''[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0004370284900067 Using Chunking to Solve Chess Pawn Endgames]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_%28journal%29 Artificial Intelligence], Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 97-120. ISSN 0004-3702.
* [[Hans Berliner]], [[Gordon Goetsch]] ('''1984'''). ''A quantitative study of search methods and the effect of constraint satisfaction'', Tech. Rept. CMU-CS-84-147, Department of Computer Science, [[Carnegie Mellon University]]
* [[Hans Berliner]], [[Gordon Goetsch]] ('''1985'''). ''A Study of Search Methods: The Effect of Constraint Satisfaction and Adventurousness''. [[Conferences#IJCAI1985|IJCAI 1985]], [http://dli.iiit.ac.in/ijcai/IJCAI-85-VOL2/PDF/083.pdf pdf]
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1985'''). ''Computer Chess at [[Carnegie Mellon University]]''. [[Advances in Computer Chess 4]]
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1985'''). ''Goals, Plans, and Mechanisms: Non-symbolically in an Evaluation Surface.'' Presentation at Evolution, Games, and Learning, Center for Nonlinear Studies, [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]], May 21.
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1985'''). ''HiTech wins North American Computer-Chess Championship''. [[ICGA Journal#8_4|ICCA Journal, Vol. 8, No. 4]] » [[ACM 1985]]
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1985'''). ''The 1985 Fredkin Competition''. [[ICGA Journal#8_4|ICCA Journal, Vol. 8, No. 4]]
* [[Hans Berliner]], [[Carl Ebeling]] ('''1986'''). ''The SUPREM Architecture: a new Intelligent Paradigm.'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_%28journal%29 Artificial Intelligence], Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 3-8.
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1987'''). ''Some Innovations Introduced by Hitech''. [[ICGA Journal#10_3|ICCA Journal, Vol. 10, No. 3]]
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1988'''). ''Pennsyvania State Chess Championship - HiTech Becomes First Computer Senior Master''. AI Magazine Volume 9 Number 3 (© AAAI), [http://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/article/viewFile/946/864 pdf]
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1989'''). ''What is still needed in Game Tree Search''. [[WCCC 1989#Workshop|Workshop on New Directions in Game-Tree Search]]
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1989'''). ''Some Innovations Introduced by Hitech''. [[Advances in Computer Chess 5]]
* [[Hans Berliner]], [[Gordon Goetsch]], [[Murray Campbell]], [[Carl Ebeling]] ('''1989'''). ''Measuring the Performance Potential of Chess Programs.'' [[Advances in Computer Chess 5]]
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1989'''). ''The Human versus Computer Match 1989''. [[ICGA Journal#12_3|ICCA Journal, Vol. 12, No. 3]] » [[Aegon 1989]]
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1989'''). ''Deep Thought Wins Fredkin Intermediate Prize''. AI Magazine Volume 10 Number 2, [http://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/article/viewFile/753/671 pdf]
* [[Hans Berliner]], [[Carl Ebeling]] ('''1989'''). ''Pattern Knowledge and Search: The SUPREM Architecture.'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_%28journal%29 Artificial Intelligence], Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 161-198. ISSN 0004-3702.
: Revised as [[Hans Berliner]], [[Carl Ebeling]] ('''1990'''). ''Hitech''. [[Computers, Chess, and Cognition]]
==1990 ...==
* [[Hans Berliner]], [[Carl Ebeling]] ('''1990'''). ''Hitech''. [[Computers, Chess, and Cognition]]
* [[Hans Berliner]], [[Gordon Goetsch]], [[Murray Campbell]], [[Carl Ebeling]] ('''1990'''). ''Measuring the Performance Potential of Chess Programs.'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_%28journal%29 Artificial Intelligence], Vol. 43, No. 1
* [[Hans Berliner]], [[Danny Kopec]], [[Ed Northam]] ('''1991'''). ''A taxonomy of concepts for evaluating chess strength: examples from two difficult categories''. [[Advances in Computer Chess 6]], [http://www.sci.brooklyn.cuny.edu/%7Ekopec/Publications/Publications/O_20_C.pdf pdf]
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1992'''). [[Allen Newell]] ''1927-1992, In Memoriam.'' [[ICGA Journal#15_3|ICCA Journal, Vol. 15, No. 3]]
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1993'''). ''Losing the Human Edge.'' BYTE, May, p. 282.
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1993'''). ''Playing Computer Chess in the Human Style.'' [[ICGA Journal#16_3|ICCA Journal, Vol. 16, No. 3]] » [[CC Sapiens]]
: Critique about [[Mikhail Botvinnik]] <ref>[http://groups.google.com/group/rec.games.chess/browse_frm/thread/c6c81bbb1a2b399f# Kasparov missed Beautiful win; Botvinnik's Program muffs analysis] by [[Hans Berliner]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rgcc]], July 9, 1993</ref> <ref>[http://atimopheyev.narod.ru/AfterPIONEER/info/PIONEER/2-Berliner.htm Hans Berliner against Mikhail Botvinnik] by [[Alexander Timofeev]]</ref> <ref>[https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess/k4GtEUygkcA/2InGGoEXHAAJ Berliner paper about Botvinnik] by [[Shane Hudson]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rgc]], September 10, 1994</ref>
* [[Hans Berliner]], [[Chris McConnell]] ('''1995'''). ''B* Probability Based Search.'' [[Carnegie Mellon University]], [http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/user/ccm/www/papers/BStar.ps ps]
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1996'''). ''Why did Kasparov Blink?'' [[ICGA Journal#19_2|ICCA Journal, Vol. 19, No. 2]] » [[Kasparov versus Deep Blue 1996]] <ref>[https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess.computer/ZiNQesciLZM/d8-Xt8O9nDYJ Why did Kasparov blink?] by [[Tom King]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rgcc]], March 22, 1999</ref>
* [[Hans Berliner]], [[Chris McConnell]] ('''1996'''). ''B* probability based search''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_%28journal%29 Artificial Intelligence], Vol. 86, No. 1 pp. 97-156. ISSN 0004-3702.
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1999'''). ''The System: A World Champion's Approach to Chess''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambit_Publications Gambit Publications], ISBN 1-901983-10-2 <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-move_advantage_in_chess#White_to_play_and_win White to play and win] - discussion on Berliner's ''The System'' from Wikipedia</ref><ref>[http://www.jeremysilman.com/book_reviews_js/js_system_world_champ_appr.html The System: A World Champion's Approach to Chess] Reviewed by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Silman Jeremy Silman]</ref><ref>[http://groups.google.com/group/rec.games.chess.computer/browse_frm/thread/eae4a9fd5794f18e# My (the) System] discussion on Berliner's ''The System'' from [[Computer Chess Forums|rgcc]], January 13, 2000</ref>
==2000 ...==
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''2001'''). ''[http://ilk.uvt.nl/icga/journal/contents/content24-1.htm#HERBERT%20A.%20SIMON HERBERT A. SIMON (1916-2001): A LIFE'S APPRAISAL]''. [[ICGA Journal#24_1|ICCA Journal, Vol. 24, No. 1]]
* [http://www.computerhistory.org/trustee/gardner-hendrie Gardner Hendrie] ('''2005'''). ''Oral History of Hans Berliner''. [http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/oral-history/hans_berliner.oral_history.2005.102630824/berliner.oral_history_transcript.2005.103630824.pdf pdf] and [http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/related_materials/oral-history/hans_berliner.oral_history.2005.102630824/index.php?iid=orl-43343bb768f00 video] from [[The Computer History Museum]]
=External Links=
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Berliner Hans Berliner from Wikipedia]
* [http://www.worldchesshof.org/hall-of-fame/us-chess/hans-berliner/ World Chess Hall of Fame: Hans Berliner]
* [http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/search.php?more=&submitted=1&keywords=Hans+Berliner&x=36&y=13&all=all&item_document=item_document&item_moving_image=item_moving_image&item_artifact=item_artifact&item_still_image=item_still_image&item_oral_history=item_oral_history&item_software=item_software Hans Berliner] from [[The Computer History Museum]]
* [http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/related_materials/oral-history/hans_berliner.oral_history.2005.102630824/index.php?iid=orl-43343bb768f00 Oral History of Hans Berliner], Interviewed by [http://www.computerhistory.org/trustee/gardner-hendrie Gardner Hendrie], March 7, 2005, [[The Computer History Museum]], [http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/oral-history/hans_berliner.oral_history.2005.102630824/berliner.oral_history_transcript.2005.103630824.pdf pdf]
* [https://www.game-ai-forum.org/icga-tournaments/person.php?id=194 Hans Berliner's ICGA tournaments]
* [http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessplayer?pid=24290 chessgames.com - games of Hans Berliner]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_piece_point_value#Hans_Berliner.27s_system Chess piece value, the Hans Berliner's system from Wikipedia]
* [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/16/business/hans-berliner-master-chess-player-and-programmer-dies-at-87.html?_r=0 Hans Berliner, Master Chess Player and Programmer, Dies at 87] by [https://www.nytimes.com/by/dylan-loeb-mcclain Dylan Loeb McClain], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times The New York Times], January 16, 2017 <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=62847 Hans Berliner, Master Chess Player and Programmer, Dies at 87] by John E Jack, [[CCC]], January 17, 2017</ref>
* [http://en.chessbase.com/post/hans-berliner-chess-master-and-programmer-dies-at-87 Hans Berliner, chess master and programmer, dies at 87] by [[Frederic Friedel]], [[ChessBase|ChessBase New]], January 18, 2017
=References=
<references />
'''[[People|Up one level]]'''
[[FILE:Berliner1986.JPG|border|right|thumb|link=WCCC 1986#Video| Hans Berliner <ref>[[WCCC 1986#Video|WCCC 1986 Video]] capture at 24:34 during interview by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_F%C3%B6lsing Albrecht Fölsing] at 24:14 before the final game [[Cray Blitz]] vs. [[HiTech]]</ref> ]]
'''Hans Jack Berliner''', (January 27, 1929 - January 13, 2017)<br/>
was a German born, American Computer Scientist and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor_Emeritus Professor Emeritus] from [[Carnegie Mellon University]] <ref>[http://people.cs.cmu.edu/faculty/adjunct.html Carnegie Mellon, School of Computer Science]</ref>, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Hans Berliner was [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandmaster_%28chess%29 Grandmaster] of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correspondence_Chess Correspondence Chess], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Master International Master] for over-the-board chess and was Correspondence Chess World Champion from 1965 until 1968.
Hans Berliner made his Ph.D. Thesis in 1974 at Carnegie Mellon about computer chess: ''Chess as Problem Solving: The Development of a Tactics Analyser'' <ref>Hans Berliner ('''1974'''). ''Chess as Problem Solving: The Development of a Tactics Analyser''. Ph.D. thesis, [[Carnegie Mellon University]]</ref> under the supervision of [[Allen Newell]]. Berliner contributed as co-author to the [[Tech|Technology Chess Program]]. He was author of the chess programs [[J. Biit]], [[CAPS]], [[Patsoc]], along with [[Murray Campbell]] co-author of the [[Chunking|chunking]] [[Pawn Endgame|pawn endgame]] program [[Chunker]], and lead the team in developing the [[HiTech]] chess entity - namely [[Carl Ebeling]], [[Murray Campbell]], [[Gordon Goetsch]] and [[Chris McConnell]]. Beside other things, Hans Berliner's research was about pattern knowledge and creation and implementation of the [[Best-First|best-first]] [[Search|tree search]] algorithm called [[B*]] <ref>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TYF-482GRKR-16&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=9bfc63b9a1da139986fd583df2de2500 The B* tree search algorithm: A best-first proof procedure] from [http://www.sciencedirect.com/ ScienceDirect.com]</ref>, also used in HiTech.
=Chess Programs=
* [[CAPS]]
* [[Chunker]]
* [[HiTech]]
* [[J. Biit]]
* [[Patsoc]]
=BKG 9.8=
In the late 70s at [[Carnegie Mellon University]], Hans Berliner developed the [[Backgammon]] playing program '''BKG 9.8''' for the [[PDP-10]] to research the principles of [[Evaluation|evaluation]] for another game than chess with a much higher [[Branching Factor|branching factor]] of more than 800 at every node <ref>[[Hans Berliner]] ('''1977'''). ''[http://www.bkgm.com/articles/Berliner/ExperiencesInEvaluationWithBKG/index.html Experiences in Evaluation with BKG, a Program That Plays Backgammon]''. [[Conferences#IJCAI1977|IJCAI 1977]], hosted by [http://www.bkgm.com/ Backgammon Galore]</ref>. Early versions of BKG played badly even against weak players, but Berliner noticed that its critical mistakes were always at transitions apparently due to [[Evaluation Discontinuity|evaluation discontinuity]]. He applied principles of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_logic fuzzy logic] to [[Tapered Eval|smooth out]] the transition between phases, and by July 1979, BKG 9.8 was strong enough to play against the ruling world champion [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Villa Luigi Villa]. It won the match 7–1, becoming the first computer program to defeat a world champion in any game. Berliner states that the victory was largely a matter of luck, as the computer received more favorable dice rolls <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Berliner Hans Berliner from Wikipedia]</ref> <ref>[[Hans Berliner]] ('''1980'''). ''[http://www.bkgm.com/articles/Berliner/BackgammonProgramBeatsWorldChamp/ Backgammon Computer Program Beats World Champion]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_%28journal%29 Artificial Intelligence], Vol. 14</ref>.
=Photos=
[[FILE:5-2a.Carnegie_Mellon_University.Berliner-Hans_Ebeling-Carl.198X.L062302001.CMU.lg.jpg|none|border|text-bottom|640px|link=http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=stl-431e1a07ad4c1]]
[[Hans Berliner]] and [[Carl Ebeling]], developers of [[HiTech]] at [[Carnegie Mellon University]] <ref>Photo ca 1985, © Bill Redick, [http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/index.php History of Computer Chess] from [[The Computer History Museum]]</ref>
[[FILE:cologne1.jpg|none|border|text-bottom|640px|link=http://members.home.nl/matador/chess820.htm]]
[[Cray Blitz]] vs. [[HiTech]], [[WCCC 1986]] <ref>[[Cray Blitz]] vs. [[HiTech]], [[WCCC 1986]], Photo from [http://members.home.nl/matador/chess820.htm Historic Pictures] by [[Ed Schroder|Ed Schröder]]</ref>
=Quotes=
==James Gillogly==
Quote by [[James Gillogly]] on Berliner's [[Tech|Technology Program]] contribution <ref>[[James Gillogly]] ('''1972'''). ''The Technology Chess Program''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_%28journal%29 Artificial Intelligence], Vol. 3, pp. 145-163. ISSN 0004-3702. Reprinted ('''1988''') in [[Computer Chess Compendium]]</ref>:
Acknowledgements: I am indebted to Hans Berliner, World Correspondence Chess Champion, who developed the elegant techniques used in the positional analysis, and whose patient discussion helped to clarify many of the conceptional problems. The basic idea of the [[Tech|Technology Program]] is due in large part to [[Allen Newell]].
==Alex Bell==
Quote by [[Alex Bell]] from his report on [[Advances in Computer Chess 1]] <ref>[http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/acl/literature/news/1975.htm 1975 Press Releases - Techniques for playing the end game] from [[Atlas Computer Laboratory]], hosted by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_Appleton_Laboratory Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL)]</ref>:
A number of experts were invited to give papers. on their work, including [[Mikhail Donskoy|Dr Mikhail Donskoy]] of the USSR, one of the authors of the world champion program, [[Kaissa|KAISSA]]. Unfortunately Donskoy was unable to attend, a disappointment only mitigated by the presence from the US of Dr Hans Berliner, of [[Carnegie Mellon University|Carnegie-Mellon]]. Berliner is the world correspondence chess champion and has also spent the last eight or nine years programming computers to play the game. To most people in the practical, model building side of the subject, ie making a program play the computer game, Berliner is THE expert. Although full of good, implementable ideas he has no illusions as to the limitations of such chess programs.
--
The conference itself lasted one and a half days and the papers (depending on the listener) ranged from the profound to the puerile. I have no desire to repeat my own personal views, indeed as one of the organisers I helped to provide a platform for speakers whose views I found astonishing. What did seem evident to me was that the majority of the audience fell into one of three categories. One group is the artificial intelligentsia. They fully understand the difficulties of the problem and are still thinking about how to solve it. The second group are the let's get on and program something crunchers, the model makers, the people who can make big computers float round the room whistling God save the Queen. These people absolutely refuse to put anything remotely resembling knowledge, chess or otherwise, into their programs if they can avoid it, believing that if the result plays good chess then it can be more easily adapted to attempt other, more useful, decision making problems. The third group is the most important, these are the people who are new to the subject, the people who say, It sounds like a fascinating problem and I'd like to know what's going on.
Hans Berliner fits into two of these categories, his talk covered the AI approach and the crunchers, but he is hardly a newcomer. He was the first speaker and the domain of his talk was chess tactics with emphasis on recognising situations and dealing with them explicitly. He is full of good ideas and techniques which are relevant to the problem of selecting the right move in a game of chess and, more important, showed clearly how each idea and technique could be implemented in a computer.
==Hans Berliner==
Hans Berliner about his role in the [[HiTech]] team <ref>Hans Berliner ('''1988'''). ''Pennsyvania State Chess Championship - HiTech Becomes First Computer Senior Master''. AI Magazine Volume 9 Number 3 (© AAAI), [http://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/article/viewFile/946/864 pdf]</ref>:
I have been responsible for doing the pattern knowledge and most of the opening book, and acting as moderator for the many fine discussions that we have about how to improve HiTech in the various areas that need work.
=See also=
* [[WCCC 1986#Video|WCCC 1986 Video]]
* [[Kasparov versus Deep Thought 1989#Video|Kasparov versus Deep Thought 1989 documentary]]
=Selected Publications=
<ref>[http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/pers/hd/b/Berliner:Hans_J=.html DBLP: Hans J. Berliner]</ref> <ref>[http://ilk.uvt.nl/icga/journal/docs/References.pdf ICGA Reference Database] (pdf)</ref>
==1970 ...==
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1970'''). ''Experiences Gained in Constructing and Testing a Chess Program''. [[IEEE]] Symposium System Science and Cybernetics, reprinted in [[David Levy]] (ed.) ('''1988'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4613-8716-9 Computer Games I]''.
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1973'''). ''Some Necessary Conditions for a Master Chess Program.'' [[Conferences#IJCAI1973|IJCAI 1973]]
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1974'''). ''Chess as Problem Solving: The Development of a Tactics Analyser''. Ph.D. thesis, [[Carnegie Mellon University]]
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1977'''). ''A Representation and Some Mechanisms for a Problem-Solving Chess Program.'' [[Advances in Computer Chess 1]]
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1977'''). ''BKG - A Program that Plays Backgammon''. Technical Report, [[Carnegie Mellon University]], reprinted in [[David Levy]] (ed.) ('''1988'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4613-8716-9 Computer Games I]''.
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1977'''). ''[http://www.bkgm.com/articles/Berliner/ExperiencesInEvaluationWithBKG/index.html Experiences in Evaluation with BKG, a Program That Plays Backgammon]''. [[Conferences#IJCAI1977|IJCAI 1977]], hosted by [http://www.bkgm.com/ Backgammon Galore]
* [[Hans Berliner]], [[Richard Greenblatt]], [[Jacques Pitrat]], [[Arthur Samuel]], [[David Slate]] ('''1977'''). ''Panel on Computer Game Playing''. [[Conferences#IJCAI1977|IJCAI 1977]], [http://ijcai.org/Past%20Proceedings/IJCAI-77-VOL2/PDF/087.pdf pdf]
* [[Crispin Perdue]], [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1977'''). ''[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1624529 EG: a case study in problem solving with king and pawn endings]''. [[Conferences#IJCAI1977|IJCAI 1977]]
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1977'''). ''The B* Tree Search Procedure: Best-first Search Combined with Branch and Bound''. Computer Science Department. [[Carnegie Mellon University]]
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1978'''). ''A Chronology of Computer Chess and its Literature.'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_%28journal%29 Artificial Intelligence], No. 10, pp. 201–214.
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1979'''). ''The B*-Tree Search Algorithm - A Best-First Proof Procedure''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_%28journal%29 Artificial Intelligence], Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 23-40. ISSN 0004-3702.
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1979'''). ''[http://www.bkgm.com/articles/Berliner/EvaluationFunctionsLargeDomains/ On the Construction of Evaluation Functions for Large Domains]''. [[Conferences#IJCAI1979|IJCAI 1979]], Vol. 1, hosted by [http://www.bkgm.com/ Backgammon Galore]
==1980 ...==
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1980'''). ''[http://www.bkgm.com/articles/Berliner/BackgammonProgramBeatsWorldChamp/ Backgammon Computer Program Beats World Champion]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_%28journal%29 Artificial Intelligence], Vol. 14, hosted by [http://www.bkgm.com/ Backgammon Galore], reprinted in [[David Levy]] (ed.) ('''1988'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4613-8716-9 Computer Games I]''.
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1980'''). ''[http://www.bkgm.com/articles/Berliner/ComputerBackgammon/index.html Computer Backgammon]''. [[Scientific American]], Vol. 242, No. 6, hosted by [http://www.bkgm.com/ Backgammon Galore]
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1981'''). ''An Examination of Brute Force Intelligence.'' [[Conferences#IJCAI1981|IJCAI 1981]]
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1982'''). ''Search vs. knowledge: an analysis from the domain of games''. Technical Report Department of Computer Science, [[Carnegie Mellon University]]
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1983'''). ''Search''. Artificial Intelligence Syllabus, Department of Computer Science, [[Carnegie Mellon University]]
* [[Murray Campbell]], [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1983'''). ''A Chess Program That Chunks''. AAAI 1983 49-53, [http://www.aaai.org/Papers/AAAI/1983/AAAI83-012.pdf pdf]
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1984'''). ''Search vs. knowledge: An analysis from the domain of games.'' In A. Elithorn and R. Banerji (Eds.), Artificial and Human Intelligence (pp. 105-117). New York, NY: Elsevier.
* [[Hans Berliner]], [[Murray Campbell]] ('''1984'''). ''[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0004370284900067 Using Chunking to Solve Chess Pawn Endgames]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_%28journal%29 Artificial Intelligence], Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 97-120. ISSN 0004-3702.
* [[Hans Berliner]], [[Gordon Goetsch]] ('''1984'''). ''A quantitative study of search methods and the effect of constraint satisfaction'', Tech. Rept. CMU-CS-84-147, Department of Computer Science, [[Carnegie Mellon University]]
* [[Hans Berliner]], [[Gordon Goetsch]] ('''1985'''). ''A Study of Search Methods: The Effect of Constraint Satisfaction and Adventurousness''. [[Conferences#IJCAI1985|IJCAI 1985]], [http://dli.iiit.ac.in/ijcai/IJCAI-85-VOL2/PDF/083.pdf pdf]
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1985'''). ''Computer Chess at [[Carnegie Mellon University]]''. [[Advances in Computer Chess 4]]
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1985'''). ''Goals, Plans, and Mechanisms: Non-symbolically in an Evaluation Surface.'' Presentation at Evolution, Games, and Learning, Center for Nonlinear Studies, [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]], May 21.
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1985'''). ''HiTech wins North American Computer-Chess Championship''. [[ICGA Journal#8_4|ICCA Journal, Vol. 8, No. 4]] » [[ACM 1985]]
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1985'''). ''The 1985 Fredkin Competition''. [[ICGA Journal#8_4|ICCA Journal, Vol. 8, No. 4]]
* [[Hans Berliner]], [[Carl Ebeling]] ('''1986'''). ''The SUPREM Architecture: a new Intelligent Paradigm.'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_%28journal%29 Artificial Intelligence], Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 3-8.
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1987'''). ''Some Innovations Introduced by Hitech''. [[ICGA Journal#10_3|ICCA Journal, Vol. 10, No. 3]]
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1988'''). ''Pennsyvania State Chess Championship - HiTech Becomes First Computer Senior Master''. AI Magazine Volume 9 Number 3 (© AAAI), [http://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/article/viewFile/946/864 pdf]
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1989'''). ''What is still needed in Game Tree Search''. [[WCCC 1989#Workshop|Workshop on New Directions in Game-Tree Search]]
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1989'''). ''Some Innovations Introduced by Hitech''. [[Advances in Computer Chess 5]]
* [[Hans Berliner]], [[Gordon Goetsch]], [[Murray Campbell]], [[Carl Ebeling]] ('''1989'''). ''Measuring the Performance Potential of Chess Programs.'' [[Advances in Computer Chess 5]]
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1989'''). ''The Human versus Computer Match 1989''. [[ICGA Journal#12_3|ICCA Journal, Vol. 12, No. 3]] » [[Aegon 1989]]
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1989'''). ''Deep Thought Wins Fredkin Intermediate Prize''. AI Magazine Volume 10 Number 2, [http://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/article/viewFile/753/671 pdf]
* [[Hans Berliner]], [[Carl Ebeling]] ('''1989'''). ''Pattern Knowledge and Search: The SUPREM Architecture.'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_%28journal%29 Artificial Intelligence], Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 161-198. ISSN 0004-3702.
: Revised as [[Hans Berliner]], [[Carl Ebeling]] ('''1990'''). ''Hitech''. [[Computers, Chess, and Cognition]]
==1990 ...==
* [[Hans Berliner]], [[Carl Ebeling]] ('''1990'''). ''Hitech''. [[Computers, Chess, and Cognition]]
* [[Hans Berliner]], [[Gordon Goetsch]], [[Murray Campbell]], [[Carl Ebeling]] ('''1990'''). ''Measuring the Performance Potential of Chess Programs.'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_%28journal%29 Artificial Intelligence], Vol. 43, No. 1
* [[Hans Berliner]], [[Danny Kopec]], [[Ed Northam]] ('''1991'''). ''A taxonomy of concepts for evaluating chess strength: examples from two difficult categories''. [[Advances in Computer Chess 6]], [http://www.sci.brooklyn.cuny.edu/%7Ekopec/Publications/Publications/O_20_C.pdf pdf]
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1992'''). [[Allen Newell]] ''1927-1992, In Memoriam.'' [[ICGA Journal#15_3|ICCA Journal, Vol. 15, No. 3]]
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1993'''). ''Losing the Human Edge.'' BYTE, May, p. 282.
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1993'''). ''Playing Computer Chess in the Human Style.'' [[ICGA Journal#16_3|ICCA Journal, Vol. 16, No. 3]] » [[CC Sapiens]]
: Critique about [[Mikhail Botvinnik]] <ref>[http://groups.google.com/group/rec.games.chess/browse_frm/thread/c6c81bbb1a2b399f# Kasparov missed Beautiful win; Botvinnik's Program muffs analysis] by [[Hans Berliner]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rgcc]], July 9, 1993</ref> <ref>[http://atimopheyev.narod.ru/AfterPIONEER/info/PIONEER/2-Berliner.htm Hans Berliner against Mikhail Botvinnik] by [[Alexander Timofeev]]</ref> <ref>[https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess/k4GtEUygkcA/2InGGoEXHAAJ Berliner paper about Botvinnik] by [[Shane Hudson]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rgc]], September 10, 1994</ref>
* [[Hans Berliner]], [[Chris McConnell]] ('''1995'''). ''B* Probability Based Search.'' [[Carnegie Mellon University]], [http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/user/ccm/www/papers/BStar.ps ps]
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1996'''). ''Why did Kasparov Blink?'' [[ICGA Journal#19_2|ICCA Journal, Vol. 19, No. 2]] » [[Kasparov versus Deep Blue 1996]] <ref>[https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess.computer/ZiNQesciLZM/d8-Xt8O9nDYJ Why did Kasparov blink?] by [[Tom King]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rgcc]], March 22, 1999</ref>
* [[Hans Berliner]], [[Chris McConnell]] ('''1996'''). ''B* probability based search''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_%28journal%29 Artificial Intelligence], Vol. 86, No. 1 pp. 97-156. ISSN 0004-3702.
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''1999'''). ''The System: A World Champion's Approach to Chess''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambit_Publications Gambit Publications], ISBN 1-901983-10-2 <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-move_advantage_in_chess#White_to_play_and_win White to play and win] - discussion on Berliner's ''The System'' from Wikipedia</ref><ref>[http://www.jeremysilman.com/book_reviews_js/js_system_world_champ_appr.html The System: A World Champion's Approach to Chess] Reviewed by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Silman Jeremy Silman]</ref><ref>[http://groups.google.com/group/rec.games.chess.computer/browse_frm/thread/eae4a9fd5794f18e# My (the) System] discussion on Berliner's ''The System'' from [[Computer Chess Forums|rgcc]], January 13, 2000</ref>
==2000 ...==
* [[Hans Berliner]] ('''2001'''). ''[http://ilk.uvt.nl/icga/journal/contents/content24-1.htm#HERBERT%20A.%20SIMON HERBERT A. SIMON (1916-2001): A LIFE'S APPRAISAL]''. [[ICGA Journal#24_1|ICCA Journal, Vol. 24, No. 1]]
* [http://www.computerhistory.org/trustee/gardner-hendrie Gardner Hendrie] ('''2005'''). ''Oral History of Hans Berliner''. [http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/oral-history/hans_berliner.oral_history.2005.102630824/berliner.oral_history_transcript.2005.103630824.pdf pdf] and [http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/related_materials/oral-history/hans_berliner.oral_history.2005.102630824/index.php?iid=orl-43343bb768f00 video] from [[The Computer History Museum]]
=External Links=
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Berliner Hans Berliner from Wikipedia]
* [http://www.worldchesshof.org/hall-of-fame/us-chess/hans-berliner/ World Chess Hall of Fame: Hans Berliner]
* [http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/search.php?more=&submitted=1&keywords=Hans+Berliner&x=36&y=13&all=all&item_document=item_document&item_moving_image=item_moving_image&item_artifact=item_artifact&item_still_image=item_still_image&item_oral_history=item_oral_history&item_software=item_software Hans Berliner] from [[The Computer History Museum]]
* [http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/related_materials/oral-history/hans_berliner.oral_history.2005.102630824/index.php?iid=orl-43343bb768f00 Oral History of Hans Berliner], Interviewed by [http://www.computerhistory.org/trustee/gardner-hendrie Gardner Hendrie], March 7, 2005, [[The Computer History Museum]], [http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/oral-history/hans_berliner.oral_history.2005.102630824/berliner.oral_history_transcript.2005.103630824.pdf pdf]
* [https://www.game-ai-forum.org/icga-tournaments/person.php?id=194 Hans Berliner's ICGA tournaments]
* [http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessplayer?pid=24290 chessgames.com - games of Hans Berliner]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_piece_point_value#Hans_Berliner.27s_system Chess piece value, the Hans Berliner's system from Wikipedia]
* [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/16/business/hans-berliner-master-chess-player-and-programmer-dies-at-87.html?_r=0 Hans Berliner, Master Chess Player and Programmer, Dies at 87] by [https://www.nytimes.com/by/dylan-loeb-mcclain Dylan Loeb McClain], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times The New York Times], January 16, 2017 <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=62847 Hans Berliner, Master Chess Player and Programmer, Dies at 87] by John E Jack, [[CCC]], January 17, 2017</ref>
* [http://en.chessbase.com/post/hans-berliner-chess-master-and-programmer-dies-at-87 Hans Berliner, chess master and programmer, dies at 87] by [[Frederic Friedel]], [[ChessBase|ChessBase New]], January 18, 2017
=References=
<references />
'''[[People|Up one level]]'''
