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'''Genetic Programming''' (GP),<br/>
an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution evolutionary] based methodology inspired by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_evolution biological evolution] to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimization_%28mathematics%29 optimize] computer programs, in particular game playing programs. It is a [[Learning|machine learning]] technique used to optimize a population of programs, for instance to maximize the winning rate versus a set of opponents, after modifying [[Evaluation|evaluation]] weights or [[Search|search]] parameter.
<span id="EvolutionaryProgramming"></span>
=Evolutionary Programming=
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_programming Evolutionary programming] is similar to genetic programming, but the structure of the program to be optimized is fixed, while its numerical parameters are allowed to evolve. The term was coined by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_J._Fogel Lawrence J. Fogel] in 1960.
=Supersets=
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Koza John Koza] et al. (Eds.) ('''1998'''). ''Genetic Programming''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Kaufmann_Publishers Morgan Kaufmann Publishers], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1558605487 ISBN 1-55860-548-7]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Koza John Koza] et al. ('''1999'''). ''Genetic Programming III: Darwinian Invention and Problem Solving''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Kaufmann_Publishers Morgan Kaufmann], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1558605436 ISBN 1-55860-543-6]
* [[Kumar Chellapilla]], [[David B. Fogel]] ('''1999'''). ''[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnumber=784222 Evolution, Neural Networks, Games, and Intelligence]''. [[IEEE#Proceedings|Proceedings of the IEEE]], September, pp. 1471-1496. [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.99.979 CiteSeerX]
* [http://www.tim-taylor.com/ Tim Taylor] ('''1999'''). ''[http://www.tim-taylor.com/papers/thesis/html/main.html From Artificial Evolution to Artificial Life]''. Ph.D. Thesis, [[University of Edinburgh]]
* [[Philip G. K. Reiser]], [[Patricia J. Riddle]] ('''1999'''). ''[http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F3-540-48873-1_19 Evolving Logic Programs to Classify Chess-Endgame Positions]''. [http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F3-540-48873-1 Simulated Evolution and Learning], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra Canberra], Australia. [http://www.springer.com/series/1244 Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence], No. 1585, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media Springer], [http://stancomb.co.uk/Papers/seal98.pdf pdf] » [[Learning]], [[Endgame]]
* [[Edward P. Manning]] ('''2010'''). ''[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1830667 Coevolution in a Large Search Space using Resource-limited Nash Memory]''. [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/conf/gecco/gecco2010.html#Manning10 GECCO '10] » [[Othello]]
'''2011'''
* [https://dblp.uni-trier.de/pers/hd/f/Fogel:Gary_B= Gary B. Fogel], [[David B. Fogel]], [https://dblp.uni-trier.de/pers/hd/f/Fogel:Lawrence_J= Lawrence J. Fogel] ('''2011'''). ''[http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Evolutionary_programming Evolutionary programming]''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarpedia Scholarpedia], Vol. 6, No. 4* [[Borko Bošković]], [[Janez Brest]] ('''2011'''). ''[http://www.informatica.si/index.php/informatica/article/view/353 Tuning Chess Evaluation Function Parameters using Differential Evolution]''. Algorithm. Informatica, 35, No. 2, [http://www.informatica.si/PDF/35-2/14_Boskovic%20-%20Tuning%20chess%20evaluation.pdf pdf]
* [[Borko Bošković]], [[Janez Brest]], [[Aleš Zamuda]], [[Sašo Greiner]], [[Viljem Žumer]] ('''2011'''). ''[http://www.springerlink.com/content/y62h14743364x2l7/ History mechanism supported differential evolution for chess evaluation function tuning]''. [http://www.springer.com/engineering/computational+intelligence+and+complexity/journal/500 Soft Computing], Vol. 15, No. 4
* [[Eli David|Omid David]], [[Moshe Koppel]], [[Nathan S. Netanyahu]] ('''2011'''). ''Expert-Driven Genetic Algorithms for Simulating Evaluation Functions''. Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines , Vol. 12(1), ppNo. 5-201, [http://u.cs.biu.ac.il/~koppel/papers/expertga-oct21.pdf pdf]
* [[Eduardo Vázquez-Fernández]], [[Carlos Artemio Coello Coello]], [[Feliú Davino Sagols Troncoso]] ('''2011'''). ''An Evolutionary Algorithm for Tuning a Chess Evaluation Function''. [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/conf/cec/cec2011.html#Vazquez-FernandezCT11 CEC 2011], [http://delta.cs.cinvestav.mx/~ccoello/conferences/eduardo-cec2011-final.pdf.gz pdf]
* [[Eduardo Vázquez-Fernández]], [[Carlos Artemio Coello Coello]], [[Feliú Davino Sagols Troncoso]] ('''2011'''). ''[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2001882 An Adaptive Evolutionary Algorithm Based on Typical Chess Problems for Tuning a Chess Evaluation Function]''. [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/conf/gecco/gecco2011c.html#Vazquez-FernandezCT11 GECCO 2011], [http://delta.cs.cinvestav.mx/~ccoello/conferences/vazquez-gecco2011.pdf.gz pdf]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene Gene from Wikipedia]
* [http://www.geneticprogramming.com/Tutorial/ The GP Tutorial]
==Evolutionary Programming==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_programming Evolutionary programming from Wikipedia]
==Genetic Algorithms==
* [http://chaos4.phy.ohiou.edu/~thomas/complex/ga.html Genetic algorithms]
==Evolutionary Algorithms==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_algorithm Evolutionary algorithms from Wikipedia]
* [http://home.hccnet.nl/h.g.muller/chessivers.html The Chessiverse: Evolution of Chess Programs] by [[Harm Geert Muller]] <ref>[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=50799 Chessiverse @HGM] by [[Daniel Shawul]], [[CCC]], January 06, 2014</ref>
==Evolutionary Computation==
